Effects of Irrigation Regimes on N2O and NO Emissions from Greenhouse Soil
ZHANG LiYuan,, Lü JinDong, SHI XinYue, YU Na,, ZOU HongTao, ZHANG YuLing, ZHANG YuLongCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Northeast China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shenyang 110866
Abstract 【Objective】 Reasonable irrigation in greenhouse is an effective measure to control N2O and NO emissions and to improve utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. In order to provide a scientific basis for N2O and NO emission reduction and soil irrigation management in greenhouse, the dynamics of soil N2O and NO emissions under different irrigation regimes and its relationship with soil moisture and inorganic nitrogen and soluble organic nitrogen were studied, and the N2O and NO emissions characteristics and its influencing factors were also analyzed.【Method】A seven-year long term field experiment was conducted in greenhouse, tomatoes were used as the experimental crop, and four irrigation regimes were conducted to control lower irrigation limits of 25 kPa (W1), 35 kPa (W2), 45 kPa (W3) and 55 kPa (W4), respectively. The N2O and NO emission were monitored in-situ simultaneously by using closed static chamber-gas chromatography and NOx analyzer, respectively. 【Result】 The soil N2O and NO emission fluxes of different irrigation regimes varied between -34.46-1 671.78 μg N·m-2·h-1and 6.83-269.89 μg N·m-2·h-1 in tomato growing season, respectively. The peak periods of N2O and NO emissions were synchronous and mainly occurred after fertilization and irrigation, and NO/N2O was less than 1 for each treatment. The cumulative soil N2O and NO emissions were the lowest under W2 and W1 treatments (P <0.01) respectively, and the total N2O+NO emissions for each treatment were W4 >W3 >W1 >W2. Compared with W1, W3 and W4 treatments, tomato yields under W2 treatment was increased by 84%, 32.4% and 12%, respectively. The yield-scaled N2O+NO emissions was the highest under W4 treatment and the lowest under W2 treatment (P <0.01). Repeated measurements anova of soil inorganic nitrogen and soluble organic nitrogen after fertilizations and harvest showed that except for the interaction of irrigation regime and measure time had no significant effect on the nitrite content, irrigation regimes, measure time and their interaction had a significant effect on soil inorganic nitrogen and soluble organic nitrogen (P <0.01). Redundancy and correlation analysis indicated that NO2--N, NH4+-N and WFPS could explain 55%, 32.5% and 20.7% variations of N2O and NO for greenhouse soil, which were the main influencing factors that affected N2O and NO emissions very significantly under different irrigation regimes.【Conclusion】Comprehensive consideration of yield, N2O and NO emission reduction effect, W2 treatment with irrigation lower limit of 35 kPa was the most appropriate irrigation management measurement for this experiment condition. Keywords:irrigation low limits;greenhouse soil;N2O emission;NO emission
PDF (722KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 张丽媛, 吕金东, 石欣悦, 虞娜, 邹洪涛, 张玉玲, 张玉龙. 灌溉下限对设施土壤N2O和NO排放特征的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(5): 992-1002 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.05.011 ZHANG LiYuan, Lü JinDong, SHI XinYue, YU Na, ZOU HongTao, ZHANG YuLing, ZHANG YuLong. Effects of Irrigation Regimes on N2O and NO Emissions from Greenhouse Soil[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(5): 992-1002 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.05.011
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0 引言
【研究意义】N2O和NO是土壤气态氮损失的主要途径,对全球气候变暖和臭氧层破坏有着重要影响[1]。N2O是全球第三大温室气体,其百年的增温潜势(global warming potential)约为CO2的300倍[2]。NO参与复杂的光化学反应,其催化形成对流层的臭氧进而导致间接温室效应[3]。农田土壤是N2O和NO排放的主要来源[4],而设施土壤N2O排放占农田排放量的20%[5]。我国设施菜地普遍具有高额灌水施肥的特点,这造成氮素以硝态氮淋溶和N2O、NO、NH3和N2的气态形式损失。随着设施生产面积的不断扩大,N2O和NO排放导致的氮损失越来越引起关注。在土壤氮生物地球化学循环中,N2O和NO是硝化和反硝化过程损失的主要成分,而水分是影响这些氮转化过程的重要因子,直接制约着N2O和NO的消长。因此,探究不同灌水对设施土壤N2O和NO排放规律的影响,对设施土壤合理灌溉、减少N2O和NO排放具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】目前关于农田土壤N2O和NO排放同步观测的研究主要集中在灌水、施肥、添加硝化抑制剂和生物炭改良等方面,有机无机肥配施、添加硝化抑制剂和生物炭肥料可显著降低N2O和NO排放[6,7,8,9,10,11]。水分通过影响土壤中O2的扩散而间接地影响土壤中微生物的活性及其主导的硝化和反硝化氮素转化过程,直接决定着无机氮形态(NO3--N和NH4+-N)[12,13,14],进而调控土壤N2O和NO排放。灌溉是设施生产中土壤水分补充的唯一来源,与常规灌溉相比,采用滴灌施肥[15,16,17]、加气[18]和减量灌溉[19,20]可在保证作物产量的同时,显著减少设施土壤N2O 和 NO 排放。沟灌土壤N2O通量显著高于滴灌和地下灌溉[21]。土壤孔隙含水量(WFPS)是影响N2O和NO排放的重要因子[22],当WFPS在30%—60%,NO是土壤气态氮排放主要成分;63%WFPS时,N2O/NO接近于1;WFPS>65%时,土壤有利于反硝化反应发生,以N2O排放为主[23,24]。灌水下限30 kPa时,设施土壤N2O排放通量最低,分别较灌水下限20 kPa和40 kPa低8%和36%[25]。【本研究切入点】目前,关于灌水对N2O和NO排放的研究主要集中在灌溉方式或灌溉量方面,不同灌溉下限对设施土壤N2O和NO同步排放的研究鲜有报道,关于其影响因素的研究还需进一步加强。【拟解决的关键问题】本试验基于连续7年设施番茄田间不同灌溉下限的定位试验,研究设施土壤N2O、NO同步排放特征及其影响因素,旨在寻求设施土壤适宜的灌水下限,为设施土壤灌溉管理、N2O和NO减排提供理论依据。
各处理肥料种类和用量一致,有机肥(膨化鸡粪26.4 t·hm-2)、尿素(300 kg N·hm-2)、过磷酸钙(220 kg P2O5·hm-2)和硫酸钾(300 kg K2O·hm-2)。定植前,各小区统一施用有机肥和过磷酸钙作基肥。氮、钾肥分3次在定植前、第一和第二穗果膨大期等量施入。番茄从移栽到收获历时101 d,两次追肥时间分别为定植后第48天和第71天。
Table 2 表2 表2不同灌溉下限处理灌水次数、总灌水量和平均单次灌水量 Table 2Irrigation frequency, total irrigation amount and average single irrigation amount under different irrigation regimes
处理 Treatment
灌水次数 Irrigation time
总灌水量 Total irrigation amount (m3·hm-2)
平均单次灌水量 Average single irrigation amount (m3·hm-2)
Table 3 表3 表3不同灌水下限番茄产量及土壤NO和N2O的排放参数 Table 3Tomato yield and NO and N2O emission indexes from soil under different irrigation regimes
处理 Treatment
番茄产量 Tomato yield (×103 kg·hm-2)
N2O+NO总累积排放量 N2O+NO total cumulative emissions (kg N·hm-2)
单位产量N2O+NO排放 Yield-scaled N2O+NO (×10-3g·kg-1)
NO/N2O
W1
40.38±1.04dC
1.90±0.01cC
47.01±1.49aA
0.49±0.01dD
W2
74.31±1.55aA
1.75±0.03dC
23.60±0.65cC
0.89±0.01aA
W3
56.13±2.81cB
2.14±0.04bB
38.32±1.54bB
0.65±0.01cC
W4
66.34±2.91bAB
3.12±0.04aA
47.15±1.83aA
0.74±0.01bB
平均值±标准误,同一列不同小、大写字母分别表示处理间差异显著和极显著(P<0.05和P<0.01) Means ± standard error, different lowercase and uppercase letters in the same column show significance at 5% and 1% level, respectively
Table 4 表4 表4不同灌溉下限土壤N2O、NO与无机氮、可溶性有机氮及孔隙含水量的相关分析 Table 4Correlation analysis of soil N2O, NO, inorganic nitrogen, soluble organic nitrogen and WFPS under different irrigation regimes
项目 Item
N2O
NO
铵态氮 NH4+-N
硝态氮 NO3--N
亚硝态氮 NO2--N
可溶性总氮STN
可溶性有机氮SON
WFPS
N2O
1
0.696**
0.619**
-0.036ns
0.884**
-0.050ns
-0.093ns
0.415**
NO
1
0.509**
-0.051ns
0.622**
-0.136ns
-0.168ns
0.435**
NH4+-N
1
0.213ns
0.577**
0.119ns
-0.146ns
0.319**
NO3--N
1
-0.086ns
0.696**
0.008ns
-0.472**
NO2--N
1
-0.168ns
-0.189ns
0.474**
STN
1
0.688**
-0.602**
SON
1
-0.399**
WFPS
1
* 表示显著相关(P<0.05);**表示极显著相关(P<0.01); ns表示无显著差异,n=68 Asterisks indicated 0.05 level significances (*P<0.05) and 0.01 level significances (**P<0.01); ns indicated no significant difference; n=68
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