张美琦^,1, 李妍², 李树静³, 高艳霞¹, 李建国¹, 曹玉凤^,1, 李秋凤^,11河北农业大学动物科技学院,河北保定 071001
²河北农业大学动物医学院,河北保定 071001
³河北天和肉牛养殖有限公司,石家庄 050200

Effects of Dietary Energy Levels on Production Performance, Blood Index, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Holstein Steers

ZHANG MeiQi^,1, LI Yan², LI ShuJing³, GAO YanXia¹, LI JianGuo¹, CAO YuFeng^,1, LI QiuFeng^{,1 1}College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei
²College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei
³Hebei Tianhe Beef Cattle Farming Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050200

通讯作者: 曹玉凤,E-mail： cyf278@126.com。 李秋凤,E-mail： lqf582@126.com

责任编辑: 林鉴非
收稿日期:2020-02-12接受日期:2020-05-29网络出版日期:2021-01-01

基金资助:

国家肉牛牦牛产业技术体系建设项目.CARS-37 河北省现代产业技术体系肉牛创新团队.HBCT2018130202

Received:2020-02-12Accepted:2020-05-29Online:2021-01-01
作者简介 About authors
张美琦,E-mail： 1404655469@qq.com。









摘要
【目的】研究饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛生产性能、血液指标、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响,为荷斯坦阉牛育肥提供理论依据。【方法】选择体重在650 kg左右的健康的荷斯坦阉牛39头,随机分为3组（n=13）。试验期为255 d（预试期10 d、正试期245 d）。试验前期（1—87 d）3组分别为低能量组（LE）、中能量组（ME）、高能量组（HE）,NE_mf分别为6.10、6.30、6.50 MJ·kg^-1,CP水平均为11.6%;试验后期（88—245 d）分为3个阶段,Ⅰ（88—130 d）、Ⅱ（131—188 d）、Ⅲ（189—245 d）阶段,不同阶段的各试验组饲粮能量和粗蛋白质水平相同, NE_mf分别为6.7、7.20、7.29 MJ·kg^-1,CP水平均为11.5%。于试验前期和后期结束时进行生产性能等指标测定,每组随机选择6头牛采集血液进行血液生化指标测定并进行屠宰,测定屠宰性能和肉品质等。【结果】提高试验前期饲粮能量水平,显著提高了荷斯坦阉牛HE组的日增重,较LE组和ME组分别提高了21.50%（P<0.05）和17.12%（P<0.05）,但饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛后期和全期的平均日增重、料重比无显著影响（P>0.05）。在试验前期,血清中的TG含量显著增加,高低次序均表现为HE组>ME组>LE组,HE组血清中LPL含量最高,较LE组、ME组分别提高了35.17%（P<0.05）、9.92%;HE组血清中NEFA含量最高,较LE组显著提高了13.16%（P<0.05）,与ME组无显著差异。而在试验后期,LE组血清中LPL含量较ME组、HE组显著提高18.47%（P<0.05）、26.17%（P<0.05）。不同饲粮能量水平显著提高了荷斯坦阉牛胴体重,HE组最高,较LE组和ME组提高了6.26%、5.26%;HE组屠宰率极显著LE组和ME组,分别提高了4.86%（P<0.05）、4.10%（P<0.05）,而对眼肌面积、大理石花纹等级无显著差异（P>0.05）。饲粮能量水平对pH、蒸煮损失、剪切力、失水率以及色差无影响（P>0.05）;HE组背最长肌粗脂肪含量最高,较LE组和ME组分别显著提高了52.54%（P<0.05）、57.45%（P<0.05）。【结论】在本试验条件下,荷斯坦阉牛采取直线高能育肥模式较好,在体重650—770 kg阶段,饲粮NE_mf水平为6.50 MJ·kg^-1,CP水平为11.6%饲喂效果最佳。
关键词： 能量;荷斯坦阉牛;生产性能;屠宰性能;肉品质

Abstract
【Objective】The effects of dietary energy level on the production performance, blood index, slaughter performance and meat quality of Holstein steers were studied in this study, so as to provide a theory basis for fattening of Holstein steers.【Method】Thirty-nine healthy Holstein steers weighing about 650 kg were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups(n=13). The trial period was 255 d (the preparation period for 10 days and formal experiment period for 245 days). In the early stage of trial (from day 1 to 87), the three groups were low energy group (LE), medium energy group (ME), and high energy group (HE). The NE_mf were 6.10, 6.30, and 6.50 MJ·kg^-1, respectively, and the CP levels were 11.6%; the late stage of the test (from day 88 to 245) was divided into three stages, I (from day 88 to 130), II (from day131 to 188) and III (from day189 to 245). The dietary energy and CP level of each experimental group was the same in different stages, NE_mf was 6.7, 7.20, and 7.29 MJ·kg^-1, respectively, and CP level was 11.5%.The production performance and other indicators were measured at the end of the early and later period of the feeding experiment. Six steers in each group were randomly selected to collect blood for blood biochemical indicators measurement and to slaughter for slaughtering performance and meat quality measurement.【Result】Compared with LE group and ME group, the average daily gain(ADG) of HE group were increased by 21.50% (P<0.05) and 17.12% (P<0.05) , respectively, but there was no significant effect of dietary energy level on the ADG and feed to weight ratio of Holstein steer in the late and whole period (P>0.05).In the early stage of trial, the serum TG content increased significantly, the high and low order was HE group >ME group>LE group, the LPL content in HE group was the highest, which was 35.17% (P<0.05) and 9.92% higher than that in LE group and ME group, respectively; the NEFA content in HE group was the highest, which was 13.16% (P<0.05) higher than that in LE group, and there was no significant difference with that in ME group. At the later stage of trial, the LPL content of LE group was significantly increased by 18.47% (P<0.05) and 26.17% (P<0.05) compared with ME group and HE group.The carcass weight of Holstein steers was significantly increased by different dietary energy levels, the highest in HE group, which was 6.26% and 5.26% higher than that in LE group and ME group; the slaughter rate in HE group was 4.86% (P<0.05) and 4.10% (P<0.05) higher than that in LE group and ME group, but there was no significant difference in eye muscle area and marbling grade (P>0.05). The dietary energy level had no effect on pH, drop loss, shear force, dehydration rate and colorimetric values (P>0.05); the content of fat in the longissimus dorsi muscle of HE group was the highest, which was significantly increased by 52.54% (P<0.05) and 57.45% (P<0.05) compared with LE group and ME group, respectively.【Conclusion】Under the conditions of this experiment, it was better to adopt the straight-line high-energy fattening mode for Holstein steer. In the stage of body weight 650-770 kg, the level of NE_mf was 6.50 MJ·kg^-1, and the level of CP was 11.6%.
Keywords：energy;Holstein steers;growth performance;slaughter performance;meat quality


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本文引用格式
张美琦, 李妍, 李树静, 高艳霞, 李建国, 曹玉凤, 李秋凤. 饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛生产性能、血液指标、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(1): 203-212 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.01.015
ZHANG MeiQi, LI Yan, LI ShuJing, GAO YanXia, LI JianGuo, CAO YuFeng, LI QiuFeng. Effects of Dietary Energy Levels on Production Performance, Blood Index, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Holstein Steers[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(1): 203-212 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.01.015


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0 引言

【研究意义】近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高,消费者更加注重对牛肉质量的需求。我国奶公牛资源丰富,但利用奶公牛生产高档牛肉的技术尚不成熟,因此探索适合我国国情的营养调控技术来提高奶公牛牛肉品质具有重要的现实意义。【前人研究进展】杜柳柳等^[1]、闫向民^[2]、郭同军等^[3]研究发现,去势可以增加体内脂肪沉积量,提高大理石花纹等级,改善牛肉品质。孙芳等^[4]报道,在相同饲养条件下,阉割奶公牛的屠宰率和肾周脂肪率与和杂牛的相近,而且背部肌肉的大理石纹相似,这说明利用对去势的奶公牛进行育肥,可改善牛肉品质。在育肥期间用低蛋白质、高能量饲料能促进牛肉的脂肪沉积,有利于形成大理石花纹^[5]。MERCHEN等^[6]研究发现饲喂高能量日粮可以提高西门塔尔阉牛的平均日增重（ADG）和饲料转化效率。柏峻等^[7]报道,提高饲粮能量水平对锦江阉牛的胴体重和屠宰率无显著差异,但随着饲粮综合净能水平的提高,眼肌面积逐渐增大,背最长肌的嫩度提高;NAVARRETE等^[8]研究发现,能量水平对荷斯坦杂交阉牛的平均日增重影响较小,高能组的干物质采食量、料重比极显著低于低能组。WANG^[9]给23月龄和26月龄的荷斯坦-弗里斯兰公牛饲喂中能量和高能量饲粮,改善了干物质采食量和平均日增重,且随着饲粮能量水平提高,增加了肌内脂肪和持水量。由此可见,日粮的能量水平对牛肉的大理石花纹等级具有显著影响^[10],但不同品种牛的生长育肥阶段对营养的需求不同,因此,保障生长肥育阶段的营养需求, 是提高高档牛肉生产质量和数量的基本要求^[11]。【本研究切入点】目前,有关利用荷斯坦阉牛生产大理石花纹牛肉的饲养模式不尽相同,对于体重650 kg的荷斯坦阉牛进行前、后两个阶段的能量调控以提高荷斯坦阉牛牛肉品质的研究未见报道。【拟解决的关键问题】以体重650 kg左右的荷斯坦阉牛为对象,探讨相同粗蛋白水平下,不同能量水平饲粮对荷斯坦阉牛生长性能、血液指标、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响,为荷斯坦阉牛育肥提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验时间与地点

试验于2019年1—9月在国家肉牛牦牛产业技术体系石家庄综合试验站（河北天和肉牛养殖有限公司）进行。

1.2 试验设计

本试验选用健康、体重相近的荷斯坦阉牛39头,采用单因子完全随机区组试验设计,将试验牛随机分为3组,每组13头牛。试验期为255 d（预试期10 d、正试期245 d）。试验前期（1—87 d）3组分别为低能量组（LE组）、中能量组（ME组）、高能量组（HE组）,NE_mf分别为6.10、6.30、6.50 MJ·kg^-1 ,CP水平均为11.6%;后期（88—245 d）分为Ⅰ（88—130 d）、Ⅱ（131—188 d）、Ⅲ（189—245 d）阶段,NE_mf分别为6.70、7.20、7.29 MJ·kg^-1,各试验组在不同阶段的饲粮能量水平相同,CP水平均为11.5%。饲粮的组成及营养水平见表1。

Table 1
表1
表1饲粮组成及营养水平（干物质基础）
Table 1Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (dry matter basis, %)

项目 Items	前期Early period（1-87 days）			后期Later period（88-245 days）
	LE组 LE group	ME组 ME group	HE组 HE Group	Ⅰ (88-130 days)	Ⅱ (131-188 days)	Ⅲ (189-245 days)
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn	29.73	35.35	40.50	49.40	59.20	63.00
麸皮 Wheat bran	1.30	1.10	1.02	2.75	7.63	2.10
豆粕 Soybean meal	2.15	2.38	2.53	8.40	7.50	8.70
棉粕 Cottonseed meal	5.11	5.24	4.98	2.75	1.00	0.00
全棉籽 Cotton seed						3.48
甜菜颗粒 Beet pulp						2.40
干酒糟及其可溶物 Distillers dried grains with soluble（DDGS）	4.80	4.10	4.15	1.36	1.80	1.00
石粉 Limestone	0.39	0.46	0.52	0.77	0.85	0.70
维生素预混料① Vitamin premix	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
微量元素预混料② Trace element premix	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
氯化铵 NH4Cl	0.27	0.27	0.27	0.27	0.27	0.27
小苏打 NaHCO3	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.20
食盐 Salt	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.35	0.35
酵母培养物 Yeast culture						0.80
氧化镁 MgO						0.60
稻草 Rice straw	10.00	9.46	7.95	32.50	20.00	15.00
全株玉米青贮 Whole corn silage	35.55	32.38	30.00
花生秧 Peanut vine	8.90	7.46	6.28
合计 Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
营养水平③ Nutrient level
综合净能 NEmf MJ·kg-1	6.10	6.30	6.50	6.70	7.20	7.29
粗蛋白质 CP	11.60	11.59	11.60	11.50	11.56	11.50
钙 Ca	0.65	0.65	0.65	0.65	0.65	0.60
磷 P	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.29	0.33	0.29
中性洗涤纤维 NDF	30.88	28.91	26.78	31.64	24.81	21.45
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	17.64	16.27	15.61	17.90	12.50	11.36

^①0.2%维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供：VD₃ 0.275 g,VE 30 g。^②0.2%微量元素预混料为每千克饲粮提供：Cu 10 mg,Mn 20 mg,Zn 30 mg,I 0.30 mg,Se 0.25 mg,Co 0.25 mg。^③综合净能为计算值,其他为实测值
^①0.2% vitamin premix is provided for each kilogram of diet: VD3 0.275 g, VE 30 g. ^② 0.2% trace element premix is provided for each kilogram of diet: Cu 10 mg, Mn 20 mg, Zn 30 mg, I 0.30 mg, Se 0.25 mg, Co 0.25 mg. ^③ The comprehensive net energy is the calculated value, the others are the measured values

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1.3 饲养管理

各组荷斯坦阉牛的管理条件一致,试验期采用全混合日粮（TMR）饲喂方式,自由采食和饮水,散栏饲养。每7 d对牛舍进行消毒,随时观察牛群健康状况。

1.4 指标测定与方法

1.4.1 生产性能 测定试验初始体重、前期末重和试验末重,计算平均日增重（ADG）。每隔30 d连续记录3 d各组TMR的投料量和剩料量,共测定33次。计算平均干物质采食量（ADMI）及干物质采食量与日增重比值（F/G）。其中ADMI计算公式如下：

ADMI=（连续3 d每组TMR干物质采食量/组内试验牛头数）/连续3 d测定的次数。

1.4.2 血液生化指标 在试验前期末和试验结束时,分别从各试验组随机选取5头牛,早晨空腹颈静脉无菌采血30 mL,37℃水浴30 min后放入离心机中3 000 r/min离心15 min,将上清液分装到1.5 mL小离心管中,置于-20℃冰箱保存待测生化指标。β-羟丁酸（β-HB）、脂蛋白酯酶（LPL）检测方法均为酶联免疫吸附法;甘油三酯（TG）使用GPO-PAP法测定,游离脂肪酸（NEFA）用比色法测定,试验所用试剂盒均购自于南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.4.3 屠宰指标 试验结束后,每个试验组随机选取接近平均体重的6头牛进行屠宰（空腹24 h）,并记录宰前活重、胴体重,计算屠宰率^[12],并测定眼肌面积、背膘厚度^[13],并根据日本胴体分级进行大理石花纹等级评定^[14]。

1.4.4 肉品质 排酸24 h后,采集12—13肋间背最长肌横切面处肉样1 kg,使用手持式UB-7型酸度计（美国）测定pH,每个样品测定3次,最后取平均值作为该肉样的pH;蒸煮损失、剪切力和失水率参照农业部行业标准NY/T1180-2006测定^[15];将肉样放置于空气中氧化45 min,用CR-10型色差仪（日本）进行肉色的测定,并取平均值为肉色值;剩余肉样放入-20℃保存,用于实验室内营养成分测定。

1.4.5 背最长肌肉常规营养成分 将采集的肉样剁碎,置于Coolsafe110-4pro型冷冻干燥器中干燥48 h,室温回潮24 h,记录干燥前后样品重量,计算各肉样中水分含量;最后将肉样粉碎后放置于封口袋中保存,用于粗蛋白和粗脂肪测定^[16]。

1.5 统计分析

试验数据采用 SPSS19.0中的 ANOVA 程序对进行单因素方差分析和Duncan’s多重比较,以P<0.05为差异显著性判断标准,0.05≤P<0.1为有显著性趋势的判断标准。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛生产性能的影响

由表2可知,各试验组试验前期末重和后期末重差异不显著（P>0.05）。试验前期ADG以HE组最高,较LE组和ME组分别提高了21.50%（P<0.05）和17.12%（P<0.05）;试验后期和全期的ADG无显著差异。试验前期、后期和全期,各试验组间的干物质采食量、料重比差异不显著（P>0.05）。

Table 2
表2
表2饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛生产性能的影响
Table 2Effects of energy levels in diets on Holstein steers production performance

项目 Items		组别Groups			SEM	P
		LE	ME	HE
初始体重 Initial weight (kg)		653.33	653.69	654.17	13.573	0.998
试验前期末重Final weight of early stage of trial (kg)		746.50	750.40	767.07	16.438	0.422
试验后期末重 Final weight of later stage of trial (kg)		906.17	905.62	922.50	23.252	0.714
试验前期 Early stage of trial	日增重 ADG (kg)	1.07b	1.11b	1.30a	0.070	0.006
	平均干物质采食量 ADMI (kg)	12.64	12.80	14.25	0.831	0.182
	料重比 F/G	11.86	11.51	10.94	0.574	0.284
试验后期 Later stage of trial	日增重 ADG (kg)	1.01	0.98	0.98	0.060	0.879
	平均干物质采食量 ADMI (kg)	14.26	13.79	14.28	0.341	0.264
	料重比 F/G	14.17	14.14	14.63	0.772	0.784
全期 Whole stag	日增重 ADG (kg)	1.03	1.01	1.10	0.056	0.266
	平均干物质采食量 ADMI (kg)	14.13	13.75	14.34	0.296	0.140
	料重比 F/G	13.77	13.72	13.18	0.633	0.594

同行数据标不同小写字母表示差异显著（P<0.05）,相同或无字母表示差异不显著（P>0.05）。下同
In the same row, values with different small letter mean significant difference (P<0.05), the same or no letters indicated that the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The same as below

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2.2 饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛血液指标的影响

由表3可知,试验前期血清中的LPL、TG含量随着饲粮能量的水平提高而增加,高低次序均表现为HE组>ME组>LE组（P<0.05）,其中HE组血清中LPL含量最高,较LE组、ME组分别提高了35.17%（P<0.05）、9.92%;HE组血清中NEFA含量最高,较LE组显著提高了13.16%（P<0.05）,与ME组无显著差异。后期LE组血清中LPL含量较ME组、HE组显著提高18.47%（P<0.05）、26.17%（P<0.05）;其他指标均未达到显著水平（P>0.05）。

Table 3
表3
表3饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛血清指标的影响
Table 3Effects of energy levels in diets on Holstein steers serum indexes

阶段 Stages	项目 Items	组别Groups			SEM	P
		LE	ME	HE
试验前期 Early stage of trial	β-羟丁酸 β-HB (μmol·L-1)	2.84	2.79	2.73	0.104	0.585
	脂蛋白酯酶 LPL (ng·mL-1)	4.18b	5.14ab	5.65a	0.591	0.056
	甘油三酯 TG (mmol·L-1)	0.42b	0.47ab	0.49a	0.031	0.067
	游离脂肪酸 NEFA (mmol·L-1)	0.38b	0.40ab	0.43a	0.018	0.050
试验后期 Later stage of trial	β-羟丁酸 β-HB (μmol·L-1)	2.40	2.39	2.17	0.134	0.162
	脂蛋白酯酶 LPL (ng·mL-1)	7.57a	6.39b	6.00b	0.386	0.001
	甘油三酯 TG (mmol·L-1)	0.36	0.31	0.39	0.407	0.143
	游离脂肪酸 NEFA (mmol·L-1)	0.24	0.22	0.23	0.012	0.151

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2.3 饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛屠宰性能的影响

由表4可知,试验前期不同能量水平显著提高了荷斯坦阉牛胴体重,HE组最高,较LE组和ME组提高了6.26%、5.26%;HE组屠宰率极显著LE组和ME组,分别提高了4.86%（P<0.05）、4.10%（P<0.05）,而LE组和ME组之间的屠宰率无显著差异（P>0.05）。HE组的眼肌面积、背标厚度均高于LE组和ME组（P>0.05）。HE组大理石花纹等级最高,其次为LE组,ME组最低。由表5可知,大理石花纹等级占比由高到低依次为3级（51.85%）>3⁺级（33.33%）>4^-级（11.11%）>2级以下（3.70%）,其中ME组和HE组占3级的比例最高,均为18.52%;HE组的4^-级的比例最高,占全体的7.41%,其次是ME组,占全体的3.70%,LE组为0;由此可见,试验前期高能量水平可以提高后期荷斯坦阉牛的大理石花纹等级。

Table 4
表4
表4饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛屠宰指标的影响
Table 4Effects of energy levels in diets on Holstein steers slaughtering indicators

项目 Items	组别Groups			SEM	P
	LE	ME	HE
宰前活重Live weight before slaughter (kg)	895.50	897.17	907.17	20.375	0.827
胴体重Carcass weight (kg)	511.64b	516.53ab	543.68a	13.804	0.073
屠宰率Slaughter rate (%)	57.14b	57.57b	59.93a	0.767	0.005
眼肌面积Eye muscle area (cm2)	81.25	78.42	88.25	5.771	0.247
背膘厚度Back fat thickness (mm)	2.25	2.08	2.30	0.388	0.847
大理石花纹等级(5分制) Beef marbling score	3.28	3.11	3.33	0.203	0.531

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Table 5
表5
表5饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛大理石花纹等级的影响
Table 5Effects of energy levels in diets on beef marbling score of Holstein steers

级别 Grade	总计 Total (%)	组别Groups
		LE	ME	HE
<2级 (%)	3.70		3.70
3 (%)	51.85	14.81	18.52	18.52
3+ (%)	33.33	18.52	7.41	7.41
4- (%)	11.11		3.70	7.41

采用日本评分标准对12-13肋之间的眼肌进行大理石花纹等级评分
The Japanese scoring standard is used to grade the eye muscles between 12 and 13 ribs

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2.4 饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛肉品质及背最长肌常规成分的影响

由表6可知,饲粮能量水平对pH、蒸煮损失、剪切力、失水率以及色差无影响（P>0.05）;HE组背最长肌粗脂肪含量最高,较LE组和ME组分别显著提高了52.54%（P<0.05）、57.45%（P<0.05）。

Table 6
表6
表6饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛肉品质及背最长肌肉常规成分的影响
Table 6Effects of energy levels in diets on the quality of Holstein steers beef and conventional components of longest back muscles

项目 Items		组别Groups			SEM	P
		LE	ME	HE
pH24h		5.56	5.56	5.58	0.038	0.701
蒸煮损失Drop loss (%)		26.30	28.69	26.82	1.381	0.204
剪切力Shear force (kg)		3.54	3.46	3.39	0.158	0.643
失水率Dehydration rate (%)		30.90	32.35	33.34	1.609	0.325
色差Colorimetric values	L*	36.66	37.03	37.66	1.358	0.761
	A	23.65	24.71	24.96	1.175	0.503
	B	11.98	12.28	12.75	0.784	0.619
水分 Water (%)		69.71	71.38	68.10	1.805	0.226
粗蛋白质 CP (%)		19.95	19.29	20.02	1.117	0.770
粗脂肪 EE (%)		7.69b	7.47b	11.73a	1.428	0.015

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3 讨论

3.1 饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛生产性能的影响

饲粮能量水平会影响动物的采食量,而动物的采食量是影响动物生产性能的重要因素。其中,关于饲粮能量水平对不同品种牛育肥期ADG、ADMI及F/G的研究报道较多,但试验所得出的结论却不尽一致。武婷婷等^[17]报道,随着饲粮能量水平的提高,肉牛的ADG以高能组最高（1.31 kg·d^-1）,中能组次之（1.21 kg·d^-1）,低能组最低（0.96 kg·d^-1）,高能组ADMI显著高于中能组和低能组,而F/G显著降低。柏峻等^[18]也发现,给锦江阉牛饲喂不同能量水平的饲粮（NE_mf：6.02、6.38、6.74、7.10、7.46 MJ·kg^-1）时,ADG随着饲粮能量水平的提高而呈逐渐增加的趋势,F/G显著降低。而LI^[19]研究报道,对于安格斯与湘西黄牛杂交牛,饲喂高能饲粮组ADG最高,但与饲喂低能饲粮组的ADG差异不显著,而饲喂高能饲粮组的ADMI、F/G显著低于饲喂低能饲粮组。本研究与武婷婷等^[17]研究结果相似,随着饲粮能量水平的提高, 试验前期HE组ADG最高,较LE组和ME组提高了21.50%和17.12%, HE组采食量高于LE组和ME组,原因可能是HE组ADG较高,体重大,动物会增加DMI以满足机体增重需要。各试验组后期的ADG、ADMI和F/G无显著差异,原因可能是试验后期饲粮能量水平一致,故生产性能出现趋同效应,但LE组ADG最高,是因为统一饲粮能量水平后LE的饲粮能量水平较试验前期NE_mf增加了0.6 MJ·kg^-1,比ME组、HE组分别多增加0.2 MJ·kg^-1、0.4 MJ·kg^-1,在采食量无显著差异的前提下,增加了后期LE组机体对能量摄入,促进了机体生长。 HE组的全期ADG最高,说明提高试验前期饲粮能量水平可以改善荷斯坦阉牛全期生产性能。

3.2 饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛血液指标的影响

甘油三酯是动物机体贮存能量的主要形式,是体内含量最多的脂类,可在肝脏和脂肪等组织中合成与贮存^[20]。王鸿泽等^[21]研究发现,随着日粮能量水平的提高,牦牛血清中TG浓度显著提高。上述报道与本试验结果一致,本试验前期HE组TG含量最高,显著高于ME组和LE 组,后期各组间TG含量虽然差异不显著,但HE组含量最高。说明提高试验前期饲粮能量水平有利于促进后期机体能量贮存。

在脂质代谢和转运过程中脂蛋白脂肪酶发挥着重要的作用,能够催化水解血液中循环的乳糜微粒和极低密度脂蛋白的三酰甘油成分,并将脂蛋白传递至肌肉或脂肪组织中储存利用^[22,23,24]。廉红霞等^[25]研究发现,LPL基因的表达量随能量水平升高而升高,体重也随之增加。这一结论与本研究结果相一致,提高饲粮能量水平显著提高了试验前期HE组LPL活性,促进了机体发育,显著提高了日增重。而后期LE组LPL活性显著高于ME组和HE组,这可能是由于各试验组在调整为同一高能饲喂过程中,LE组的饲粮能量水平提升速度高于其他两组,使得机体短期内从饲粮中快速获得大量能量,LPL是脂肪合成的关键物质,故血液中的LPL活性被快速激活,从而提高了机体脂肪合成储存速率。

游离脂肪酸（NEFA）是重要能量来源的营养物质^[26],可以在心脏、肌肉等组织进入氧化过程并为组织提供能量,也可重新被酯化形成 TG 后贮存于脂肪组织^[27]。康婧鹏等^[28]报道,血清中NEFA随着饲粮能量水平升高呈现线性降低（P<0.05）,而本试验研究发现试验前期HE组血清中NEFA含量最高,这与上述试验结果不一致,原因可能是高浓度NEFA使肝细胞内脂分解作用减弱,脂合成作用增强,这也符合高浓度NEFA使肝细胞内TG含量增加的结果^[29]。

3.3 饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛屠宰性能的影响

胴体重和屠宰率是评定屠宰性能的主要指标。王鸿泽等^[21]报道,随着日粮能量水平的提高,牦牛宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、背膘厚度及眼肌面积均显著增加;岳康宁等^[30]报道,高能组淘汰荷斯坦母牛的屠宰率最高,较低能组和中能组分别提高了4.83%和2.58%;张辉等^[31] 用西门塔尔牛研究发现,高能组的日增重、胴体重和屠宰率均显著高于中能组,极显著高于低能组。本研究也证实了这一结论,试验前期能量供给差异不仅影响了各组试验牛的体重差异,而且也影响育肥牛后期的生产性能,如宰前活重、胴体重和屠宰率等,说明提高试验前期的饲粮能量水平可以提高荷斯坦阉牛的生长性能,促进其胴体重的增加,最终提高屠宰率。

大理石花纹与胴体脂肪含量具有一定相关性,而胴体总脂肪含量与皮下脂肪厚度之间存在正相关关系^[32]。在本研究中,HE组皮下脂肪厚度和大理石花纹等级略微高于LE组和ME组,说明提高试验前期饲粮能量水平也有利于促进后期胴体脂肪组织沉积;当采用日本评分标准对本试验阉牛12—13肋之间的眼肌进行大理石花纹等级评分时,发现HE组的大理石花纹等级评分在4^-级等级占比最高,占全体的7.41%,其次是ME组,占全体的3.70%,LE组为0%,进一步说明提高试验前期饲粮能量水平,可以提高后期牛肉的大理石花纹等级,改善牛肉品质。

3.4 饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛肉品质及背最长肌常规成分的影响

活体牛肉pH保持中性（7.0—7.2）,由于宰后肌肉组织进行糖原酵解,所以宰后的热鲜牛肉随着乳酸生成pH下降较快,24 h后即到达终值^[33],而最终的pH也会影响肉的嫩度,正常的嫩肉的pH为5.4—5.8^[34],本研究牛肉pH_24h的范围在5.56—5.58之间,说明各试验组牛肉均处于嫩肉范围之内。剪切力是评定肌肉嫩度的重要指标,剪切力值越小,肉的嫩度越好。本试验研究发现,剪切力随着饲粮能量的提高略微下降,LE组、ME组和HE组的剪切力分别为3.54、3.46、3.39 kg,而高档牛肉剪切力值一般在3.62 kg 以下^[14],说明本研究的牛肉属于高档牛肉。郭亮等^[10]研究表明,大理石花纹与脂肪沉积呈正相关, 脂肪沉积越好大理石花纹越明显。这一结论在本试验中得到了有效的验证,提高试验前期饲粮能量水平,发现HE组背最长肌中粗脂肪含量显著高于ME组和LE组,同时HE组4^-级的占比最高,为7.41%,说明提高试验前期的能量水平,有利于脂肪的沉积,提高大理石花纹等级。

4 结论

在本试验条件下,提高650—770 kg体重阶段饲粮能量水平,显著提高了阉牛平均日增重和血清中甘油三酯、游离脂肪酸含量及脂蛋白酯酶活性,降低了后期脂蛋白酯酶活性;胴体重、屠宰率和背最长肌中粗脂肪含量随着试验前期能量水平提高而增加。综合分析表明,奶公牛采取直线高能育肥模式较好,荷斯坦阉牛在650—770 kg体重阶段,饲粮综合净能水平为6.50 MJ·kg^-1,粗蛋白水平为11.6%饲喂效果最佳。

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将24头去势荷斯坦公牛随机分成3组,进行为期180 d的肥育试验.Ⅰ组饲喂低营养日粮,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组分别饲喂中、高营养日粮.结果显示:试验Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组比较,宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、净肉重、胴体出肉率及内骨比均显著提高(P＜0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间胴体出肉率和肉骨比差异显著(P＜0.05).胴体品质:Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的背膘厚、胴体脂肪、肠系膜脂肪、眼肌面积和大理石花纹均优于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);Ⅱ和Ⅲ组的背膘厚、胴体脂肪、肠系膜脂肪三项指标显著差异(P＜0.05).常规化学成分:各组间干物质、粗脂肪和粗蛋白显著差异(P＜0.05);各组的钙、磷差异不显著(P＞0.05).牛肉质量:Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组的滴水损失、pH值和剪切力值均优于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);Ⅱ和Ⅲ组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).结果表明,日粮营养水平对荷斯坦肥育牛的胴体品质及肉品质量具有显著影响.
GUO L, WANG Z H, CAI Z H, JIANG W Y, WANG L Z. Effect of nutrition levels on carcass quality and meat quality in finishing Holstein steers
Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science, 2008(10): 1225-1228+1238. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 2]
将24头去势荷斯坦公牛随机分成3组,进行为期180 d的肥育试验.Ⅰ组饲喂低营养日粮,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组分别饲喂中、高营养日粮.结果显示:试验Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组比较,宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、净肉重、胴体出肉率及内骨比均显著提高(P＜0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间胴体出肉率和肉骨比差异显著(P＜0.05).胴体品质:Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的背膘厚、胴体脂肪、肠系膜脂肪、眼肌面积和大理石花纹均优于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);Ⅱ和Ⅲ组的背膘厚、胴体脂肪、肠系膜脂肪三项指标显著差异(P＜0.05).常规化学成分:各组间干物质、粗脂肪和粗蛋白显著差异(P＜0.05);各组的钙、磷差异不显著(P＞0.05).牛肉质量:Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组的滴水损失、pH值和剪切力值均优于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);Ⅱ和Ⅲ组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).结果表明,日粮营养水平对荷斯坦肥育牛的胴体品质及肉品质量具有显著影响.

[11] 钟佳琳, 郑祎宁, 贺花, 刘洪冰, 张子敬, 王二耀, 雷初朝, 陈宏, 黄永震. 高档牛肉生产现状及开发前景
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ZHONG J L, ZHENG W N, HE H, LIU H B, ZHANG Z J, WANG E Y, LEI C C, CHEN H, HUANG Y Z. Production status and development prospect of high grade beef
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State Administration of Market Supervision and Administration of the People’s Republic of China and China National Standards Administration Committee. GB/T19477-2018 Operational Rules for Livestock and Poultry Slaughtering-Cattle. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2018. (in Chinese)
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[D]. 泰安:山东农业大学, 2012.
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[D]. Taian: Shandong Agricultural University, 2012. (in Chinese)
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[17] 武婷婷, 王敏, 郭辉, 杨膺白, 贺志雄, 王荣, 马志远, 黄琳峰, 林波, 梁云斌. 不同能量水平的象草饲粮对肉牛生长、消化及血清生化指标的影响
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WU T T, WANG M, GUO H, YANG Z B, HE Z X, WANG R, MA Z Y, HUANG L F, LIN B, LIANG Y B. Influences of elephant grass diet with different energy levels on growth, digestion and serum biochemical parameters of beef cattle
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[18] 柏峻, 赵二龙, 李美发, 辛均平, 许兰娇, 瞿明仁, 易中华, 杨食堂, 杨建军, 李艳娇. 饲粮能量水平对育肥前期锦江阉牛生长性能、养分消化和能量代谢的影响
动物营养学报, 2019,31(2):692-698.
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[19] LI L Y, ZHU Y K, WANG X Y, HE Y, CAO B H. Effects of different dietary energy and protein levels and sex on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of F1 Angus x Chinese Xiangxi yellow cattle
Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2014,5(4):485-496.
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[20] 曾书秦, 刁其玉, 王建芬, 王俊, 司丙文, 杨春涛, 屠焰. 不同能量水平饲粮对7~10月龄荷斯坦育成牛生长性能和血清指标的影响
动物营养学报, 2015,27(2):606-615.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2015.02.033URL [本文引用: 1]
本试验旨在研究不同能量水平饲粮对7~10月龄育成牛生长性能和血清指标的影响.选取(200±3)日龄中国荷斯坦育成母牛24头,随机分为A、B和C 3个处理,对应饲喂产奶净能分别为5.40、5.90和6.40 MJ/kg的试验饲粮,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头牛.预试期10 d,正试期90 d.于210、240、270和300日龄清晨空腹测定生长性能指标(体重、体高、体斜长、胸围、腹围、腰角宽、乳头长度、体况评分),并采集血液样品用于血清指标(甘油三酯、尿素氮、雌激素、雌二醇、瘦素、生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子-1)分析.结果表明:1)在210~300日龄,A、B、C组育成牛平均日增重分别为0.69、0.81、0.96 kg/d,C组显著高于A组(P<0.05).2)在240日龄,A组左后乳头长度均显著高于C组(P<0.05);240和270日龄,A、B组右后乳头长度显著高于C组(P<0.05).3)在240日龄,A和B组血清甘油三酯(TG)含量显著低于C组(P<0.05).4)在300日龄,A组血清雌二醇(E₂)含量显著高于B组(P<0.05),极显著高于C组(P<0.01).综合以上,在本试验条件下,饲粮产奶净能为5.90 MJ/kg时,能维持育成牛体型和乳腺的正常发育.
ZENG S Q, DIAO Q Y, WANG J F, WANG J, SI B W, YANG C T, TU Y. Effects of diets with different energy levels on growth performance and serum indices in Chinese Holstein Heifers aged 7 to 10 months
Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2015,27(2):606-615. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2015.02.033URL [本文引用: 1]
本试验旨在研究不同能量水平饲粮对7~10月龄育成牛生长性能和血清指标的影响.选取(200±3)日龄中国荷斯坦育成母牛24头,随机分为A、B和C 3个处理,对应饲喂产奶净能分别为5.40、5.90和6.40 MJ/kg的试验饲粮,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头牛.预试期10 d,正试期90 d.于210、240、270和300日龄清晨空腹测定生长性能指标(体重、体高、体斜长、胸围、腹围、腰角宽、乳头长度、体况评分),并采集血液样品用于血清指标(甘油三酯、尿素氮、雌激素、雌二醇、瘦素、生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子-1)分析.结果表明:1)在210~300日龄,A、B、C组育成牛平均日增重分别为0.69、0.81、0.96 kg/d,C组显著高于A组(P<0.05).2)在240日龄,A组左后乳头长度均显著高于C组(P<0.05);240和270日龄,A、B组右后乳头长度显著高于C组(P<0.05).3)在240日龄,A和B组血清甘油三酯(TG)含量显著低于C组(P<0.05).4)在300日龄,A组血清雌二醇(E₂)含量显著高于B组(P<0.05),极显著高于C组(P<0.01).综合以上,在本试验条件下,饲粮产奶净能为5.90 MJ/kg时,能维持育成牛体型和乳腺的正常发育.

[21] 王鸿泽. 日粮能量水平对舍饲育肥牦牛生产性能、瘤胃发酵及肌内脂肪代谢的影响
[D]. 雅安:四川农业大学, 2015.
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WANG H Z. Effects of dietary energy concentration on performance, rumen fermentation and intramuscular fat metabolism in yaks fed indoors
[D]. Ya'an: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2015. (in Chinese)
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[22] MANI V, ARIVALAGAN S, ISLAM SIDDIQUE A, NAMASIVAYAM N. Antihyperlipidemic and antiapoptotic potential of zingerone on alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats
Chemico- Biological Interactions, 2017,272:197-206.
DOI:10.1016/j.cbi.2017.04.019URLPMID:28442378 [本文引用: 1]
The ultimate aim of this present study was to investigate the antihyperlipidemic and antiapoptotic potential of zingerone (ZO) on alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats. Male albino wistar rats were divided in four groups. Groups 1 and 2 rats received isocaloric glucose and dimethyl sulphoxide (2% DMSO), liver toxicity was induced in groups 3 and 4 by supplementing 30% ethanol post orally for 60 days. In addition to, groups 2 and 4 received zingerone (20 mg/kg body weight in 2% DMSO) daily during the final 30 days of the experimental period. Ethanol alone administered rats showed increased levels/activities of plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), phospholipids (PL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), tissue TC, TG, FFA, PL, HMG-CoA reductase, phase I xenobiotic enzymes, collagen and fat accumulation, DNA damage and increased Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expressions and decrease in the levels/activities of plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT), phase II xenobiotic enzymes and a decreased Bcl-2 expression. Zingerone supplementation was able to counter and reverse the ethanol induced changes in all the above parameters in experimental rats. Together results portray zingerone exhibits antihyperlipidemic and antiapoptotic potential on alcohol induced hepatotoxicity.

[23] 田冯伟. 血糖波动对2型糖尿病患者游离脂肪酸谱和脂蛋白脂酶的影响
[D]. 石家庄:河北医科大学, 2010.
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TIAN F W. Effect of plasma glucose fluctuation on free fatty acid composition and lipoprotein lipase with type 2 diabetes mellitus
[D]. Shijiazhuang: Hebei Medical University, 2010. (in Chinese)
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Current Opinion in Lipidology, 2016,27(3):233-241.
DOI:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000297URLPMID:27031275 [本文引用: 1]
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: A major step in energy metabolism is hydrolysis of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) to release fatty acids that can be used or stored. This is accomplished by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) at 'binding lipolysis sites' at the vascular endothelium. A multitude of interactions are involved in this seemingly simple reaction. Recent advances in the understanding of some of these factors will be discussed in an attempt to build a comprehensive picture. RECENT FINDINGS: The first event in catabolism of TRLs is that they dock at the vascular endothelium. This requires LPL and GPIHBP1, the endothelial transporter of LPL.Kinetic studies in rats with labeled chylomicrons showed that once a chylomicron has docked in the heart it stays for minutes and a large number of triacylglycerol molecules are split. The distribution of binding between tissues reflects the amount of LPL, as evident from studies with mutant mice.Clearance of TRLs is often slowed down in metabolic disease, as was demonstrated both in mice and men. In mice, this was directly connected to decreased amounts of endothelial LPL. SUMMARY: The LPL system is central in energy metabolism and results from interplay between several factors. Rapid and exciting progress is being made.

[25] 廉红霞, 卢德勋, 高民. 饲粮营养水平对猪血液生化指标、背最长肌IMF含量及LPLmRNA表达量的影响
中国饲料, 2008(5): 12-15+20.
URL [本文引用: 1]
试验选用84头体重接近10kg杜洛克×长白×大约克(DLY)三元杂交阉公猪,随机分成2组,组内设6个重复,每个重复7头猪.研究在NRC(1998)标准(对照组)、荣昌猪(GB 7223-1987)饲养标准(试验组)两种饲粮条件下,营养水平对DLY生长肥育猪血液生化指标、背最长肌肌内脂肪(IMF)含量及LPLmRNA表达量的影响.结果表明:(1)对照组及试验组生长肥育猪血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量、背最长肌肌内脂肪及LPL mRNA表达量含量随体重增加均呈上升趋势,35～80kg阶段血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)呈上升趋势,而后下降,而低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值(LDL-C/HDL-C)呈下降趋势;(2)各阶段试验组背最长肌肌内脂肪含量均高于对照组,体重50kg时达到显著水平(P＜0.05);体重110kg时,试验组背最长肌LPL mRNA表达量高于对照组(P＞0.05);降低饲粮营养水平可降低35～110kg阶段血清胆固醇(TC)、HDL-C和FFA含量,降低了50～80kg阶段血清甘油三酯(TG)、LDL-C和极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)含量(P＞0.05).
LIAN H X, LU D X, GAO M. Effects of dietary nutrition levels on blood biochemical parameters, IMF content in longissimus dorsalis and LPL mRNA expression in pigs
China Feed, 2008(5): 12-15+20. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 1]
试验选用84头体重接近10kg杜洛克×长白×大约克(DLY)三元杂交阉公猪,随机分成2组,组内设6个重复,每个重复7头猪.研究在NRC(1998)标准(对照组)、荣昌猪(GB 7223-1987)饲养标准(试验组)两种饲粮条件下,营养水平对DLY生长肥育猪血液生化指标、背最长肌肌内脂肪(IMF)含量及LPLmRNA表达量的影响.结果表明:(1)对照组及试验组生长肥育猪血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量、背最长肌肌内脂肪及LPL mRNA表达量含量随体重增加均呈上升趋势,35～80kg阶段血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)呈上升趋势,而后下降,而低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值(LDL-C/HDL-C)呈下降趋势;(2)各阶段试验组背最长肌肌内脂肪含量均高于对照组,体重50kg时达到显著水平(P＜0.05);体重110kg时,试验组背最长肌LPL mRNA表达量高于对照组(P＞0.05);降低饲粮营养水平可降低35～110kg阶段血清胆固醇(TC)、HDL-C和FFA含量,降低了50～80kg阶段血清甘油三酯(TG)、LDL-C和极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)含量(P＞0.05).

[26] 焦书文, 邱连荣, 周亚茹, 王丽莉, 张晓阳, 耿玲玲. 肿瘤坏死因子α、脂联素、游离脂肪酸对妊娠期糖尿病的预测价值
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[27] 胡仕良. 西农萨能奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞LPL基因特征与功能的初步研究
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[D]. Yangling: Northwest A & F University, 2012. (in Chinese)
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[32] LORENZEN C L, GOLDEN J W, MARTZ F A, GRüN I, ELLERSIECK M R, GERRISH J R, MOORE K C. Conjugated linoleic acid content of beef differs by feeding regime and muscle
Meat Science, 2007,75(1):159-167.
DOI:10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.06.025URLPMID:22063424 [本文引用: 1]
The project objective was to determine the CLA content of three muscles (Longissimus lumborum, LD; Semimembranosus, SM; Triceps brachii, TB), in both raw and cooked states, in cattle finished on pasture or with grain supplements. Cattle were randomly assigned to one of four finishing regimens; pasture (n=11), pasture with grain supplement (n=11), pasture with grain supplement containing soyoil (n=12), and feedlot (n=12). In the raw state, TB had higher (P<0.05) CLA than LD or SM on a mg/g sample basis. Total CLA was higher (P<0.05) in the soyoil diet when compared to the other three feeding regimes on a mg/g sample basis and when expressed as mg/g fat in both raw and cooked analyses. Pasture inclusion produced higher levels (P<0.05) of total CLA than the feedlot diet on a mg/g fat basis for cooked samples while maintaining acceptable eating quality.

[33] 杨竹青, 包淋斌, 赵向辉, 王灿宇, 周珊, 傅传鞭, 文露华, 祝远魁, 邓新堂, 吴东, 瞿明仁. 烟酸对未去势湘中公牛生长性能、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响
动物营养学报, 2015,27(1):85-92.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2015.01.012URL [本文引用: 1]
本研究旨在研究烟酸对未去势湘中公牛生长性能、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响。选择1.5岁左右体重[(385.08±15.20) kg]匀称的未去势湘中黑公牛21头,随机分成3组,每组7头,各组分别在基础饲粮中添加0、800、1 200 mg/kg烟酸。预试期14 d,正试期120 d。结果表明:烟酸对公牛的平均日增重、日均采食量、饲料转化率、背膘厚、眼肌面积均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。烟酸对背最长肌的pH、肉色亮度和红度值、剪切力、滴水损失以及水分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。1 200 mg/kg烟酸显著降低血清总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量(P<0.05),800 mg/kg烟酸显著降低血清HDL-C含量(P<0.05),烟酸对低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。1 200 mg/kg烟酸可以提高血清非酯化脂肪酸(P<0.05)和葡萄糖含量(P=0.06),降低血清尿素氮含量(P=0.07)。综上,本研究并没有观察到烟酸对未去势湘中公牛生长性能和肉品质等指标有影响,但对血脂指标有一定调节作用,推测可能是未去势公牛的雄性激素的作用覆盖了烟酸的作用。
YANG Z Q, BAO L B, ZHAO X H, WANG C Y, ZHOU S, FU C B, WEN L H, ZHU Y K, DENG X T, WU D, QU M R. Effects of nicotinic acid on growth performance, meat quality and serum biochemical parameters of uncastrated Xiangzhong Bulls
Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2015,27(1):85-92. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2015.01.012URL [本文引用: 1]
本研究旨在研究烟酸对未去势湘中公牛生长性能、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响。选择1.5岁左右体重[(385.08±15.20) kg]匀称的未去势湘中黑公牛21头,随机分成3组,每组7头,各组分别在基础饲粮中添加0、800、1 200 mg/kg烟酸。预试期14 d,正试期120 d。结果表明:烟酸对公牛的平均日增重、日均采食量、饲料转化率、背膘厚、眼肌面积均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。烟酸对背最长肌的pH、肉色亮度和红度值、剪切力、滴水损失以及水分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。1 200 mg/kg烟酸显著降低血清总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量(P<0.05),800 mg/kg烟酸显著降低血清HDL-C含量(P<0.05),烟酸对低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。1 200 mg/kg烟酸可以提高血清非酯化脂肪酸(P<0.05)和葡萄糖含量(P=0.06),降低血清尿素氮含量(P=0.07)。综上,本研究并没有观察到烟酸对未去势湘中公牛生长性能和肉品质等指标有影响,但对血脂指标有一定调节作用,推测可能是未去势公牛的雄性激素的作用覆盖了烟酸的作用。

[34] SILVA J A, PATARATA L, MARTINS C. Influence of ultimate pH on bovine meat tenderness during ageing
Meat Science, 1999,52(4):453-459.
DOI:10.1016/s0309-1740(99)00029-7URLPMID:22062710 [本文引用: 1]
The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of ultimate pH and ageing at 2+/-2 degrees C on the tenderness of beef. The m.longissimus thoracis et lumborum from 23 young bulls excised at 28 h post mortem were grouped into: Normal (pH 5.5 to 5.8) moderate DFD (mod DFD) (5.80.05) differences in soluble collagen and myofibrillar protein solubility (MPS) at pH 5.5 were found between the pH groups at any time. The tenderness evaluated by both methods was significantly (p<0.05) related to MFI, MPS at pH 7.0, cooking loss and juiciness. Total and soluble collagen, sarcomere length, intramuscular fat and MPS at pH 5.5 were not significantly (p>0.05) related with tenderness.