贾立国^,1, 石晓华¹, 苏亚拉其其格², 秦永林¹, 于静¹, 陈杨², 樊明寿^,11内蒙古农业大学农学院,呼和浩特 010019
²内蒙古农业大学草原与资源环境学院,呼和浩特 010011

Potential Analysis of Organic Fertilizer Substitution for Chemical Fertilizer in Spring Wheat Regions of China

JIA LiGuo^,1, SHI XiaoHua¹, SUYALA Qiqige², QIN YongLin¹, YU Jing¹, CHEN Yang², FAN MingShou^,11College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019
²College of Grassland and Resource Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011

通讯作者: 樊明寿,E-mail： fmswh@126.com

责任编辑: 李云霞
收稿日期:2020-06-5接受日期:2020-08-19网络出版日期:2020-12-01

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划.2018YFD0200407 内蒙古自治区科技成果转化专项.2019CG030 内蒙古科技创新引导项目.KCBJ2018010

Received:2020-06-5Accepted:2020-08-19Online:2020-12-01
作者简介 About authors
贾立国,E-mail： nndjialiguo@163.com。









摘要
【目的】明确我国春小麦养分管理的主要问题,因地制宜地提出不同省（区）春小麦化肥有机替代的技术途径,为春小麦生产化肥零增长和可持续发展提供参考。【方法】通过农户实地调研与农户调研文献资料收集的2 166组数据,比较分析不同省（区）春小麦养分管理存在的问题。通过国家统计局网站2018年公布的最新牲畜数量、春小麦播种面积和产量等数据,利用已发表文献关于牲畜粪、秸秆和绿肥作物的养分含量,定量化分析春小麦主要省（区）的化肥有机替代潜力,结合气候、土壤和有机资源现状,提出适宜不同省（区）春小麦有机替代途径。【结果】化学氮肥和磷肥施用过量、钾肥和有机肥施用不足是我国春小麦养分管理存在的主要问题,其中尤以内蒙古西部和宁夏黄灌区氮肥过量施用最为严重。春麦区大牲畜和羊的数量约占全国的1/3和1/2,牲畜粪提供的氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）养分量分别为238.6×10 ⁴、57.6×10 ⁴和141.0×10 ⁴ t·a ^-1,牲畜粪N、P₂O₅和K₂O在春小麦上的有机替代潜力分别为78.2%、48.1%和43.1%。春麦区秸秆还田总量折合410.2×10 ⁴t,单位面积麦田氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）可还田量分别为11.4、2.5和31.9 kg·hm ^-2,通过秸秆还田N、P₂O₅和K₂O当季有机替代潜力分别为4.9%、3.3%和22.7%。通过绿肥进行春小麦有机替代,绿肥的养分如充分释放完全可以满足春小麦对氮、磷、钾养分的需求。【结论】针对我国春小麦化肥过量和不合理施用的问题,可以通过牲畜粪肥、秸秆还田和种植绿肥三大有机替代途径加以解决。其中,牲畜粪肥在春小麦上N、P₂O₅和K₂O的有机替代潜力分别为78.2%、48.1%和43.1%;秸秆还田N、P₂O₅和K₂O当季有机替代潜力分别为4.9%、3.3%和22.7%;绿肥的养分如充分释放完全可以实现春小麦化肥氮、磷、钾的有机替代。不同省区在选择有机替代方式时应从资源、成本和技术等角度综合考虑。
关键词： 春小麦;有机替代;秸秆还田;绿肥

Abstract
【Objective】The objective of this study was to clarify the major problems of nutrition management in spring wheat production and to raise the suitable way on the organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer in different provinces and regions of China, so as to provide reference for Zero Growth Action of Chemical Fertilizers and sustainable development in spring wheat production regions. 【Method】A total of 2 166 survey data were collected from farmer interview and related literature retrieval, based on which the major problems were analyzed in different spring wheat regions of China. The data in 2018 of major livestock numbers, planting area and yield of spring wheat were downloaded from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The nutritional contents of livestock manure, wheat straw and green manure plants were checked from published literatures, then the potential of organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer in different spring wheat regions was qualified. Comprehensive considered the climate, soils and the status of organic resources, the suitable ways of organic fertilizer substitution were suggested in different spring wheat regions. 【Result】Overuse of chemical nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer but the deficiency of potassium and organic fertilizer dressing was the major problem of nutrition management in spring wheat. Especially, it was especially serious on nitrogen overuse in western Inner Mongolia and Ningxia irrigated spring wheat. The number of large livestock and sheep in spring wheat region was accounted for about 1/3 and 1/2 of that in China, respectively. The nutrient amount of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O from livestock manure was 238.6×10 ⁴, 57.6×10 ⁴and 141.0×10 ⁴t per year respectively, accordingly the potential of organic fertilizer from livestock manure substitution for chemical fertilizer was 78.2%, 48.1% and 43.1% for spring wheat, respectively. The total amount of straw returning to farmland in spring wheat region was 410.2×10 ⁴t per year. Available N, P₂O₅ and K₂O in straw was 11.4, 2.5 and 31.9 kg·hm ^-2 returning to farmland, accordingly in-season potential of organic fertilizer from wheat straw substitution for chemical fertilizer was 4.9%, 3.3% and 22.7%, respectively for spring wheat. Green manure plants returning to farmland was enough for meeting the nutrient requirement of spring wheat if the nutrients could release to soil completely. 【Conclusion】Based on the problems of overuse and unreasonable application of chemical fertilizer in spring wheat in China, three ways of organic fertilizer substitution including livestock manure, straw returning and green manure can be selected for resolving. By application of livestock manure the substitution potential for chemical fertilizer was 78.2%, 48.1% and 43.1%, respectively. The in-season substitution potential of organic fertilizer was 4.9%, 3.3% and 22.7%, respectively. Green manure, as organic fertilizer substitution, was sufficient for nutrient requirement of spring wheat if the nutrients could release to soil completely. The suitable way of organic fertilizer substitution should consider local resource, input and technology comprehensively.
Keywords：spring wheat;organic fertilizer substitution;straw returning;green manure


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本文引用格式
贾立国, 石晓华, 苏亚拉其其格, 秦永林, 于静, 陈杨, 樊明寿. 我国春麦区小麦化肥有机替代潜力分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(23): 4855-4865 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.011
JIA LiGuo, SHI XiaoHua, SUYALA Qiqige, QIN YongLin, YU Jing, CHEN Yang, FAN MingShou. Potential Analysis of Organic Fertilizer Substitution for Chemical Fertilizer in Spring Wheat Regions of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(23): 4855-4865 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.011


开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：

0 引言

【研究意义】春小麦主要分布在内蒙古、新疆、甘肃、青海、黑龙江、宁夏六大省（区）,另外在天津、河北和西藏有小面积的种植,春小麦种植区气温普遍较低,生产季节短,以一年一熟为主^[1]。因生育期较短,单产水平普遍低于冬小麦,但是春小麦在区域和国家粮食生产中占有非常重要的地位。农户为了增加春小麦产量,不断增加化肥的投入,特别是内蒙古西部和宁夏的引黄灌区小麦生产上氮肥投入严重过量,而钾肥及有机肥投入又普遍偏低,致使产量和肥料利用效率较低^[2,3,4,5]。内蒙古东部和黑龙江旱作春小麦区化肥投入量不高,但是土壤腐殖层逐年变薄,土壤有机质含量大幅减少、小麦肥料利用率低等问题正威胁着当地农业可持续发展^[6]。实现春小麦化肥减施增效关系到整个北方地区农业可持续发展,符合生态优先绿色发展的国家战略。【前人研究进展】有机肥替代化肥是实现化肥用量零增长的重要途径,实现的方式主要包括施用畜禽粪便、秸秆还田和种植绿肥等^[7,8,9]。在春小麦上进行有机替代的研究表明,以腐熟的羊粪为有机肥钾替代化肥钾的比例在30%—60%时,可实现小麦产量和钾肥利用效率的协同提升^[10]。在冬小麦上的长期定位试验结果表明,发酵有机肥和秸秆还田部分替代化学氮均能显著提升小麦产量和水分利用效率,其中发酵有机肥的效果最好,10年平均产量较单施化肥增加25.4%^[11]。连续18年的长期定位试验结果表明,作物秸秆长期直接施用在土壤培肥方面与腐熟有机肥效果基本相同,均对土壤理化性质有很大的改善,同时可提高作物产量^[8]。化肥氮的有机氮替代率受土壤本身有机碳含量影响,长期施用有机肥可显著提高土壤有机碳含量,在黑土土壤有机碳含量达到约25 g·kg^-1时,有机肥对化肥的替代率可近95%^[12]。但是,绝大多数土壤在有机碳含量不是太高的条件下,化学氮肥有机替代比例50%—70%较为适宜,比例太高会导致产量和肥效的降低^[10,12-13]。合理种植绿肥可以提高后茬麦田土壤有益菌群落数量,改善土壤物理结构,转化土壤难溶性养分,增加土壤肥力,在河套灌区植田菁、草木樨等绿肥还可降低盐碱危害^[14,15]。【本研究切入点】鉴于北方春麦区在保障区域和国家粮食安全方面的重要作用,同时响应化肥零增长、生态优先绿色发展等国家战略,针对目前春小麦生产过程中化肥过量和不合理利用的问题,探讨有机肥部分替代化肥在春小麦绿色生产中的技术途径,依据不同春小麦省区气候、土壤、资源现状及栽培模式寻求适宜的有机替代模式。【拟解决的关键问题】在明确春小麦生产中化肥施用的现状和问题的基础上,通过对牲畜粪肥、秸秆还田和绿肥资源的定量化分析,并结合不同春麦省区气候、土壤及生产条件等进行综合考量,提出适宜于不同省区春小麦化肥有机替代的技术途径,旨在实现春小麦生产化肥零增长和绿色可持续发展。

1 材料与方法

1.1 数据来源

内蒙古东部和西部农户春小麦产量和施肥量数据通过实地调研获取,调研年份为2018年,调研的方式以实地面访的形式进行。东部调研的区域主要为呼伦贝尔市,分别在海拉尔、牙克石和额尔古纳选择10—15个农场进行问卷调查;西部调研的区域为巴彦淖尔市,分别在临河区、五原县、杭锦后旗和乌拉特前旗进行问卷调查,每县（区）选择代表性乡（镇）3—4个,每乡镇3—5个村,每村随机选3个以上春小麦种植农户为调查对象。新疆、宁夏、甘肃和青海农户小麦产量及施肥量数据通过最新发表的文献获得^[2,3,4,5],其中新疆的数据分滴灌和漫灌方式分别进行数据整理和分析。

春麦区各省份的大牲畜和羊的数量、春小麦种植面积和产量（内蒙古产量数据除外）等数据来源于国家统计局2018年（最新）数据,其中大牲畜和羊的数量为2018年底头（只）数。

1.2 数据分析方法

小麦养分利用效率通过肥料偏生产力表示,具体计算方法如下：

氮（磷、钾）肥偏生产力（kg·kg^-1）=施氮（磷、钾）区产量/施氮（磷、钾）量;

牲畜粪排泄量（鲜基）及其养分含量估算方法如下：

TM=∑（Na×C₁）

式中,TM表示某省区大牲畜和羊粪排泄总量（万吨/年,鲜基）;Na表示某种牲畜年底数量（万头或万只）;C₁为牲畜排泄量系数（吨/年）,其中牛和骆驼为10.1,马为5.9,驴和骡为5.0,羊为0.87^[16]。

TN=∑（Nm×C₂）

式中,TN为牲畜粪N、P₂O₅或K₂O养分总量（万吨/年）;Nm表示某种牲畜年排泄粪量（万吨/年,鲜基）;C₂为牲畜粪养分含量（占鲜基%）,具体含量参照刘晓永等^[16]的参数进行计算,其中骆驼和牛粪氮（纯N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）鲜基含量均按照0.38%、0.10%和0.24%折算。

小麦秸秆还田量及其养分含量采用国际上通用的草谷比1.1来估算,小麦秸秆直接还田率按照46.0%计算,燃烧还田率按照13.9%计算,秸秆氮磷钾养分还田量按下列方法估算^[17]：

T_N（T_P, T_K）=Y×R×Nc（Pc, Kc）

式中,T_N、T_P、T_K分别为秸秆氮、磷、钾资源量,其中Y 为小麦经济产量,R为草谷比,Nc、Pc、Kc分别为秸秆N、P₂O₅、K₂O含量,分别按照0.54%、0.09%和1.16%折算^[17]。

秸秆还田化肥有机替代潜力根据秸秆还田当季养分释放率估算：

P_N（P_P, P_K）= T_N（T_P, T_K）×C₃

式中,P_N、P_P、P_K分别为秸秆氮、磷、钾有机替代潜力（量）,C₃表示秸秆氮、磷、钾当季释放率^[17]。

绿肥作物的养分含量来源于文献报道^[18,19,20]。

2 结果

2.1 春小麦主要产区施肥现状

2.1.1 各省区农户施肥量 通过文献收集和实际生产调研,对我国主要春麦省区的农户春小麦氮、磷、钾施用量进行汇总。分析发现,内蒙古西部、宁夏、新疆部分区域的漫灌春小麦氮肥和磷肥的施入量较高,平均为311.7和193.9 kg·hm^-2;新疆的滴灌春小麦氮肥和磷肥的施入量平均为211.1和189.5 kg·hm^-2,施肥量低于而产量高于漫灌模式;甘肃、青海、内蒙古东部和黑龙江春小麦主要是旱作,氮肥和磷肥的施入量平均为144.2和117.5 kg·hm^-2。钾肥的施用量普遍较低,宁夏漫灌区最高（33.4 kg·hm^-2）,内蒙古西部漫灌区最低,只有7.5 kg·hm^-2,春麦区钾肥平均施入量为19.1 kg·hm^-2（表1）。

Table 1
表1
表1我国不同地区春小麦产量及化肥施用量
Table 1Yield and fertilization rates of spring wheat in different regions of China

灌溉模式 Irrigation mode	地区 Region	产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)	施氮量 Nitrogen rates (N) (kg·hm-2)	施磷量 Phosphorus rate (P2O5) (kg·hm-2)	施钾量 Potassium rate (K2O) (kg·hm-2)	总养分量 Total fertilizer Rate (kg·hm-2)	样本量 Numbers of sample
漫灌 Flood irrigation	内蒙古西部WI	5711	340.4	255.4	7.5	603.3	94
	宁夏 NX	4578	357.0	182.7	33.4	573.1	328
	新疆 XJ	5655	237.8	143.7	9.3	390.8	81
滴灌 Drip irrigation	新疆 XJ	6465	211.1	189.5	21.2	421.8	46
旱作 Rainfed	甘肃 GS	3910	193.4	122.6	20.6	336.6	1365
	青海 QH	4870	159.0	140.0	27.0	326.0	217
	内蒙古东部EI	2935	80.2	90.0	15.0	185.2	35

表中各字母缩写表示如下：WI,Western Inner Mongolia;EI, Eastern Inner Mongolia;NX, Ningxia;XJ, Xinjiang;GS, Gansu;QH, Qinghai. 内蒙古西部和东部的数据来自于农户调研;宁夏的数据参考文献[3];新疆的数据参考文献[2];甘肃的数据参考文献[4];青海的数据参考文献[5]
Region names in the table are abbreviated as follows: WI, Western Inner Mongolia; EI, Eastern Inner Mongolia; NX, Ningxia; XJ, Xinjiang; GS, Gansu; QH, Qinghai. The data in WI and EI were from farmer interview; The data in NX referred as literature [3]; The data in XJ referred as literature [2]; The data in GS referred as literature [4]; The data in QH referred as literature [5]

新窗口打开|下载CSV

根据区域测土配方施肥推荐指标,东北春小麦区化肥基本不存在过量施用问题;西北地区农户春小麦氮、磷肥施用普遍过量,而钾肥投入严重不足。其中,宁夏和内蒙古西部黄灌区春小麦过量和不合理施肥最为突出,宁夏黄灌区平均86.4%的种植户氮肥投入过量,44.6%的磷肥施用过量,83.3%的钾肥投入严重不足^[3];我们的调研结果表明,内蒙古黄灌区平均97.4%的春小麦种植户氮肥投入过量,84.2%的磷肥施用过量,调研的所有农户几乎没有施用钾肥的习惯。

2.1.2 养分利用效率分析 肥料偏生产力与施肥量的趋势相反,各春小麦省区均表现为氮肥和磷肥偏生产力较低、钾肥偏生产力较高（表2）。滴灌和旱作模式下氮肥和磷肥偏生产力总体高于漫灌模式,漫灌条件下钾肥偏生产力最高（宁夏除外）。

Table 2
表2
表2我国不同地区春小麦化肥偏生产力
Table 2Partial Factor Productivity (PFP) of chemical fertilizer in different spring wheat regions of China (kg·kg^-1)

灌溉模式 Irrigation mode	地区 Region	氮肥偏生产力 PFPN	磷肥偏生产力 PFPP	钾肥偏生产力 PFPK
漫灌 Flood irrigation	内蒙古西部 WI	16.7	22.3	760.2
	宁夏 NX	12.8	25.0	137.0
	新疆 XJ	23.7	39.3	608.0
滴灌 Drip irrigation	新疆 XJ	30.6	34.1	304.9
旱作 Rainfed	甘肃 GS	20.2	31.8	189.8
	青海 QH	30.6	34.7	180.3
	内蒙古东部 EI	36.6	32.6	195.6

新窗口打开|下载CSV

2.2 春麦区有机肥资源及其区域分布

2.2.1 春麦区主要牲畜数量及全国占比 牲畜粪便是农田有机肥的主要来源,大牲畜（包括牛、马、驴、骡和骆驼）和羊在北方地区占比较大,是性畜有机肥资源的主要来源。2018年春麦区各省份主要牲畜的数量见表3,其中春麦区牛和骡的数量约占全国约1/3,马和驴的数量占到全国约1/2,而骆驼100%都集中在春麦区各省份,春麦区大牲畜总计约占全国1/3;春麦区羊的数量占到全国的49.4%,约占全国的一半。从各省份的分布来看,各主要牲畜主要集中在内蒙古和新疆（表3）。

Table 3
表3
表3我国春麦区主要牲畜数量（万头(只)）
Table 3Numbers of major livestock in different spring wheat regions of China (×10⁴)

地区 Region	大牲畜 Large livestock	牛 Cattle	马 Horse	驴 Donkey	骡 Mule	骆驼 Camel	羊 Sheep
内蒙古 IM	778.7	616.2	63.8	72.8	8.6	17.3	6001.0
黑龙江 HLJ	476.2	456.5	13.4	5.2	1.0	0.0	772.7
甘肃 GS	504.6	440.4	11.7	34.5	15.0	3.0	1885.9
青海 QH	527.6	514.3	11.6	0.4	0.1	1.1	1336.1
宁夏 NX	128.9	124.6	0.1	3.9	0.2	0.0	534.2
新疆 XJ	557.3	457.2	73.0	14.8	0.0	12.4	4159.7
总计 Total	2973.3	2609.2	173.6	131.6	24.9	33.8	14689.6
全国 Country	9525.5	8915.3	347.3	253.3	75.8	33.8	29713.5
春麦区占比 Percentage of spring wheat region（%）	31.2	29.2	49.9	51.9	32.8	100.0	49.4

表中各字母缩写表示如下：IM, Inner Mongolia;HLJ, Heilongjiang. 数据来源于国家统计局2018年数据 Data source from the National Bureau of Statistics of China in 2018

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2.2.2 春麦区主要牲畜粪养分供应量 基于上述各春麦区主要牲畜数量,估算了各省份牲畜粪排泄量及氮、磷、钾养分年度累积量（表4）。不同牲畜粪氮（纯N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）养分含量参照刘晓永^[16,17]的参数进行计算,春麦区牲畜粪总的排泄量及养分累积量如表4,各省份间的分布与牲畜数量规律一致,表现为内蒙古最多,宁夏最少。

Table 4
表4
表4我国春小麦区牲畜粪排泄量及其养分累积量（鲜基,万吨/年）
Table 4Manure excretion and its nutrient contents of livestock in different spring wheat regions of China (fresh based, ×10⁴ t·a^-1)

地区 Region	粪排泄量 Manure excretion	N累积量 Nitrogen amount	P2O5累积量 P2O5 amount	K2O累积量 K2O amount
内蒙古 IM	12402.6	80.6	19.1	47.1
黑龙江 HLJ	5392.9	24.8	6.2	15.1
甘肃 GS	6435.6	34.9	8.6	20.9
青海 QH	6438.8	31.8	7.8	19.0
宁夏 NX	1744.3	9.5	2.3	5.6
新疆 XJ	8866.6	56.8	13.4	33.0
总计 Total	41280.9	238.6	57.6	141.0

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2.2.3 可利用养分量及其分布 因各省份春小麦种植面积及占比不同,可用于春小麦的牲畜粪养分量亦有很大差异。为了分析牲畜粪在春小麦上的有机替代潜力,基于有机粪肥在粮食作物总种植面积平均分配的原则,折算了各省份可用于春小麦的牲畜粪养分总量和单位面积可供应量（表5）。按照百公斤籽粒养分需求量折算春小麦省区N、P₂O₅和K₂O需求量,则牲畜粪N、P₂O₅和K₂O的有机替代潜力分别为78.2%、48.1%和43.1%。分析表明,青海不论是可用于春小麦的牲畜粪养分总量还是单位面积可供应量均最多,具有最大的牲畜粪有机替代潜力,其次是宁夏,黑龙江省最小。

Table 5
表5
表5我国各省份春小麦可用牲畜粪养分量
Table 5Available manure nutrient of livestock in different spring wheat regions of China

地区 Region	春小麦种植面积1) Planting area of spring wheat (×104 hm2)	春小麦占粮食作物 种植面积的比例 Area percentage of spring wheat in grain crops (%)	可用于春小麦的牲畜粪养分量（万吨/年） Available manure nutrient in spring wheat (×104 t·a-1)			单位面积春小麦牲畜粪养分供应量 Available manure nutrient per unit area in spring wheat (kg·hm-2)
			N	P2O5	K2O	N	P2O5	K2O
内蒙古 IM	67.3	9.9	8.0	1.9	4.6	118.7	28.2	69.4
新疆 XJ	40.8	18.3	4.5	1.1	2.7	111.7	28.1	68.3
甘肃 GS	19.7	7.4	2.6	0.6	1.5	132.2	32.6	79.3
青海 QH	11.2	39.9	12.7	3.1	7.6	1131.6	279.5	677.4
黑龙江 HLJ	10.1	0.7	0.1	0.02	0.04	6.7	1.6	3.9
宁夏 NX	6.5	8.9	5.0	1.2	2.9	772.4	182.7	449.2
总计 Total	149.3	5.7	13.6	3.2	8.0	91.2	22.0	53.9

¹⁾ 春小麦播种面积来源于国家统计局2018年数据
¹⁾ Data source of spring wheat planting area from the National Bureau of Statistics of China in 2018

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2.3 春麦区小麦秸秆资源及其区域分布

2.3.1 秸秆及其养分资源 通过2018年各省份春小麦产量,按照谷草比1.1折算秸秆量^[17],秸秆量表现为内蒙古和新疆最多,宁夏最少。进一步折算了各省春小麦秸秆氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）累积量,各省份秸秆养分量的大小顺序同秸秆量,春麦区氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）总量分别为3.7×10⁴、0.6×10⁴和7.9×10⁴ t（表6）。

Table 6
表6
表6我国各省份春小麦秸秆及其养分资源量
Table 6Crop straw and its nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in different spring wheat regions of China

地区 Region	产量 Yield (×104 t)	秸秆量 Straw weight (×104 t)	秸秆N量 Nitrogen amount in straw (×104 t)	秸秆P2O5量 P2O5 amount in straw (×104 t)	秸秆K2O量 K2O amount in straw (×104 t)
内蒙古 IM	202.2	222.5	1.2	0.2	2.5
新疆 XJ	203.6	224.0	1.2	0.2	2.6
甘肃 GS	108.5	119.3	0.6	0.1	1.3
青海 QH	42.6	46.9	0.2	0.04	0.5
黑龙江 HLJ	36.1	39.8	0.2	0.04	0.4
宁夏 NX	29.1	32.0	0.2	0.03	0.3
总计 Total	622.5	684.7	3.7	0.6	7.9

春小麦产量来源于国家统计局2018年数据
Data source of spring wheat yield from the National Bureau of Statistics of China in 2018

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2.3.2 秸秆及其养分还田量 小麦的还田途径主要包括直接还田、燃烧还田和作为牲畜饲料过腹还田,过腹还田与牲畜粪便不易分开,在已经考虑牲畜粪肥资源的条件下,本研究不考虑秸秆过腹还田部分。春麦区秸秆还田总量折合410.2×10⁴ t,单位面积还田量在1 977.9—3 622.9 kg·hm^-2,平均为2 746.3 kg·hm^-2。按照秸秆直接还田氮磷钾养分100%归田,燃烧还田氮素0、磷钾100%归田计算,春麦区单位面积麦田氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）平均还田量分别为11.4、2.5和31.9 kg·hm^-2,各省份的差异具体见表7。

Table 7
表7
表7我国各省份春小麦秸秆及其养分还田量
Table 7Amount of the straw and its nutrient returning to farmland in different spring wheat regions of China

地区 Region	秸秆直接还田量 Direct straw returning (×104 t)	秸秆燃烧还田量 Straw returning after burning (×104 t)	还田总量 Total amount of straw returning (×104 t)	单位面积还田量Straw returning per unit area (kg·hm-2)	秸秆还田氮量Nitrogen from straw returning (kg N·hm-2)	秸秆还田磷量Phosphorus from straw returning (kg P2O5·hm-2)	秸秆还田钾量Potassium from straw returning (kg K2O·hm-2)
内蒙古 IM	102.4	30.9	133.3	1977.9	8.2	1.8	22.9
新疆 XJ	103.1	31.1	134.2	3289.5	13.6	3.0	38.2
甘肃 GS	54.9	16.6	71.5	3622.9	15.0	3.3	42.0
青海 QH	21.6	6.5	28.1	2499.6	10.4	2.2	29.0
黑龙江 HLJ	18.3	5.5	23.8	2341.7	9.7	2.1	27.2
宁夏 NX	14.8	4.5	19.2	2915.6	12.1	2.6	33.8
总计 Total	315.0	95.2	410.2
平均 Mean				2746.3	11.4	2.5	31.9

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2.3.3 秸秆还田化肥有机替代潜力 根据小麦秸秆还田当季养分释放率估算了化肥有机替代潜力,氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）的养分当季释放率分别按照50.11%、62.01%和89.05%进行折算^[17]。结果表明,钾肥的可替代量最大、氮肥次之、磷肥最少。通过秸秆还田N、P₂O₅和K₂O当季有机替代潜力分别为4.9%、3.3%和22.7%,新疆和内蒙古总的养分可替代量最大,而单位面积各养分的可替代量表现为甘肃最高（表8）。

Table 8
表8
表8我国各省份春小麦秸秆还田化肥有机替代潜力
Table 8Potential of chemical fertilizer substitution under straw returning of spring wheat in different regions of China

地区 Region	氮肥可替代量 Amount of Nitrogen substitution (t)	磷肥可替代量 Amount of phosphorus substitution (t)	钾肥可替代量 Amount of potassium substitution (t)	氮肥可替代量 Nitrogen substitution per unit area (kg·hm-2)	磷肥可替代量 Phosphorus substitution per unit area (kg·hm-2)	钾肥可替代量 Potassium substitution per unit area (kg·hm-2)
内蒙古 IM	2769.77	743.87	13768.47	4.11	1.10	20.43
新疆 XJ	2788.93	749.02	13863.76	6.84	1.84	33.98
甘肃 GS	1486.14	399.13	7387.56	7.53	2.02	37.42
青海 QH	583.83	156.80	2902.21	5.19	1.40	25.82
黑龙江 HLJ	495.38	133.04	2462.52	4.87	1.31	24.19
宁夏 NX	399.26	107.23	1984.72	6.06	1.63	30.12
总计 Total	8523.31	2289.09	42369.25
平均 Mean				5.71	1.53	28.37

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2.4 春麦区绿肥资源及其区域分布

2.4.1 适宜春麦区的主要绿肥作物及养分含量 适合于我国北方春麦区的主要绿肥作物包括箭筈豌豆（Vicia sativa）、毛苕子（Vicia villosa）,草木樨（Melilotus suaveolens）、沙打旺（Astragalus adsurgens）、小冠花（Coronilla varia）、田菁（Sesbania cannabina）、饲用油菜（Brassica campestris）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）、紫花苜蓿（Medicsgo sativa）等。各绿肥作物的氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）养分含量见表9,氮素和磷素含量各作物间差别不大,分别占鲜重的0.5%—0.7%和0.1%—0.2%之间,钾素含量各作物间差异较大,田菁最低（0.18%）,小冠花最高（1.22%）^[18]。

Table 9
表9
表9我国春麦区主要绿肥作物及养分含量
Table 9Green manure plants and their nutrient content in different spring wheat regions of China (fresh weight, %)

类型 Type	氮 Nitrogen (N)	磷 Phosphorus (P2O5)	钾 Potassium (K2O)	参考文献 Reference
箭筈豌豆Vicia sativa	0.50	0.13	0.24	[18]
毛苕子Vicia villosa	0.55	0.15	0.27	[18]
草木樨 Melilotus suaveolens	0.64	0.16	0.39	[18]
沙打旺 Astragalus adsurgens	0.68	0.18	0.75	[18]
小冠花 Coronilla varia	0.66	0.15	1.22	[18]
田菁 Sesbania cannabina	0.51	0.14	0.18	[18]
饲用油菜 Brassica campestris	0.55	0.18	0.95	[20]
黑麦草 Lolium perenne	0.34	0.09	0.37	[19]
紫花苜蓿 Medicsgo sativa	0.48	0.09	0.48	[18]

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2.4.2 绿肥利用方式及替代潜力 综合春麦区绿肥利用的文献报道,我国春小麦生产中绿肥的种植方式主要包括麦收前（间）套种绿肥和麦后复种绿肥,具体的种植方式又包括单作和混作^[21]。绿肥的生物量主要分布在30—60 t·hm^-2,也有超过100 t·hm^-2的报道,根据养分含量折算的可还田的氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）养分量见表10。根据春小麦的养分需求量（按照每生产100 kg籽粒吸收N、P₂O₅和K₂O分别为2.8、1.1和3.0 kg计算）^[22],按照目前产量水平计算单位面积小麦需氮量为92.5—152.4 kg·hm^-2,需磷量（P₂O₅）为36.2—59.9 kg·hm^-2,需钾量（K₂O）为99.1—163.3 kg·hm^-2,如果还田绿肥的养分能够充分释放,完全可以满足小麦对氮、磷、钾养分的需求。

Table 10
表10
表10我国春麦区主要绿肥作物生物量及养分量
Table 10Biomass and its nutrient contents of some major green manure in different spring wheat regions of China

类型 Type	生物量 Biomass (Fresh weight, t·hm-2)	氮还田量 Nitrogen returning per unit area (kg·hm-2)	磷还田量 Phosphorus returning per unit area (kg·hm-2)	钾还田量 Potassium returning per unit area (kg·hm-2)
箭筈豌豆 Vicia sativa	22.5-30	112.5-150	29.3-39	54-72
毛苕子 Vicia villosa	15-37.5	82.5-206.2	22.5-56.3	40.5-101.3
草木樨 Melilotus suaveolens	19.5-37.5	124.8-240	31.2-60	76.1-146.3
沙打旺 Astragalus adsurgens	30-60	204-408	54-108	225-450
小冠花 Coronilla varia	30-60	198-396	45-90	366-732
田菁 Sesbania cannabina	22.5-30	114.75-153	31.5-42	40.5-54
饲用油菜 Brassica campestris	45-75	246.6-411	82.8-138	425.7-709.5
黑麦草 Lolium perenne	45-60	153-204	40.5-54	166.5-222
紫花苜蓿 Medicsgo sativa	30-60	144-288	27-54	144-288

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3 讨论

3.1 春小麦分布区域化肥施用现状与问题

我国春麦区东西跨度较大,各春麦省区气候、土壤特征和栽培模式有很大差异,适宜的施肥量也有较大的不同。但是,不同区域生产单位重量小麦籽粒的养分需求量是相对稳定的,与土壤养分供给相结合可以初步判断适宜的施肥量。研究表明,每生产100 kg小麦籽粒需要氮肥（纯N）、磷肥（P₂O₅）和钾肥（K₂O）用量分别为2.8、1.1和3.0 kg^[22]。内蒙古西部、宁夏和新疆灌溉（包括漫灌和滴灌）春小麦平均产量为5 602 kg·hm^-2,折合N、P₂O₅和K₂O需要量为156、62和168 kg·hm^-2;内蒙古东部、甘肃和青海旱作小麦平均产量为3 911 kg·hm^-2,折合N、P₂O₅和K₂O需要量为110、43和117 kg·hm^-2。另据吴良全等^[23]报道,我国小麦氮肥推荐用量平均为169 kg N·hm^-2,磷肥推荐用量平均为77 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2,钾肥推荐用量平均为50 kg K₂O·hm^-2。分析各春麦省区施肥量发现,氮肥磷肥过量施用、钾肥施用不足是我国春小麦化肥施用的普遍问题。

氮肥过量施用的问题在灌溉春小麦上尤为突出。从区域分布来看,除内蒙古东部和黑龙江旱作春小麦外,其他春麦省区均存在化肥过量施用,而钾肥施用不足的情况。氮肥的过量施用导致肥料利用效率普遍较低,特别是在内蒙古西部和宁夏漫灌春小麦上尤为明显,均低于适宜的氮肥偏生产力（40—70 kg·kg^-1）范围^[24]。滴灌春小麦肥料利用效率较高主要归功于高效的水分管理技术,而旱作春小麦肥效较高的原因主要是相对较少的化肥投入量,这在内蒙古东部旱作区表现得尤为明显。钾肥的投入量普遍较低是导致钾肥偏生产力较高的主要原因。

3.2 春小麦区化肥有机替代潜力分析

我国春小麦所在省区具有丰富的牲畜粪便资源,大牲畜（包括牛、马、驴、骡和骆驼）和羊在春麦地区占比较大,约1/3大牲畜和1/2的羊集中在春小麦省区,数量庞大的牲畜产生的粪便为区域春小麦化肥有机替代提供了物质基础。考虑到春麦区大牲畜和羊主要以放养为主,尿液中的养分大多难以收集利用,因此只估算了主要牲畜粪的排泄量及养分累积量。然后,根据各省（区）春小麦占粮食作物的比例进一步估算了单位面积春小麦可分配的牲畜粪及其养分量。研究发现,单位面积的牲畜粪可为春小麦供应N、P₂O₅和K₂O量分别为91.2、22.0和53.9 kg·hm^-2,根据百公斤籽粒养分需求量折算六大春小麦省区N、P₂O₅和K₂O需求量分别为116.7、45.8和125.0 kg·hm^-2,牲畜粪N、P₂O₅和K₂O的有机替代潜力分别为78.2%、48.1%和43.1%。

秸秆中含有大量的氮、磷、钾等作物必需元素和有机质,还田后在土壤微生物作用下腐解可释放养分、改善土壤结构、提高土壤质量,是重要的有机肥资源^[25,26]。在充分考虑春小麦谷草比、秸秆直接还田和燃烧还田养分损失的基础上,六大春小麦省区通过秸秆还田可积累的N、P₂O₅和K₂O量分别为11.4、2.5和31.9 kg·hm^-2。根据刘晓永等^[16]研究提出的秸秆各养分当季释放率,春麦区单位面积N、P₂O₅和K₂O秸秆还田量分别为5.7、1.5和28.4 kg·hm^-2,通过秸秆还田N、P₂O₅和K₂O当季有机替代潜力分别为4.9%、3.3%和22.7%,如果长期进行秸秆还田一些养分会在后作季释放出来,长期来看有机替代的潜力更高。近期的研究表明,在秸秆全量还田的情况下,我国小麦秸秆还田当季化学氮肥可替代总量23.4 kg·hm^-2,在考虑还田比例和养分当季释放后,我们的研究结果与柴如山等^[27]基本一致。

麦收前（间）套种绿肥和麦后复种绿肥是春小麦化肥有机替代的重要途径,绿肥不仅可以调节土壤养分、增强土壤水分蓄纳,而且在减少养分无效损失、增加农田生态系统生物多样性发面发挥积极效应^[21]。适合春麦区种植的绿肥种类很多但不同省区有所差异,主要包括箭筈豌豆、毛苕子、草木樨、沙打旺、小冠花、田菁、饲用油菜、黑麦草、紫花苜蓿等。根据绿肥作物生物量和养分含量估算养分还田量^[18,19,20],结果表明如果还田绿肥的养分能够充分释放,完全可以满足春小麦对氮、磷、钾养分的需求。

3.3 春麦区化肥适宜有机替代技术分析及展望

内蒙古东部和黑龙江春小麦产区基本不存在化肥过量施用问题,但是近年来土壤有机质含量下降严重,有机替代技术是实现黑土地保护国家战略的重要途径^[6]。当地机械化、规模化程度高,小麦生产中也具有秸秆还田的习惯,需要继续保留这一农艺技术途径。在此基础上,基于内蒙古东部区充足的牲畜粪便没有得到有效利用的现状,牲畜粪肥部分替代化肥应作为未来春小麦有机替代需考虑的主要技术途径。黑龙江单位面积春小麦牲畜粪养分供应量较少,可考虑通过休闲或轮作绿肥的途径进行有机替代。

内蒙古西部和宁夏黄灌区是化肥过量施用最严重的春小麦产区,特别是氮肥的过量施用现象严重且普遍。鉴于当地无霜期长、热量资源充足的气候特点,以及具有黄河水灌溉的优势,翻压的秸秆和绿肥能够充分腐解,可以进行秸秆还田和绿肥翻压相结合的有机替代模式。通过选择箭筈豌豆、毛苕子等豆科绿肥作物,延长氮肥的释放时间,大幅度减少化学氮肥的施用量;选择黑麦草等深根系的禾本科绿肥作物,可以吸收因过量施氮淋溶到深层土壤的氮素,减少环境风险,实现氮素的高效利用。另外,宁夏短期内应大力发展秸秆还田和绿肥种植相结合的模式,长期来看应利用单位面积春小麦牲畜粪养分供应充足的优势,在技术和经济适宜的条件下发展牲畜粪有机替代模式。

新疆、青海和甘肃光热资源充足、牲畜粪肥资源丰富,具有进行春小麦化肥有机替代的地理和资源优势,在有机替代途径方面有更多的选择。利用光热资源总体充足及无霜期长的优势,可以选择麦后复种或间套作绿肥作物,同时根据秸秆生物量和土壤腐熟能力进行适度还田。另外,由于该区域地理跨度较大,可能存在粪肥资源与小麦产区距离较远、运输成本较高的问题。因此,这三个省区在秸秆还田和合理种植绿肥的基础上,采取就近取材的原则尽可能增加牲畜粪肥的施用,实现区域春小麦化肥减施增效的目的。

在化肥有机替代的过程中,合理的化肥配施对于春小麦增产增效非常关键。化学氮肥适宜有机替代率的研究相对较多,考虑到秸秆还田养分释放的累积效应,长期来看应该在20%左右,牲畜粪收集还存在成本高等技术壁垒,按照我们估算量一半计算约为40%,而绿肥种植范围还不是很大,具有很大的应用潜力;西部麦区有机质普遍不高,替代比例太高作物会减产,肥料利用效率也会降低,综合考量替代比例50%—70%较为适宜^[10,12-13]。但是,由于不同春麦省区气候和土壤理化性状差异较大,有机养分进入土壤当季释放能力不同,适宜的替代比例还需要因地制宜的进一步研究。

4 结论

化学氮、磷肥施用过量,钾肥和有机肥施用不足是我国春小麦养分管理的主要问题。有机替代技术是实现我国春小麦化肥减施增效的重要手段,主要包括牲畜粪肥替代、秸秆还田和种植绿肥等途径。其中,牲畜粪N、P₂O₅和K₂O在春小麦上的有机替代潜力分别为78.2%、48.1%和43.1%;秸秆还田N、P₂O₅和K₂O当季有机替代潜力分别为4.9%、3.3%和22.7%;绿肥的养分如充分释放完全可以实现春小麦化肥氮、磷、钾的有机替代。不同区域应从资源、成本和技术等角度综合考虑适宜的有机替代方式。

（责任编辑 李云霞）

参考文献 View Option 原文顺序
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【Objective】 Replacing chemical fertilizer with organic manure is an important way to achieve fertilizer zero increase in China. Eight years location experiments of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic manure were carried out to study maize productivity and nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization efficiency in purple soil, so as to provide scientific evidence about rational utilization organic resources and adjust maize fertilization pattern.【Method】In 8 years location experiments, five different fertilization patterns were designed, including CK (non-N fertilization), FP (farmers’ practice), OP (optimal chemical fertilization), MF (organic manure replacing 50% chemical N) and OM (organic manure replacing 100% chemical N), on the variation of maize yield and biomass and nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization efficiency.【Result】Replacing partial chemical with organic manure increased maize yield and biomass significantly. Compared with FP and OM and OP treatments, replacing 50% chemical N with organic manure increased maize yield by 13.7% and 13.5% and 12.5%, respectively; it also increased maize biomass by 11.3% and 7.0% and 8.6%, respectively. Compared to CK, the other four treatments decreased the coefficient of variation (CV) and increased the SYI and HI with the greatest change in MF. Organic manure replacing partial chemical N promoted N uptake in maize, and transferred more N to grain. Compared to OP and OM treatments, replacing 50% chemical N with organic manure increased grain N uptake by 7.0% and 29.6%. RE_N increase 2.5% and 26.5%, respectively. Compare to OP treatment, PFP_N and NHI and FCR_N in MF increased by 6.2 kg·kg^-1 and 3.5% and 6.3%, respectively; Compared to OM treatment, increased by 6.6 kg·kg^-1 and 0.8% and 5.8%, respectively. There was a significant difference in N demand for each ton of grain yield among treatments, with 9.4 and 10.8 kg in OP and MF treatments, respectively, which was less than that in FP and OM treatments (14.5 and 12.9 kg). Therefore, OP and MF could improve the N efficiency for grain production. 【Conclusion】 Replacing 50% chemical N with organic manure significantly increased maize economic yield and biomass, also increased yield stability and sustainability; It promoted N uptake in maize and transferred more N to grain, thus increasing N efficiency. So partial chemical N is replaced by organic manure is a rational fertilization pattern to increase maize yield and improve maize yield stability and improve N efficiency in Southwest China.
XIE J, ZHAO Y N, CHEN X J, LI D P, XU C L, WANG K, ZHANG Y Q, SHI X J . Nitrogen of organic manure replacing chemical nitrogenous fertilizer improve maize yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016,49(20):3934-3943. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.20.008URL [本文引用: 2]
【Objective】 Replacing chemical fertilizer with organic manure is an important way to achieve fertilizer zero increase in China. Eight years location experiments of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic manure were carried out to study maize productivity and nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization efficiency in purple soil, so as to provide scientific evidence about rational utilization organic resources and adjust maize fertilization pattern.【Method】In 8 years location experiments, five different fertilization patterns were designed, including CK (non-N fertilization), FP (farmers’ practice), OP (optimal chemical fertilization), MF (organic manure replacing 50% chemical N) and OM (organic manure replacing 100% chemical N), on the variation of maize yield and biomass and nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization efficiency.【Result】Replacing partial chemical with organic manure increased maize yield and biomass significantly. Compared with FP and OM and OP treatments, replacing 50% chemical N with organic manure increased maize yield by 13.7% and 13.5% and 12.5%, respectively; it also increased maize biomass by 11.3% and 7.0% and 8.6%, respectively. Compared to CK, the other four treatments decreased the coefficient of variation (CV) and increased the SYI and HI with the greatest change in MF. Organic manure replacing partial chemical N promoted N uptake in maize, and transferred more N to grain. Compared to OP and OM treatments, replacing 50% chemical N with organic manure increased grain N uptake by 7.0% and 29.6%. RE_N increase 2.5% and 26.5%, respectively. Compare to OP treatment, PFP_N and NHI and FCR_N in MF increased by 6.2 kg·kg^-1 and 3.5% and 6.3%, respectively; Compared to OM treatment, increased by 6.6 kg·kg^-1 and 0.8% and 5.8%, respectively. There was a significant difference in N demand for each ton of grain yield among treatments, with 9.4 and 10.8 kg in OP and MF treatments, respectively, which was less than that in FP and OM treatments (14.5 and 12.9 kg). Therefore, OP and MF could improve the N efficiency for grain production. 【Conclusion】 Replacing 50% chemical N with organic manure significantly increased maize economic yield and biomass, also increased yield stability and sustainability; It promoted N uptake in maize and transferred more N to grain, thus increasing N efficiency. So partial chemical N is replaced by organic manure is a rational fertilization pattern to increase maize yield and improve maize yield stability and improve N efficiency in Southwest China.

[14] 李文广, 杨晓晓, 黄春国, 薛乃雯, 夏清, 刘小丽, 张晓琪, 杨思, 杨珍平, 高志强 . 饲料油菜作绿肥对后茬麦田土壤肥力及细菌群落的影响
中国农业科学, 2019,52(15):2664-2677.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.15.010URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】 The experiment was conducted to explore the effects of rapeseed planting as green manure on soil nutrients, enzyme activities and bacterial community in dryland wheat field of Loess Plateau in order to improve farmland fertility. 【Method】The experiment was arranged as two-factor split-plot design including sowing rates (S1: small amount; S2: medium amount; S3: large amount) as main plots and rapeseed composting dates (D1: September 10 as early period; D2: September 20 as medium period; D3: September 30 as late period) as subplots. Soil samples at replanting maize field at local areas were considered as control to compare the soil nutrient and enzyme activities. The high-throughput sequencing and PICRUSt gene prediction analysis method was used to determine soil community composition and metabolic function.【Result】Rapeseed manure increased the soil nutrients, enzyme activity and soil bacterial community and soil organic matter and sucrase activity were increased the most, ranging from 11.7% to 60.5%, and 1.4% to 94.5%, respectively, compared with control. Soil nutrients and enzyme activities were significantly affected by rapeseed sowing rates and soil organic matter, and sucrase activity were significantly affected by rapeseed composting dates. Alkaline phosphatase activity and soil bacterial community were significantly influenced with interaction between sowing rate and compositing date. Soil nutrients, enzyme activities and soil bacterial community diversity in S3D3 group were the highest as compared to other treatments. For bacterial community composition, 19 bacterial populations were identified in 10 soil samples at the phylum level, of which the dominant bacterial population were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Firmicutes. Cluster analysis showed that ten treatments could be clustered into four categories, including large amount, medium amount, small amount and control. Results indicated that rapeseed composting could significantly altered soil bacterial community composition. RDA analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between soil nutrients, enzyme activities and Acidobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria and bacterial diversity. According to the PICRUSt analysis, soil bacterial community had rich metabolic functions and genes encoding metabolism were highest. Amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism and environmental information processes were key metabolic function pathways in secondary prediction function classification. Heat map analysis of KEGG demonstrated that rapeseed composting increased the bacterial community associated with soil carbon and nitrogen metabolism.【Conclusion】Sowing amount and rapeseed composting date significantly increased the soil nutrients, enzyme activities of succeeding wheat field and effectively, and improved the composition and diversity of soil bacterial community and enhanced the beneficial bacteria. The introduction of feed rapeseed as green manure during the summer fallow period is beneficial to improve the soil fertility and provide reasonable farming system in the dryland of the Loess Plateau.
LI W G, YANG X X, HUANG C G, XUE N W, XIA Q, LIU X L, ZHANG X Q, YANG S, YANG Z P, GAO Z Q . Effects of rapeseed green manure on soil fertility and bacterial community in dryland wheat field
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019,52(15):2664-2677. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.15.010URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】 The experiment was conducted to explore the effects of rapeseed planting as green manure on soil nutrients, enzyme activities and bacterial community in dryland wheat field of Loess Plateau in order to improve farmland fertility. 【Method】The experiment was arranged as two-factor split-plot design including sowing rates (S1: small amount; S2: medium amount; S3: large amount) as main plots and rapeseed composting dates (D1: September 10 as early period; D2: September 20 as medium period; D3: September 30 as late period) as subplots. Soil samples at replanting maize field at local areas were considered as control to compare the soil nutrient and enzyme activities. The high-throughput sequencing and PICRUSt gene prediction analysis method was used to determine soil community composition and metabolic function.【Result】Rapeseed manure increased the soil nutrients, enzyme activity and soil bacterial community and soil organic matter and sucrase activity were increased the most, ranging from 11.7% to 60.5%, and 1.4% to 94.5%, respectively, compared with control. Soil nutrients and enzyme activities were significantly affected by rapeseed sowing rates and soil organic matter, and sucrase activity were significantly affected by rapeseed composting dates. Alkaline phosphatase activity and soil bacterial community were significantly influenced with interaction between sowing rate and compositing date. Soil nutrients, enzyme activities and soil bacterial community diversity in S3D3 group were the highest as compared to other treatments. For bacterial community composition, 19 bacterial populations were identified in 10 soil samples at the phylum level, of which the dominant bacterial population were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Firmicutes. Cluster analysis showed that ten treatments could be clustered into four categories, including large amount, medium amount, small amount and control. Results indicated that rapeseed composting could significantly altered soil bacterial community composition. RDA analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between soil nutrients, enzyme activities and Acidobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria and bacterial diversity. According to the PICRUSt analysis, soil bacterial community had rich metabolic functions and genes encoding metabolism were highest. Amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism and environmental information processes were key metabolic function pathways in secondary prediction function classification. Heat map analysis of KEGG demonstrated that rapeseed composting increased the bacterial community associated with soil carbon and nitrogen metabolism.【Conclusion】Sowing amount and rapeseed composting date significantly increased the soil nutrients, enzyme activities of succeeding wheat field and effectively, and improved the composition and diversity of soil bacterial community and enhanced the beneficial bacteria. The introduction of feed rapeseed as green manure during the summer fallow period is beneficial to improve the soil fertility and provide reasonable farming system in the dryland of the Loess Plateau.

[15] 景宇鹏, 张建中, 李秀萍, 杜二小, 赵强, 白勇兴, 陈强, 刘梅, 伊风艳, 赵沛义 . 种植绿肥作物对河套灌区盐碱土改良效果研究
北方农业学报, 2019,47(6):42-46.
[本文引用: 1]

JING Y P, ZHANG J Z, LI X P, DU E X, ZHAO Q, BAI Y X, CHEN Q, LIU M, YI F Y, ZHAO P Y . Study on the effect of planting green manure crops on the improvement of saline-alkali soil in Hetao Irrigation Area
Journal of Northern Agriculture, 2019,47(6):42-46. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[16] 刘晓永, 李书田 . 中国畜禽粪尿养分资源及其还田的时空分布特征
农业工程学报, 2018,34(4):1-14.
URL [本文引用: 4]
为准确掌握中国不同地区畜禽粪尿量、畜禽粪尿氮磷钾量及其还田利用随时间变化特征，该研究基于统计数据和文献资料，估算各地区畜禽粪尿量、养分量及各种畜禽粪尿所占比例，分析不同时期畜禽粪尿养分还田量的地区间差异。结果表明：1980s，1990s，2000s和2010s全国畜禽粪尿（鲜质）资源量分别为276 177.41×104，391 083.29×104，445 885.84×104，423 422.87×104 t，30多年增长了53.32%，其养分资源分别为2 523.86×104 t（N 1 249.47×104 t，P2O5 230.64×104 t，K2O 1 043.75×104 t），3 686.59×104 t（N 1 820.79×104 t，P2O5 327.13×104 t，K2O 1 538.67×104 t），4 296.77×104 t（N 2 124.13×104 t，P2O5 401.29×104 t，K2O 1 771.35×104 t）和4 089.40×104 t（N 2 017.66×104 t，P2O5 421.17×104 t，K2O 1 650.57×104 t），30多年增加了62.03%，其中东北地区增幅最为明显。河南、四川、山东、湖南、云南和内蒙古的畜禽粪尿及其养分量约占全国的40%。全国不同畜禽粪尿及其养分量占总量的比例依次为：牛>猪>羊>家禽>马>驴>骡，但各地区有一定差异。西北、西南和东北地区牛粪尿及其养分占比较大，长江中下游地区猪粪尿及其养分占比最高，西北地区羊粪尿及其养分占比最大，东南地区禽粪及其养分占比最高，马、驴、骡粪尿及其养分在各地区占比都相对较小。1980s，1990s，2000s和2010s全国畜禽粪尿氮磷钾总养分还田量分别为1 132.73×104，821.36×104，1 860.52×104和1 709.19×104 t，还田率分别为44.88%，22.28%，43.30%和41.80%，河北、河南、山东、湖南、内蒙古、四川、云南和广西省畜禽粪尿养分还田量约占全国还田量的50%。2010s全国畜禽粪尿N，P2O5和K2O还田量分别为615.91.91×104，297.70×104和795.58×104 t，还田率分别为30.53%，70.68%和48.20%。该研究为中国和各地区畜禽粪尿养分资源的合理利用和化肥零增长下畜禽粪尿养分管理提供科学依据。
LIU X Y, LI S T . Temporal and spatial distribution of nutrient resource from livestock and poultry feces and its returning to cropland
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2018,34(4):1-14. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 4]
为准确掌握中国不同地区畜禽粪尿量、畜禽粪尿氮磷钾量及其还田利用随时间变化特征，该研究基于统计数据和文献资料，估算各地区畜禽粪尿量、养分量及各种畜禽粪尿所占比例，分析不同时期畜禽粪尿养分还田量的地区间差异。结果表明：1980s，1990s，2000s和2010s全国畜禽粪尿（鲜质）资源量分别为276 177.41×104，391 083.29×104，445 885.84×104，423 422.87×104 t，30多年增长了53.32%，其养分资源分别为2 523.86×104 t（N 1 249.47×104 t，P2O5 230.64×104 t，K2O 1 043.75×104 t），3 686.59×104 t（N 1 820.79×104 t，P2O5 327.13×104 t，K2O 1 538.67×104 t），4 296.77×104 t（N 2 124.13×104 t，P2O5 401.29×104 t，K2O 1 771.35×104 t）和4 089.40×104 t（N 2 017.66×104 t，P2O5 421.17×104 t，K2O 1 650.57×104 t），30多年增加了62.03%，其中东北地区增幅最为明显。河南、四川、山东、湖南、云南和内蒙古的畜禽粪尿及其养分量约占全国的40%。全国不同畜禽粪尿及其养分量占总量的比例依次为：牛>猪>羊>家禽>马>驴>骡，但各地区有一定差异。西北、西南和东北地区牛粪尿及其养分占比较大，长江中下游地区猪粪尿及其养分占比最高，西北地区羊粪尿及其养分占比最大，东南地区禽粪及其养分占比最高，马、驴、骡粪尿及其养分在各地区占比都相对较小。1980s，1990s，2000s和2010s全国畜禽粪尿氮磷钾总养分还田量分别为1 132.73×104，821.36×104，1 860.52×104和1 709.19×104 t，还田率分别为44.88%，22.28%，43.30%和41.80%，河北、河南、山东、湖南、内蒙古、四川、云南和广西省畜禽粪尿养分还田量约占全国还田量的50%。2010s全国畜禽粪尿N，P2O5和K2O还田量分别为615.91.91×104，297.70×104和795.58×104 t，还田率分别为30.53%，70.68%和48.20%。该研究为中国和各地区畜禽粪尿养分资源的合理利用和化肥零增长下畜禽粪尿养分管理提供科学依据。

[17] 刘晓永, 李书田 . 中国秸秆养分资源及还田的时空分布特征
农业工程学报, 2017,33(21):1-19.
URL [本文引用: 6]
中国农作物秸秆资源丰富，但不同地区秸秆及其养分资源数量、还田利用状况以及随时间的变化特征仍不清楚。该研究基于官方统计数据和文献资料，分析了中国不同年代各省秸秆资源和氮磷钾养分资源量及其还田利用状况，为秸秆养分资源的合理利用和化肥零增长下作物养分管理提供科学依据和参考。结果表明：从1980s到2010s，中国秸秆及其养分资源总量分别增长了85.5%和104%，西北地区以及西藏、黑龙江增幅明显。华北、长江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龙江地区的秸秆及其养分资源占全国的2/3以上。到2010s秸秆资源和氮磷钾养分资源分别达到9.01×108和2 485.63×104 t，相当于单位耕地面积上6 665.52和183.91 kg/hm2，比1980s分别增加1 601.18和56.85 kg/hm2。各种作物秸秆及其养分资源所占比例各地区差异较大，2010s谷类作物秸秆及其养分资源分别占全国的69.86%和56.47%，东北地区谷类作物秸秆比例最高；果蔬类作物秸秆及其养分资源分别占9.67%和21.99%，东南地区果蔬类作物秸秆比例最高；豆类、薯类、油料类、棉麻纤维类和其他类作物秸秆及其养分资源占比相对较小。从1980s到2010s，秸秆直接还田量持续增加，燃烧还田量从1980s到2000s增加，2010s则下降。然而，秸秆养分还田量持续增加，氮磷钾还田总量从1980s的583.92×104 t（N 97.81×104 t、P2O5 40.10×104 t和K2O 446.01×104 t）增加到2010s的1 770.66×104 t（N 574.53×104 t、P2O5 105.53×104 t和K2O 1 090.60×104 t），相当于单位耕地面积从60.89 kg/hm2（N 10.20 kg/hm2、P2O5 4.18 kg/hm2、K2O 46.51 kg/hm2）增加到131.02 kg/hm2（N 42.51 kg/hm2、P2O5 7.81 kg/hm2、K2O 80.70 kg/hm2）。1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s秸秆氮磷钾养分还田率分别为47.92%、56.16%、60.11%和71.24%。内蒙古、新疆、黑龙江省秸秆养分还田率增加明显，但华北、长江中下游和四川盆地秸秆养分还田量占全国秸秆养分还田总量的2/3以上。
LIU X Y, LI S T . Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of crop straw nutrient resources and returning to farmland in China
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017,33(21):1-19. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 6]
中国农作物秸秆资源丰富，但不同地区秸秆及其养分资源数量、还田利用状况以及随时间的变化特征仍不清楚。该研究基于官方统计数据和文献资料，分析了中国不同年代各省秸秆资源和氮磷钾养分资源量及其还田利用状况，为秸秆养分资源的合理利用和化肥零增长下作物养分管理提供科学依据和参考。结果表明：从1980s到2010s，中国秸秆及其养分资源总量分别增长了85.5%和104%，西北地区以及西藏、黑龙江增幅明显。华北、长江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龙江地区的秸秆及其养分资源占全国的2/3以上。到2010s秸秆资源和氮磷钾养分资源分别达到9.01×108和2 485.63×104 t，相当于单位耕地面积上6 665.52和183.91 kg/hm2，比1980s分别增加1 601.18和56.85 kg/hm2。各种作物秸秆及其养分资源所占比例各地区差异较大，2010s谷类作物秸秆及其养分资源分别占全国的69.86%和56.47%，东北地区谷类作物秸秆比例最高；果蔬类作物秸秆及其养分资源分别占9.67%和21.99%，东南地区果蔬类作物秸秆比例最高；豆类、薯类、油料类、棉麻纤维类和其他类作物秸秆及其养分资源占比相对较小。从1980s到2010s，秸秆直接还田量持续增加，燃烧还田量从1980s到2000s增加，2010s则下降。然而，秸秆养分还田量持续增加，氮磷钾还田总量从1980s的583.92×104 t（N 97.81×104 t、P2O5 40.10×104 t和K2O 446.01×104 t）增加到2010s的1 770.66×104 t（N 574.53×104 t、P2O5 105.53×104 t和K2O 1 090.60×104 t），相当于单位耕地面积从60.89 kg/hm2（N 10.20 kg/hm2、P2O5 4.18 kg/hm2、K2O 46.51 kg/hm2）增加到131.02 kg/hm2（N 42.51 kg/hm2、P2O5 7.81 kg/hm2、K2O 80.70 kg/hm2）。1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s秸秆氮磷钾养分还田率分别为47.92%、56.16%、60.11%和71.24%。内蒙古、新疆、黑龙江省秸秆养分还田率增加明显，但华北、长江中下游和四川盆地秸秆养分还田量占全国秸秆养分还田总量的2/3以上。

[18] 张淑珍, 孙传芳 . 绿肥品种资源研究
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[19] 李小坤, 李文西, 鲁剑巍, 黄元仿, 刘光文 . 施肥对黑麦草产量和氮磷钾养分吸收的影响
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[20] 段玉, 张君, 景宇鹏, 王博, 郝云凤, 赵娜 . 河套灌区麦后复种饲料油菜养分吸收规律及施肥效应
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[21] 樊志龙, 柴强, 曹卫东, 于爱忠, 赵财, 谢军红, 殷文, 胡发龙 . 绿肥在我国旱地农业生态系统中的服务功能及其应用
应用生态学报, 2020,31(4):1389-1402.
DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202004.023URLPMID:32530215 [本文引用: 2]
Dryland agriculture, with wide distribution and high yield potential, plays an important role in ensuring food security in China. It is currently limited by water scarcity, soil depletion, water and soil loss, and low non-renewable resource-use efficiency. Green manure has the potential to improve growth environment of crops and promote sustainable high-yield crops by increasing soil quality, balancing soil nutrients, and enhancing soil water-storage capacity. In addition, green manure has ecological benefits, including enhancing agroecosystem biodiversity, increasing soil surface cover degree, reducing ineffective nutrient loss to environment, improving air balance of farmland systems, and biological control of diseases, insect pests, and weeds. Under current scenario of intensified global climate change, environmental deterioration, and agricultural product demand changes, the traditional agronomic techniques of using green manure as a fertilizer cannot satisfy the requirements of agricultural development. Thus, it is necessary to strengthen the selection and bree-ding of green manure genetic resources for dryland agriculture, to develop a new regionalization of green manure, and to establish a cropping pattern based on green manure suitable for different regions. Furthermore, it is important to study and optimize the tillage and cultivation techniques to satisfy modern production and to establish an evaluation system for the comprehensive benefits of green manure. It is needed to establish a green manure application pattern that enables resource and ecological protection for improving ecological environment and economic efficiency of dryland agriculture and provides theoretical basis and technical support for exploiting green manure benefits.
FAN Z L, CHAI Q, CAO W D, YU A Z, ZHAO C, XIE J H, YIN W, HU F L . Ecosystem service function of green manure and its application in dryland agriculture of China
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2020,31(4):1389-1402. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202004.023URLPMID:32530215 [本文引用: 2]
Dryland agriculture, with wide distribution and high yield potential, plays an important role in ensuring food security in China. It is currently limited by water scarcity, soil depletion, water and soil loss, and low non-renewable resource-use efficiency. Green manure has the potential to improve growth environment of crops and promote sustainable high-yield crops by increasing soil quality, balancing soil nutrients, and enhancing soil water-storage capacity. In addition, green manure has ecological benefits, including enhancing agroecosystem biodiversity, increasing soil surface cover degree, reducing ineffective nutrient loss to environment, improving air balance of farmland systems, and biological control of diseases, insect pests, and weeds. Under current scenario of intensified global climate change, environmental deterioration, and agricultural product demand changes, the traditional agronomic techniques of using green manure as a fertilizer cannot satisfy the requirements of agricultural development. Thus, it is necessary to strengthen the selection and bree-ding of green manure genetic resources for dryland agriculture, to develop a new regionalization of green manure, and to establish a cropping pattern based on green manure suitable for different regions. Furthermore, it is important to study and optimize the tillage and cultivation techniques to satisfy modern production and to establish an evaluation system for the comprehensive benefits of green manure. It is needed to establish a green manure application pattern that enables resource and ecological protection for improving ecological environment and economic efficiency of dryland agriculture and provides theoretical basis and technical support for exploiting green manure benefits.

[22] 薛正平, 杨星卫, 段项锁, 陆贤, 袁志明 . 土壤养分与春小麦产量关系及最佳施肥量研究
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URL [本文引用: 2]
The relationship between soil nutrient and spring wheat yield and optimum fertilization are studied．The results show that the yield and soil nutrient have a close relationship，especially the nutrients of soil organic and Hydrolysis N，but the effects of available P and available K are not very significant．There is a lack of N in particular，P in partial and K is very rich in soil．These results are in a good fit with the yield-nutrient sensitivity．The optimum fertilization of N is cut down 10％ than norma1．P is cut down 15％．
XUE Z P, YANG X W, DUAN X S, LU X, YUAN Z M . Study on the relationship between soil nutrient and spring wheat yield and optimum fertilization
Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2004,12(4):110-112. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 2]
The relationship between soil nutrient and spring wheat yield and optimum fertilization are studied．The results show that the yield and soil nutrient have a close relationship，especially the nutrients of soil organic and Hydrolysis N，but the effects of available P and available K are not very significant．There is a lack of N in particular，P in partial and K is very rich in soil．These results are in a good fit with the yield-nutrient sensitivity．The optimum fertilization of N is cut down 10％ than norma1．P is cut down 15％．

[23] 吴良泉, 武良, 崔振岭, 陈新平, 张福锁 . 中国小麦区域氮磷钾肥推荐用量及肥料配方研究
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[26] 李书田, 金继运 . 中国不同区域农田养分输入、输出与平衡
中国农业科学, 2011,44(20):4207-4229.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.20.009URL [本文引用: 1]
Clearance of nutrient input/output and balance in farmland in different regions of China is critical for nutrient management, scientific distribution and application of fertilizer resources, and improving nutrient use efficiency, etc. Based on existed literatures this paper systematically analyzed and discussed the current nutrient resources and application status, estimated the amount of manures, crop straws and their potential amount of nutrients NPK. The characteristics of nutrient input, output and balance in different regions of China were analyzed and evaluated.  Strategies and suggestions on nutrient management were discussed based on the existed issues of nutrient input and output.
LI S T, JIN J Y . Characteristics of nutrient input/output and nutrient balance in different regions of China
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011,44(20):4207-4229. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.20.009URL [本文引用: 1]
Clearance of nutrient input/output and balance in farmland in different regions of China is critical for nutrient management, scientific distribution and application of fertilizer resources, and improving nutrient use efficiency, etc. Based on existed literatures this paper systematically analyzed and discussed the current nutrient resources and application status, estimated the amount of manures, crop straws and their potential amount of nutrients NPK. The characteristics of nutrient input, output and balance in different regions of China were analyzed and evaluated.  Strategies and suggestions on nutrient management were discussed based on the existed issues of nutrient input and output.

[27] 柴如山, 王擎运, 叶新新, 江波, 赵强, 王强, 章力干, 郜红建 . 我国主要粮食作物秸秆还田替代化学氮肥潜力
农业环境科学学报, 2019,38(11):2583-2593.
[本文引用: 1]

CHAI R S, WANG Q Y, YE X X, JIANG B, ZHAO Q, WANG Q, ZHANG L G, GAO H J . Nitrogen resource quantity of main grain crop straw in China and the potential of synthetic nitrogen substitution under straw returning
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2019,38(11):2583-2593. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]