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赤红壤蔗区11年连续增量施磷下磷素演变及其 对甘蔗产量与磷流失的影响

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区惠平1, 周柳强1, 黄金生1, 谢如林1, 朱晓晖1, 彭嘉宇1, 曾艳1, 莫宗标2, 谭宏伟,1, 叶盛勤21 广西壮族自治区农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,南宁 530007
2 广西壮族自治区农业生态与资源保护总站,南宁 530000

Change of Phosphorus in Lateritic Red Soil and Its Effect on Sugarcane Yield and Phosphorus Loss in Runoff Under 11-Year Continuous Application of Excessive Phosphorus Fertilizer

OU HuiPing1, ZHOU LiuQiang1, HUANG JinSheng1, XIE RuLin1, ZHU XiaoHui1, PENG JiaYu1, ZENG Yan1, MO ZongBiao2, TAN HongWei,1, YE ShengQin2 1 Agricultural Resources and Environmental Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007
2 Agricultural Ecology and Resource Protection Central Station, Guangxi Autonomous Region, Nanning 530000

通讯作者: 谭宏伟,E-mail： hongwei_tan@163.com

责任编辑: 李云霞
收稿日期:2020-03-9接受日期:2020-06-3网络出版日期:2020-11-16
基金资助:国家自然科学基金.31750368、31860159、31860350、32060293、广西创新驱动专项桂科AA17204078-2、广西科技项目桂AB18221027、广西农科院项目桂农科2019Z12、桂农科2019ZX123、桂农科2018YM27、桂农科2018JZ13、桂农科2015YT30、农业农村部西南山地农业环境重点实验室开放基金AESMA-OPP-2019003


Received:2020-03-9Accepted:2020-06-3Online:2020-11-16
Fund supported: .31750368、31860159、31860350、32060293、广西创新驱动专项桂科AA17204078-2、广西科技项目桂AB18221027、广西农科院项目桂农科2019Z12、桂农科2019ZX123、桂农科2018YM27、桂农科2018JZ13、桂农科2015YT30、农业农村部西南山地农业环境重点实验室开放基金AESMA-OPP-2019003

作者简介 About authors
区惠平,E-mail：ouhuiping2006@163.com。












摘要
【目的】 系统分析连续11年增量施磷下赤红壤蔗地土壤全磷、Olsen-P以及地表径流磷流失量的变化特征和土壤磷素变化与磷盈亏、蔗茎产量的响应关系,为土壤磷素科学管理提供参考。【方法】 依托长期肥力及地表径流定位监测试验（2008年—）,选取不施肥（CK）、推荐施肥（OPT）和增量施磷（OPT+P）3个处理,测定土壤全磷、Olsen-P含量及地表径流磷流失量,分析土壤磷素变化与磷累积盈亏量的关系,采用Mitscherlich模型拟合蔗茎产量对Olsen-P的响应曲线,计算土壤Olsen-P农学阈值,并推算施肥处理土壤Olsen-P含量从第11年降至环境阈值所需的时间。【结果】 CK处理逐年降低土壤全磷含量,年降速率为0.0251 g·kg -1·a -1。施肥土壤全磷和Olsen-P含量随种植年限波动增加,土壤全磷和Olsen-P增速率OPT+P处理高于OPT处理。不施肥土壤表观磷盈亏10.2 kg·hm -2·a -1,施肥处理土壤表观磷盈余41.3—69.2 kg·hm -2·a -1,占施磷量的31.9%—35.6%,以OPT+P处理显著高于OPT处理67.5%。施肥下赤红壤蔗区土壤全磷和Olsen-P变化量均与土壤累积磷盈亏量呈显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）,土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm -2,OPT处理和OPT+P处理土壤全磷上升0.06 g·kg -1和0.09 g·kg -1,Olsen-P 含量上升11.0 mg·kg -1和9.1 mg·kg -1。土壤每累积亏缺100 kg P·hm -2,CK处理土壤全磷下降0.32 g·kg -1。Mitscherlich模型较好地拟合蔗茎产量与赤红壤Olsen-P含量的响应关系（P＜0.01）。其计算出的土壤Olsen-P 农学阈值为12.1 mg·kg -1。施肥显著提高地表径流磷流失量,且OPT+P处理也显著高于OPT处理。地表径流磷流失量与土壤Olsen-P含量显著正相关。基于土壤磷素变化与累积磷盈亏的关系推算得出第11年OPT和OPT+P处理Olsen-P水平降至环境阈值的时间分别需要12年和16年。 【结论】 在南方赤红壤区,施肥尤其增量施磷在提高土壤磷素累积的同时增加了地表径流磷流失风险。在本试验磷的基础养分条件下,按OPT处理施磷,并从甘蔗种植的第2—3年实行隔年施磷可维持土壤磷素处于农学阈值与环境阈值之间。
关键词： 赤红壤;全磷;Olsen-P;磷盈亏;径流磷流失量;农学阈值;甘蔗

Abstract
【Objective】This study was conducted to explore the change of total Phosphorus (P), Olsen-P and P loss in runoff in lateritic red soil, and to evaluate the relation between P change and P balance and between P change and cane yield under 11-year continuous excessive P fertilization, with an aim to provide scientific references for scientific management of soil P.【Method】Three different fertilization treatments (non-fertilization (CK), optimum fertilization (OPT) and application of 50% P2O5 increase based on OPT (OPT+P)) were selected in a 11-years fertilization filed experiment. Total P, Olsen-P and P loss in runoff were measured, and the relation of soil P and P balance were analyzed, agricultural threshold of Olsen-P content was also calculated by Mitscherlich model. The time needed for soil Olsen-P in 11th year to fall to the environmental threshold was further investigated.【Result】The total P under CK treatment decreased with a 0.0251 g·kg -1 decreasing rate year by year, while total P and Olsen-P content under fertilization treatment showed a fluctuation increment with planting time. Compared with OPT treatment, OPT+P treatment had a significant increasing rate for both total P and Olsen-P content. The soil P deficit amount was 10.2 kg·hm -2·a -1 under CK treatment, and soil P surplus amount was 41.3-69.2 kg·hm -2·a -1 for fertilizer treatment, which accounted for 31.9%-35.6% of P application rate, with 67.5% higher in OPT+P treatment than that in OPT treatment. There was significant correlation between the change of soil P and P balance (P<0.01). With 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative surplus amount, soil total P increased by 0.06 g·kg -1 and 0.09 g·kg -1, and Olsen-P increased by 11.0 mg·kg -1 and 9.1 mg·kg -1 under OPT and OPT treatment, respectively. With 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative deficit amount in CK treatment, total P decreased by 0.32 g·kg -1. Mitscherlich model fitted well the response between cane yield and Olsen-P content in lateritic red soil (P<0.01). The agricultural threshold of soil Olsen-P was 12.1 mg·kg -1. Fertilization significantly increased the P loss amount in surface runoff, and the amount of P loss under OPT + P treatment was higher than that in OPT treatment. The amount of P loss amount in surface runoff was positively correlated with Olsen-P content in soil. The time for Olsen-P decreased to the environmental threshold based on the relationship between the change of soil P, and P balance were 12 years and 16 years for OPT treatment and OPT+P treatment. 【Conclusion】In the latosolic red soil of south China, fertilization, especially with excessive P application, not only increased the soil P accumulation, but also increased the risk of P loss from surface runoff. P treated by OPT and applied every one year from the 2-3 year of planting could keep soil P in the range of agricultural threshold and environmental threshold based on the basic P content in this experiment.
Keywords：latosolic red soil;total P;Olsen-P;P balance;P loss in runoff;agricultural threshold;sugarcane


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本文引用格式
区惠平, 周柳强, 黄金生, 谢如林, 朱晓晖, 彭嘉宇, 曾艳, 莫宗标, 谭宏伟, 叶盛勤. 赤红壤蔗区11年连续增量施磷下磷素演变及其 对甘蔗产量与磷流失的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(22): 4623-4633 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.22.009
OU HuiPing, ZHOU LiuQiang, HUANG JinSheng, XIE RuLin, ZHU XiaoHui, PENG JiaYu, ZENG Yan, MO ZongBiao, TAN HongWei, YE ShengQin. Change of Phosphorus in Lateritic Red Soil and Its Effect on Sugarcane Yield and Phosphorus Loss in Runoff Under 11-Year Continuous Application of Excessive Phosphorus Fertilizer[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(22): 4623-4633 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.22.009


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0 引言

【研究意义】磷是植物生长发育必需的营养元素,是提升地力和作物产量的重要保障因子[1]。甘蔗是广西主要的支柱产业,全区甘蔗种植面积常年稳居全国第一[2]。广西蔗区土壤普遍缺磷,磷是作物生长的主要限制因子[3],生产上需要大量施用磷肥确保甘蔗高产稳产。据统计,广西全区作物常年施入纯磷60 万t[4]。然而,作物的磷肥当季利用率仅为10%—25%[5]。大部分施入土壤中的磷被固定为钙磷、铁磷和铝磷[6],并随磷的流失成为农业面源污染的重要来源[7]。因此,阐明施肥尤其增量施磷下磷素在土壤中的时间累积变化特征以及对磷素盈亏的响应,分析磷素变化对作物产量和磷素地表径流流失的影响,对合理施用磷肥,科学管理土壤磷素,提高作物产量和减少环境污染风险具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】前人在土壤磷素的演变及其变化量对磷累积盈亏量的响应、土壤Olsen-P农学阈值做了大量的研究工作。研究表明,不施肥土壤磷素下降,持续集约化施入磷肥显著提高土壤全磷和有效磷含量[8,9,10,11]。我国土壤以11%的速度在累积磷[12],土壤磷素流失风险加剧[13]。土壤磷素变化与土壤磷素盈亏有显著相关关系[8,9,10],因作物类型、土壤类型、气候、种植制度和施肥制度而异[14,15]。土壤Olsen-P与作物产量呈报酬递减规律[8]。【本研究切入点】目前关于土壤磷素的演变主要侧重于黑土、褐土、紫色土、黑垆土、水稻土、潮土、红壤等[8,15-20],对于赤红壤的磷素研究局限于有效磷丰缺分级指标[21,22]、磷的吸附解吸特征[23],酸雨或施肥下赤红壤磷素形态、淋失特征[24,25,26]、耕层土壤磷空间变异[27]等。针对赤红壤蔗区土壤磷的演变未见报道。赤红壤区降雨充沛,土壤地表径流和淋溶作用强,长期增量施磷造成土壤磷素盈亏量变化,势必对土壤磷素累积及流失产生影响,因此,迫切需要探讨连续施肥尤其增量施磷下土壤磷素的演变特征及其与土壤磷盈亏的响应关系,明确土壤磷素的农学阈值。【拟解决的关键问题】利用长期定位试验系统研究施肥下赤红壤蔗区土壤磷素累积、磷素流失和磷素变化与磷平衡、甘蔗产量的响应关系,确定土壤的Olsen-P农学阈值,为赤红壤蔗区磷肥科学施用提供理论支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

蔗地长期肥力与地表径流定位监测试验始于2008年,地点位于广西,农业农村部华南植物营养与施肥技术科学观测实验站内（东经108°2′50.2″,北纬23°14′49.0″）,海拔高度115 m。该地处于亚热带季风气候,年平均气温21.7℃,最高气温40.7℃,≥5℃积温8 046℃,年均降雨量1 250 mm,年蒸发量892.6 mm,无霜期约为346 d,年均日照时数1 660 h,太阳辐射量为4 529 MJ·m-2。温、光、热资源丰富。

1.2 供试材料

1.2.1 供试作物 种植的甘蔗品种2008—2010年为新台糖22号,2011—2013年为桂糖28号,2014—2018年为桂糖29号。

1.2.2 供试土壤 土壤为第四纪红土发育的赤红壤,试验开始前表层（0—20 cm）土壤理化性质：pH（H2O）5.68,有机质20.1 g·kg-1,全氮0.85 g·kg-1,铵态氮5.58 mg·kg-1,硝态氮0.9 mg·kg-1,速效磷9.7 mg·kg-1,速效钾53 mg·kg-1。

1.3 试验设计

选取长期试验的3个不同处理：（1）耕作不施肥（CK）;（2）优化施肥（OPT）;（3）增量施磷（OPT+P）,磷肥施用量为OPT处理的1.5倍,氮钾肥施用量同OPT处理。随机区组设计,3次重复,小区面积24 m2（长8 m、宽3 m）。小区四周筑40 cm深水泥作永久性田埂（宽12 cm,高40 cm,地下埋深30 cm）,无灌溉设施,不灌水,为自然雨养农业。每个小区外对应1个独立的容积为1.5 m3的径流收集池（长3 m、宽1 m、深 0.5 m）,池内设有标杆池,用于计量地表径流的产流量。径流池上盖有盖子,小区内设有凹槽连通径流收集池。

施肥处理氮钾肥施入量一致,磷肥2008—2010年和2013年施入120 kg·hm-2,2011—2012年以及2014—2018年施入135 kg·hm-2。各处理均采用尿素（N 46%）、钙镁磷肥（P2O5 18%）和氯化钾（K2O 60%）。甘蔗种植及施肥方法参见区惠平等[28]文献。杂草与病虫害防治与当地甘蔗种植一致。

试验种植制度为1年新植蔗-2—3年宿根蔗,其中,2008、2011、2014和2018年为新植年份,2009、2012和2015年为第一年宿根、2010、2013和2016为第二年宿根、2017年为第三年宿根。

1.4 测定项目和方法

甘蔗产量验收：各小区单独测产,在甘蔗收获期将各小区的甘蔗全部平地收获,脱叶,砍去尾稍,按实收株测定蔗茎产量与蔗叶产量。

植株样品的采集与测定：在甘蔗收获前取小区生长势一致的代表性植株6株,平地收获。用H2SO4-H2O2消化,钼锑抗比色法测磷[29]。

土壤采集与测定：每年在甘蔗收获后15 d内使用直径2 cm的土钻,按X方式采集0—20 cm 土层土壤15个点混合样,室内风干,磨细过1 mm和0.25 mm筛,分别用碳酸氢钠浸提-钼锑抗比色法测定Olsen-P含量和碱熔-钼锑抗比色法测定土壤全磷含量[29]。

径流水样的采集及其总磷测定参照区惠平等[24]文献。

1.5 数据处理方法[8,10,17]

土壤全磷增量（△Total P,g·kg-1）=Pi-P2

土壤有效磷增量（△Olsen-P,mg·kg-1）= Pi-P0

甘蔗吸磷量（kg·hm-2）=蔗茎产量（kg·hm-2）×蔗茎含磷量（%）+蔗叶产量（kg·hm-2）×蔗叶含磷量（%）

当季土壤表观磷盈亏（kg P·hm-2·a-1）=每年施入土壤磷素总量（kg·hm-2）-每年甘蔗（蔗茎+蔗叶）吸磷量（kg·hm-2）

土壤累积磷盈亏（kg P·hm-2）=∑当季土壤表观磷盈亏

甘蔗相对产量Yr=Yi/Ym×100

作物相对产量对土壤有效磷的响应关系通过Mitscherlich方程模拟,公式如下：

Y = A×（1 - e-bx）

由方程模拟出的相对产量为最大值的90%时,土壤有效磷的含量即为农学阈值。

式中,Pi表示第 i 年土壤磷含量;P0表示初始土壤有效磷含量;P2为甘蔗种植第2年的土壤全磷含量;Yr为蔗茎的相对产量（t·hm-2）;Yi为每年各处理蔗茎产量（t·hm-2）;Ym为每年各处理的最大蔗茎产量（t·hm-2）;Y是预测的相对产量;A是最大的相对产量;b是产量对土壤Olsen-P的响应系数;x是土壤有效磷含量。

数据采用Excel 2007进行整理,DPS7.5软件分析,Sigmaplot软件和origin 8.0软件作图。不同处理间多重比较采用Duncan新复极差法（α= 0.05）。

2 结果

2.1 土壤全磷含量变化

图1显示,各处理土壤全磷含量均与甘蔗种植年限呈极显著相关关系。CK处理土壤全磷含量随试验年限呈缓慢下降,从种植第二年（2009年含量）的0.44 g·kg-1下降到2016年的0.31 g·kg-1,下降幅度29.5%。施用磷肥后,土壤全磷含量均随试验年限波动增加。OPT和OPT+P处理分别从试验第二年的0.40 g·kg-1和0.53 g·kg-1上升到2016年的0.64 g·kg-1和0.92 g·kg-1,增幅60.0%和73.0%。拟合分析,CK处理全磷降低速率为0.0251 g·kg-1·a-1,OPT和OPT+P处理全磷含量增加速率分别为0.0318和0.0596 g·kg-1·a-1。可见,土壤连续种植甘蔗而不施用磷肥,由于磷的耗竭,土壤磷素将变得缺乏,施用磷肥尤其增量施磷提高南方赤红壤区土壤全磷含量。

图1

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图1连续施磷下赤红壤蔗地土壤全磷含量变化

Fig. 1Change of total P in latosolic red soil under long-term P fertilization



2.2 土壤Olsen-P含量变化

图2显示,CK处理土壤Olsen-P含量变化不规律。施肥后土壤Olsen-P含量均随种蔗年限的增加呈现波动上升趋势。其中,OPT和OPT+P处理分别从试验开始的9.7 g·kg-1上升到2018年的45.8 mg·kg-1和50.0 mg·kg-1,增幅高达4.7倍和5.2倍。拟合分析,Olsen-P含量增加速率分别为4.3和5.3 mg·kg-1·a-1。

图2

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图2长期施磷下赤红壤蔗地土壤速效磷含量变化

Fig. 2Change of Olsen-P in latosolic red soil under long-term P fertilization



2.3 土壤磷变化对土壤磷盈亏的响应

2.3.1 土壤磷素盈亏情况 图3显示,CK处理11年当季土壤表观磷盈亏量和累积磷盈亏量平均分别为-10.2 kg P·hm-2·a-1和-112.1 kg P·hm-2。施磷肥处理当季土壤表观磷盈亏处于盈余状态,11年平均土壤表观磷盈亏量和土壤磷累积盈亏量分别为41.3—69.2 kg P·hm-2·a-1和454.7—761 kg P·hm-2,以OPT+P处理显著高于OPT处理67.5%。年平均土壤表观磷盈亏量占施磷量的比例OPT和OPT处理分别为31.9%和35.6%。

图3

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图3连续施磷下土壤磷盈亏变化

Fig. 3Change of P balance under long-term P fertilization



说明增量施磷加剧了土壤磷的盈余。

2.3.2 土壤全磷与有效磷变化对土壤磷素盈亏的响应 图4显示,土壤全磷变化量与土壤累积磷盈亏量呈显著（P<0.05）或极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。CK处理每亏缺100 kg P·hm-2,土壤全磷含量下降0.32 g·kg-1,OPT和OPT+P处理每盈余100 kg P·hm-2,全磷含量增加0.06和 0.09 g·kg-1。

图4

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图4连续增施磷肥土壤全磷变化与土壤磷累积盈亏的关系

Fig. 4Correlations relationship between soil total P change and P balance under long-term P fertilization



CK处理土壤Olsen-P变化量与土壤累积磷盈亏量无相关关系。施肥土壤Olsen-P变化量与土壤累积磷盈亏量呈极显著正相关关系（图5,P<0.01）。OPT处理和OPT+P处理土壤每盈余100 kg P·hm-2,Olsen-P浓度分别上升11.0和9.1 mg·kg-1。所有处理下的土壤全磷及Olsen-P变化量与土壤累积磷盈亏量的关系表明,随着土壤累积磷盈亏量的增加,土壤全磷及有效磷含量呈增加趋势,赤红壤每盈余100 kg P·hm-2,全磷及Olsen-P浓度分别上升0.08 g·kg-1和8.1 mg·kg-1（图6）。

图5

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图5连续增施磷肥土壤Olsen-P变化与累积磷盈亏的关系

Fig. 5Correlations relationship between soil Olsen-P change and P balance under long-term P fertilization



图6

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图6赤红壤全磷及Olsen-P变化量与土壤累积磷盈亏的关系

Fig. 6Correlations relationship between soil total P, Olsen-P change and P balance under all treatments



2.4 蔗茎产量对土壤有效磷的响应

磷农学阈值是指当土壤中的有效磷含量达到某个值后,作物产量不随磷肥的继续施用而增加,即作物产量对磷肥的施用响应降低。图7显示,以Mitscherlich方程拟合作物相对产量和土壤有效磷的关系获得的赤红壤蔗地土壤Olsen-P农学阈值为12.1 mg·kg-1。

图7

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图7甘蔗相对产量与土壤有效磷的响应关系

Fig. 7Responses of relative yield of cane to soil Olsen-P content



2.5 施肥下地表径流磷流失变化及其与土壤Olsen-P的关系

将11年地表径流磷流失量进行平均分析,结果表明（图8）,与CK处理相比,施肥均显著提高地表径流磷的流失量49.5%—87.3%。施肥处理下,磷流失量OPT+P处理极显著高于OPT处理25.2%。可见施肥,尤其增量施磷提高了土壤磷通过地表径流途径流失的风险。将每年土壤地表径流磷流失量与土壤Olsen-P含量进行线性拟合,两者呈显著相关关系（P<0.05）（表1）。

图8

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图8长期增施磷肥下地表径流磷流失量 不同字母表示差异极显著

Fig. 8Change of P loss amount under long-term P fertilization Different letters represent significant difference at 0.01 level



2.6 施肥下土壤磷素管理

农学阈值和环境阈值是土壤磷素管理的重要依据。当土壤的Olsen-P含量高于环境阈值时,应当减少磷肥用量使Olsen-P含量降低到环境阈值下;当土壤的Olsen-P含量高于农学阈值又低于环境阈值时,施磷量与作物带走磷量相当;当土壤Olsen-P含量低于农学阈值,需要施入磷肥使Olsen-P达到农学阈值。

Table 1
表1
表1土壤地表径流磷流失量与土壤Olsen-P的关系
Table 1Relation between P loss and Olsen-P
年份Year
20082009201020112012201320142015201620172018
r0.9100.8950.965*0.956*0.999**0.966*0.969*0.999**0.998**0.957*0.962*
n=3, r0.05=0.950, r0.01=0.990

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基于第11年的土壤Olsen-P含量以及土壤磷素变化量与土壤磷盈亏的关系,参考朱晓晖等[13]在红壤蔗区获得的土壤Olsen-P环境阈值,推算得出OPT和OPT+P处理Olsen-P水平从第11年降到环境阈值的时间分别需要12年和16年（表2）。

Table 2
表2
表2施肥处理第11年土壤Olsen-P含量降至环境阈值所需的时间
Table 2Time need for Olsen-P content in 11-year decrease to environmental threshold
处理
Treatment		每年甘蔗携磷量
P amount in sugarcane
(kg P·hm-2)		Olsen-P变化量与磷累积盈亏量的响应系数
Coefficient of Olsen-P variation and P balance		第11年土壤
Olsen-P 含量
Olsen-P content in 11-year (mg·kg-1)		Olsen-P 环境阈值[13]
Environment threshold (mg·kg-1)		不施肥下土壤Olsen-P降至环境阈值的 时间(年)
Time need for Olsen-P decrease to environment threshold with no fertilization (a)
OPT18.360.110145.821.712
OPT+P18.920.091550.021.716

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3 讨论

3.1 增施磷肥赤红壤磷素含量变化

施磷是显著影响土壤磷素含量变化的重要措施,而土壤磷素应对施肥措施的响应因不同土壤类型、种植作物等而异,一方面主要与不同种植作物下的土壤累积磷盈余量有关,另一方面,与土壤矿物质、黏粒以及有机质等对磷素固定解吸的差异有关[30]。研究表明,不施肥条件下红壤旱地冬小麦-夏玉米轮作下土壤全磷和速效磷含量以0.0003 g·kg-1·a-1和0.10 mg·kg-1·a-1的速率下降,单施氮磷钾以0.0194 g·kg-1·a-1和1.87 mg·kg-1·a-1的速率增加[8],潮土小麦田不施肥以0.004 g·kg-1·a-1和0.13 mg·kg-1·a-1的速率下降,单施氮磷钾以0.005 g·kg-1·a-1和0.02 mg·kg-1·a-1的速率增加[31],中潴黄泥田双季稻土壤全磷含量不施肥以0.002 g·kg-1·a-1的速率下降,单施氮磷钾土壤全磷以0.0033 g·kg-1·a-1的速率增加[17]。本研究表明,连续11年不施肥,由于甘蔗每年的携出,土壤全磷和速效磷随甘蔗种植年限的增加分别以0.025 g·kg-1·a-1（图1）和0.18 mg·kg-1·a-1的速率（图2）下降。施磷处理土壤磷长期盈余（图3）,OPT与OPT+P处理土壤全磷和速效磷分别以0.032 g·kg-1和4.3 mg·kg-1·a-1、0.060 g·kg-1·a-1和5.3 mg·kg-1·a-1的速率（图1和图2）增加,施磷量越高,土壤磷素累积量越大,这主要是在增量施磷条件下,因此OPT处理和OPT+P处理甘蔗带走的磷素相当,OPT+P处理土壤累积磷盈余量更高（图3）。可见,磷肥的连续施用,尤其增量施用在土壤磷总贮量和磷素有效性的提升上效果更显著。这与大部分定位试验研究结果一致[8-9, 20, 32-33]。

3.2 磷素变化对磷盈亏量的响应

研究表明,土壤磷素变化量与磷盈亏量显著相关[8,10,30],不同土壤类型、种植作物、施肥制度或同一区域同一作物,由于土壤性质和管理水平的差异,土壤磷素变化量对磷盈亏的响应有显著差异。土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm-2,单施氮磷钾肥西南紫色水稻土全磷和Olsen-P含量分别增加0.16 g·kg-1和17.19 mg·kg-1[18],红壤旱地小麦玉米轮作体系提高0.02—0.06 g·kg-1和3.00—5.22 mg·kg-1[8],南方黄泥田双季稻单施化肥土壤Olsen-P提高4.5 mg·kg-1[10],褐土、黑土、紫色土、水稻土土壤Olsen-P分别平均提高1.12、3.76、2.34、5.04 mg·kg-1[19]。本研究结果表明,长期不施肥,由于作物对土壤磷素的消耗,土壤全磷含量变少,土壤累积盈亏100 P·hm-2,土壤全磷下降0.32 g·kg-1。施肥下蔗地土壤磷均处于盈余状态,土壤累积盈余100 kg P·hm-2,土壤全磷含量OPT处理和OPT+P处理分别提高0.06和0.09 g·kg-1,Olsen-P 含量OPT处理和OPT+P处理分别提高11.0和9.1 mg·kg-1。可见,磷累积亏缺下,全磷降幅响应比磷累积盈余下全磷增幅响应大。增量施磷更能促进土壤全磷的累积。故过量施磷更容易增加磷素流失风险。

3.3 土壤有效磷与作物产量、径流磷流失及土壤磷素管理

土壤侵蚀是蔗地磷地表径流流失的一个重要机制[34],在同等径流条件下,土壤磷水平越高,磷流失量越大。施肥,尤其增量施磷极显著增加地表径流磷流失量（图8）,这与其土壤磷水平含量较高有关。地表径流磷流失量与土壤Olsen-P含量显著或极显著相关（表2）也充分证明了这一点。由此可见,施肥提高土壤磷素水平的同时增加了磷通过地表径流流失造成环境污染的风险。故在生产上应注重土壤磷素的精准培肥,过高的土壤磷素导致磷素流失风险加剧,过低的土壤磷素又成为作物生长的限制因子。

土壤Olsen-P农学阈值是评估作物产量效应的重要参考指标。研究认为,当土壤Olsen-P含量较低时,Olsen-P含量的增加显著增加作物产量,当土壤Olsen-P含量达到农学阈值时,Olsen-P含量增加无法继续引起作物产量的增加[8]。本研究采用Mitscherlich方程拟合获得甘蔗的农学阈值为12.1 mg·kg-1,这与黄美福等[22]在赤红壤以10.5 mg·kg-1作为高磷水平的数据吻合,也与魏猛等[31]在潮土小麦地获得的农学阈值（13.41 mg·kg-1）相近,但低于李冬初等[8]在红壤区获得的小麦地（21.5 mg·kg-1）和玉米地Olsen-P（32.9 mg·kg-1）农学阈值,这主要是作物、土壤类型以及气候环境等均是影响着作物农学阈值的因素。

出于产量与环境保护方面考虑,提高作物产量兼顾降低环境污染风险的最佳土壤Olsen-P含量控制在农学阈值与环境阈值之间。本研究发现连续施肥3年,土壤Olsen-P含量从试验初始的9.7 mg·kg-1上升到23.0—26.0 mg·kg-1,超过了土壤Olsen-P环境阈值（21.7 mg·kg-1）[13],在第11年土壤Olsen-P含量更是高达环境阈值的2倍以上,加剧了土壤磷素通过地表径流或淋溶流失污染水体的风险。基于种植第11年（2018年）的土壤Olsen-P含量,采用不施肥方式需要12—16年时间土壤Olsen-P含量才能降至环境阈值,其间必然对作物产量造成影响。因此,基于施肥处理土壤磷累积盈亏量及其与土壤Olsen-P的相应关系,在初始土壤Olsen-P含量约为10 mg·kg-1的赤红壤蔗区,按120—135.5 kg P2O5·hm-2施入磷肥,在甘蔗种植的第2—3年采用隔年施磷的措施均可维持土壤Olsen-P含量处于农学阈值与环境阈值之间。

4 结论

长期施磷土壤磷一直处于盈余状态,增量施磷下土壤磷盈余量更多,土壤全磷和Olsen-P含量累积与提升更显著,地表径流磷流失量更大。土壤全磷和有效磷变化量均与土壤磷盈亏量呈显著正相关关系。土壤Olsen-P 农学阈值为12.1 mg·kg-1。当蔗区土壤Olsen-P含量约为10 mg·kg-1,施入120—135.5 kg P2O5·hm-2并从甘蔗种植的第2—3年采用隔年施磷,可维持土壤Olsen-P含量处于农学阈值与环境阈值之间。

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中国农业科学 2019,52(21):3830-3841.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.21.012URL [本文引用: 11]
【Objective】 Change characteristic of phosphorus (P) in red soil were quantified under long term different fertilizations, and effects of P on soil productivity were studied, so as to provide a theoretical basis for P management in red soil regions in southern China. 【Method】 Change of soil Olsen-P and total P content was compared under long term no P fertilization (CK, N, NK), chemical P fertilizer (PK, NP, NPK), application of chemical fertilizer combined with half crop straw return (NPKS) and application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure (1.5NPKM, NPKM, M) using long term trial platform in the upland red soil (from 1991-2016). Responses of soil P to P balance were analyzed. Different models were used to fit the response curve of crops yield to Olsen-P in the red soil. The critical P value of soil Olsen-P for crop yield (CV) was calculated. 【Result】 The Olsen-P and total P increased, and P activation coefficient (PAC) promoted under long term P fertilization in the red soil. PAC was higher under application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure (1.5NPKM, NPKM, M) than that under application of chemical fertilizer combined with half crop straw return (NPKS) and chemical P fertilizer (PK, NP, NPK). Changes of Olsen-P and total P were significantly affected by P balance (P<0.01). Soil Olsen-P increased by 3.00-5.22 mg·kg -1, and total P increased by 0.02-0.06 g·kg -1 with 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative surplus in the red soil. The Olsen-P decreased with years under long term no P fertilization (CK, N, NK), and they decreased by 1.85 mg·kg -1, 0.40 mg·kg -1, and 1.76 mg·kg -1, respectively, with 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative deficiency in the red soil. Grain yields of wheat and maize were significant higher under application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure (1.5NPKM, NPKM, M) than that under application of chemical fertilizer combined with half crop straw return (NPKS) and chemical P fertilizer (PK, NP, NPK) than under no P fertilizations (CK, N, NK). Sustainability index of grain yield (SYI) were higher under application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure (1.5NPKM, NPKM, M) than that under the other treatments. Three models (linear-linear model, linear-platform model and Michelice model) were better fit the response of crop yield to Olsen-P in red soil (P<0.01). Linear-linear model was recommended for the higher R 2. The critical value of Olsen-P content in agronomic in red soil of wheat and maize were 13.5 mg·kg -1, and 23.4 mg·kg -1, respectively, calculated by linear-linear mode. 【Conclusion】 Application of chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure were recommended in red soil region of southern China. That had the beneficial for P accumulation and promoting P availability. Applications of chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure were also used to keep the high and stable production. Linear-linear model was recommended to calculate the critical value of Olsen-P content in agronomic. Application rates of P fertilizer should be adjusted timely according to the difference between actual Olsen-P content in the soil and critical value of Olsen-P content in agronomic in productivity.
LI D C, WANG B R, HUANG J, ZHANG Y Z, XU M G, ZHAGN S X, ZHAGN H M . Change of phosphorus in red soil and its effect to grain yield under long-term different fertilizations
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019,52(21):3830-3841. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.21.012URL [本文引用: 11]
【Objective】 Change characteristic of phosphorus (P) in red soil were quantified under long term different fertilizations, and effects of P on soil productivity were studied, so as to provide a theoretical basis for P management in red soil regions in southern China. 【Method】 Change of soil Olsen-P and total P content was compared under long term no P fertilization (CK, N, NK), chemical P fertilizer (PK, NP, NPK), application of chemical fertilizer combined with half crop straw return (NPKS) and application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure (1.5NPKM, NPKM, M) using long term trial platform in the upland red soil (from 1991-2016). Responses of soil P to P balance were analyzed. Different models were used to fit the response curve of crops yield to Olsen-P in the red soil. The critical P value of soil Olsen-P for crop yield (CV) was calculated. 【Result】 The Olsen-P and total P increased, and P activation coefficient (PAC) promoted under long term P fertilization in the red soil. PAC was higher under application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure (1.5NPKM, NPKM, M) than that under application of chemical fertilizer combined with half crop straw return (NPKS) and chemical P fertilizer (PK, NP, NPK). Changes of Olsen-P and total P were significantly affected by P balance (P<0.01). Soil Olsen-P increased by 3.00-5.22 mg·kg -1, and total P increased by 0.02-0.06 g·kg -1 with 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative surplus in the red soil. The Olsen-P decreased with years under long term no P fertilization (CK, N, NK), and they decreased by 1.85 mg·kg -1, 0.40 mg·kg -1, and 1.76 mg·kg -1, respectively, with 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative deficiency in the red soil. Grain yields of wheat and maize were significant higher under application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure (1.5NPKM, NPKM, M) than that under application of chemical fertilizer combined with half crop straw return (NPKS) and chemical P fertilizer (PK, NP, NPK) than under no P fertilizations (CK, N, NK). Sustainability index of grain yield (SYI) were higher under application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure (1.5NPKM, NPKM, M) than that under the other treatments. Three models (linear-linear model, linear-platform model and Michelice model) were better fit the response of crop yield to Olsen-P in red soil (P<0.01). Linear-linear model was recommended for the higher R 2. The critical value of Olsen-P content in agronomic in red soil of wheat and maize were 13.5 mg·kg -1, and 23.4 mg·kg -1, respectively, calculated by linear-linear mode. 【Conclusion】 Application of chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure were recommended in red soil region of southern China. That had the beneficial for P accumulation and promoting P availability. Applications of chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure were also used to keep the high and stable production. Linear-linear model was recommended to calculate the critical value of Olsen-P content in agronomic. Application rates of P fertilizer should be adjusted timely according to the difference between actual Olsen-P content in the soil and critical value of Olsen-P content in agronomic in productivity.

王淑英, 樊廷录, 丁宁平, 赵刚, 张建军, 李尚中, 王磊, 党翼, 程万莉, 唐小明 . 黄土旱塬黑垆土长期肥料试验土壤磷素和磷肥效率的演变特征
中国生态农业学报, 2018,26(7):1038-1047.
[本文引用: 3]

WANG S Y, FAN T L, DING N P, ZHAO G, ZHANG J J, LI S Z, WANG L, DANG Y, CHENG W L, TANG X M,. Change characteristics of soil phosphorus and phosphorus fertilizer efficiency in black loessial soil of dryland in the Loess Plateau under long-term fertilization
Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2018,26(7):1038-1047. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 3]

林诚, 王飞, 李清华, 何春梅, 张辉 . 长期不同施肥下南方黄泥田有效磷对磷盈亏的响应特征
植物营养与肥料学报, 2017,23(5):1175-1183.
[本文引用: 5]

LIN C, WANG F, LI Q H, HE C M, ZHANG H . Response characteristics of Olsen-P to P balance in yellow paddy fields of southern China
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017,23(5):1175-1183. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 5]

ZHANG Y P, DUAN G, SUN C P, ZHONG Z W, SUN M, JING Y P, LUO J F, BO L J, LI Y . Effects of long-term located fertilization on evolution of available phosphorus and phosphorus pool in Shandong fluvo-aquic soil
Agricultural Biotechnology, 2018,7(2):74-80.
[本文引用: 1]

MA J, HE P, XU X, HE W, LIU Y, YANG F, CHEN F, LI S, TU S, JIN J, JOHNSTON A M, ZHOU W . Temporal and spatial changes in soil available phosphorus in China (1990-2012)
Field Crops Research, 2016,192:13-20.
DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2016.04.006URL [本文引用: 1]

朱晓晖, 黄金生, 曾艳, 区惠平, 周柳强, 谢如林, 谭宏伟 . 红壤植蔗区施磷的淋溶风险评估
西南农业学报, 2018,31(3):532-537.
[本文引用: 4]

ZHU X H, HUANG J S, ZENG Y, OU H P, ZHOU L Q, XIE R L, TAN H W . Phosphorous leaching risk assessment of sugarcane planting in red soil area
Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2018,31(3):532-537. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 4]

CAO N, CHEN X, CUI Z, ZHANG F S . Change in soil available phosphorus in relation to the phosphorus budget in China
Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2012,94:161-170.
DOI:10.1007/s10705-012-9530-0URL [本文引用: 1]
Limited information on soil available phosphorous (P) status has restricted rational P-management strategies, which are necessary to develop, budget, and control P fertilizer inputs. This study was conducted to quantify the relationship between the P budget (P input minus output) and soil available P content (Olsen-P) and its variation from seven long-term experiments that covered subtropical and temperate zones with seven crop systems and six soil types. Across all years and experiments, soil available P content increased linearly with increasing P budget (P < 0.01), and the increase in soil available P content in the 0-20 cm topsoil layer by each 100 kg P budget was 1.44-5.74 mg kg(-1) for the seven sites. This large variation can be explained by the different environments, crop systems, and soil physico-chemical properties. These results will help to predict long-term changes in soil available P using the annual P budget and provide useful information for proper management of P fertilizer.

王柏寒, 黄绍敏, 郭斗斗, 张水清, 宋晓, 岳克, 张珂珂 . 长期定位施肥下潮土土壤磷素盈亏及对无机磷的影响
中国农业科学, 2019,52(21):3842-3851.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.21.013URL [本文引用: 2]
【Objective】 In this study, the changes of phosphorus profit and loss as well as various forms of inorganic phosphorus in fluvo-aquic soil under long-term fertilizer application, and the effect of soil phosphorus profit and loss on inorganic phosphorus were discussed, which provided a theoretical basis for the rational application of phosphorus fertilizer in fluvo-aquic soil.【Method】 Based on the “National Long-term Monitoring Station for Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Benefit in Fluvo-aquic Soil”, the four fertilization modes in North China including NPK (single chemical fertilizer), SNPK (straw return), MNPK (organic-inorganic combined application), 1.5 MNPK (high amount of organic-inorganic combined application), were studied with the control of NK (non-phosphate fertilizer) to study the changes of apparent phosphorus profit and loss, cumulative phosphorus profit and loss, the content and relative content of each form of inorganic phosphorus, and the effect of soil phosphorus profit and loss on each form of inorganic phosphorus.【Result】 Under the condition of not applying phosphate fertilizer for 25 years, the phosphorus in the soil was always in a state of deficit, the cumulative deficit of phosphorus in soil was 431.8 kg·hm -2, after 25 years, the cumulative surplus of soil phosphorus on four phosphate fertilizer models (NPK, SNPK, MNPK, and1.5MNPK) was 291.2, 398.4, 1 742.4, and 2 676.9 kg·hm -2, respectively. When phosphorus fertilizer was not applied for a long time, Ca2-P decreased most in soil inorganic phosphorus by 49.0%. In the first 13 years, the soil Ca2-P of the above four fertilizer models increased by 1.2-5.4 times, with an average annual increase of 1.26-5.73 mg·kg -1. In the latter 12 years, the growth rate of soil Ca2-P decreased by 99.2%-112.6% by applying chemical fertilizer single, straw returning and organic-inorganic combined application model; and the content of Ca2-P in the soil decreased by 2.0 mg·kg -1 per year. The relative content of soil Ca2-P increased by 1.0%-3.5% in 25 years above four fertilizer models. After 25 years of application of phosphate fertilizer, the content of Ca8-P, Al-P, and Fe-P in soil increased 1.4-6.5, 1.8-3.3, and 1.1-2.2 times, respectively, with an average annual increase of 4.69-19.81, 1.67-3.10, and 1.23-2.37 mg·kg -1, respectively; the relative content increased 8.4%-3.0%, 3.3%-4.0%, 1.8%-3.3%, respectively. The contents of Ca10-P and O-P were oscillatory between 350-410 and 100-160 mg·kg -1 for a long time, but their relative contents decreased by 11.4%-29.7% and 3.1%-8.9%, respectively. Under the condition of not applying phosphate fertilizer for 25 years, for every 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative deficit, Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca10-P, and O-P in soil decreased by 1.2, 2.7, 1.1, 1.5, 0.8, and 7.5 mg·kg -1, respectively. Under the mode of single fertilizer and straw returning for 25 years, for every 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative surplus, Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca10-P, and O-P in soil increased by 3.9-5.0, 21.5-21.6, 6.5-7.4, 4.8-5.6, 4.0-7.5, and 2.4-7.2 mg·kg -1, respectively. Under the mode of organic and inorganic combined application for 25 years, for every 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative surplus, Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca10-P, and O-P in soil increased by 1.8-2.8, 14.2-16.4, 2.5-3.2, 1.9-2.6, -0.2-1.2, and 0.3-1.9 mg·kg -1, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The long-term application of phosphorus fertilizer could increase the surplus of phosphorus and the content and its relative content of Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, and Fe-P in fluvo-aquic soil, and the effect of organic and inorganic combined application was higher than that of single chemical fertilizer and straw returning. When the surplus of phosphorus in fluvo-aquic soil was the same, the increment of Ca8-P was the most in all fertilizer models, followed by Al-P and Fe-P, and the increment of Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, and Fe-P in soil with single chemical fertilizer was higher than that of straw returning and organic and inorganic combined application.
WANG B H, HUANG S M, GUO D D, ZHANG S Q, SONG X, YUE K, ZHANG K K . Phosphorus profit and loss and its effect on inorganic phosphorus in fluvo-aquic soil under long-term located fertilization
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019,52(21):3842-3851. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.21.013URL [本文引用: 2]
【Objective】 In this study, the changes of phosphorus profit and loss as well as various forms of inorganic phosphorus in fluvo-aquic soil under long-term fertilizer application, and the effect of soil phosphorus profit and loss on inorganic phosphorus were discussed, which provided a theoretical basis for the rational application of phosphorus fertilizer in fluvo-aquic soil.【Method】 Based on the “National Long-term Monitoring Station for Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Benefit in Fluvo-aquic Soil”, the four fertilization modes in North China including NPK (single chemical fertilizer), SNPK (straw return), MNPK (organic-inorganic combined application), 1.5 MNPK (high amount of organic-inorganic combined application), were studied with the control of NK (non-phosphate fertilizer) to study the changes of apparent phosphorus profit and loss, cumulative phosphorus profit and loss, the content and relative content of each form of inorganic phosphorus, and the effect of soil phosphorus profit and loss on each form of inorganic phosphorus.【Result】 Under the condition of not applying phosphate fertilizer for 25 years, the phosphorus in the soil was always in a state of deficit, the cumulative deficit of phosphorus in soil was 431.8 kg·hm -2, after 25 years, the cumulative surplus of soil phosphorus on four phosphate fertilizer models (NPK, SNPK, MNPK, and1.5MNPK) was 291.2, 398.4, 1 742.4, and 2 676.9 kg·hm -2, respectively. When phosphorus fertilizer was not applied for a long time, Ca2-P decreased most in soil inorganic phosphorus by 49.0%. In the first 13 years, the soil Ca2-P of the above four fertilizer models increased by 1.2-5.4 times, with an average annual increase of 1.26-5.73 mg·kg -1. In the latter 12 years, the growth rate of soil Ca2-P decreased by 99.2%-112.6% by applying chemical fertilizer single, straw returning and organic-inorganic combined application model; and the content of Ca2-P in the soil decreased by 2.0 mg·kg -1 per year. The relative content of soil Ca2-P increased by 1.0%-3.5% in 25 years above four fertilizer models. After 25 years of application of phosphate fertilizer, the content of Ca8-P, Al-P, and Fe-P in soil increased 1.4-6.5, 1.8-3.3, and 1.1-2.2 times, respectively, with an average annual increase of 4.69-19.81, 1.67-3.10, and 1.23-2.37 mg·kg -1, respectively; the relative content increased 8.4%-3.0%, 3.3%-4.0%, 1.8%-3.3%, respectively. The contents of Ca10-P and O-P were oscillatory between 350-410 and 100-160 mg·kg -1 for a long time, but their relative contents decreased by 11.4%-29.7% and 3.1%-8.9%, respectively. Under the condition of not applying phosphate fertilizer for 25 years, for every 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative deficit, Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca10-P, and O-P in soil decreased by 1.2, 2.7, 1.1, 1.5, 0.8, and 7.5 mg·kg -1, respectively. Under the mode of single fertilizer and straw returning for 25 years, for every 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative surplus, Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca10-P, and O-P in soil increased by 3.9-5.0, 21.5-21.6, 6.5-7.4, 4.8-5.6, 4.0-7.5, and 2.4-7.2 mg·kg -1, respectively. Under the mode of organic and inorganic combined application for 25 years, for every 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative surplus, Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca10-P, and O-P in soil increased by 1.8-2.8, 14.2-16.4, 2.5-3.2, 1.9-2.6, -0.2-1.2, and 0.3-1.9 mg·kg -1, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The long-term application of phosphorus fertilizer could increase the surplus of phosphorus and the content and its relative content of Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, and Fe-P in fluvo-aquic soil, and the effect of organic and inorganic combined application was higher than that of single chemical fertilizer and straw returning. When the surplus of phosphorus in fluvo-aquic soil was the same, the increment of Ca8-P was the most in all fertilizer models, followed by Al-P and Fe-P, and the increment of Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, and Fe-P in soil with single chemical fertilizer was higher than that of straw returning and organic and inorganic combined application.

LI Y Y, YANG R, GAO R, WEI H A, CHEN A L, LI Y . Effects of long-term phosphorus fertilization and straw incorporation on phosphorus fractions in subtropical paddy soil
Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2015,14(2):365-373.
DOI:10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60684-XURL

吕真真, 刘秀梅, 侯红乾, 冀建华, 蓝贤瑾, 冯兆滨, 刘益仁 . 长期不同施肥对红壤性水稻土磷素及水稻磷营养的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2019,25(8):1316-1324.
[本文引用: 2]

Lü Z Z, LIU X M, HOU H Q, JI J H, LAN X J, FENG Z B, LIU Y R . Effects of long-term fertilizations on soil phosphorus and its supply to rice in red paddy soil
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019,25(8):1316-1324. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 2]

樊红柱, 陈庆瑞, 郭松, 陈琨, 秦鱼生, 涂仕华 . 长期不同施肥紫色水稻土磷的盈亏及有效性
植物营养与肥料学报, 2018,24(1):154-162.
[本文引用: 1]

FAN H Z, CHEN Q R, GUO S, CHEN K, QIN Y S, TU S H . Phosphorus balance and availability in a purple paddy soil under long-term different fertilization
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018,24(1):154-162. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

展晓莹, 任意, 张淑香, 康日峰 . 中国主要土壤有效磷演变及其与磷平衡的响应关系
中国农业科学, 2015,48(23):4728-4737.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.23.014URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】The objective of this study is to clarify the changes in available phosphorus (P) and its response to P balance (P input minus P output), and to provide a scientific basis for rational fertilization.【Method】Twenty-one monitoring sites of the main five types of soil in China with long-term conventional fertilization were chosen to explore the relationships of change of available P and P balance, available P efficiency (available P efficiency refers to the change of available P by the unit of accumulated P budget) and soil properties (pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen).【Result】The P was exhausted at two monitoring sites, and accumulated at nineteen sites. The P balance in different sites ranged from -290-4 919 kg·hm-2 under conventional fertilization. Soil available P increased at 14 monitoring sites, and decreased at 2 sites. Available P increased significantly by 0.74 mg·kg-1 each year at 21 monitoring sites. Among all the sites, 81% have a significant positive correlation between changes of available P and soil P balance. Available P increased by 1.12, 3.76, 5.01, 2.34, and 0.47 mg·kg-1 with an average surplus of 100 kg P·hm-2 under fluvo-aquic soil, black soil, paddy soil, purplish soil and irrigation-silted soil. And the coefficient of variation was 25%, 52% and 68% under fluvo-aquic soil, paddy soil and purplish soil. Available P efficiency in the conventional fertilization soil was significantly correlated with the soil pH (r=0.65, P<0.01), soil organic matter content (r=0.62, P<0.01), total nitrogen (r=0.52, P<0.01) and alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen (r=0.63, P<0.01) .【Conclusion】The available P efficiency of different soil types ranged from 0.47-10.76 mg·kg-1. The overall trend in available P efficiency across all soil types was paddy soil>black soil>purplish soil>fluvo-aquic soil>irrigation-silted soil. The available P efficiency in the conventional fertilization soil was significantly correlated with the soil pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen.
ZHAN X Y, REN Y, ZHANG S X, KANG R F . Changes in Olsen phosphorus concentration and its response to phosphorus balance in the main types of soil in China
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015,48(23):4728-4737. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.23.014URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】The objective of this study is to clarify the changes in available phosphorus (P) and its response to P balance (P input minus P output), and to provide a scientific basis for rational fertilization.【Method】Twenty-one monitoring sites of the main five types of soil in China with long-term conventional fertilization were chosen to explore the relationships of change of available P and P balance, available P efficiency (available P efficiency refers to the change of available P by the unit of accumulated P budget) and soil properties (pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen).【Result】The P was exhausted at two monitoring sites, and accumulated at nineteen sites. The P balance in different sites ranged from -290-4 919 kg·hm-2 under conventional fertilization. Soil available P increased at 14 monitoring sites, and decreased at 2 sites. Available P increased significantly by 0.74 mg·kg-1 each year at 21 monitoring sites. Among all the sites, 81% have a significant positive correlation between changes of available P and soil P balance. Available P increased by 1.12, 3.76, 5.01, 2.34, and 0.47 mg·kg-1 with an average surplus of 100 kg P·hm-2 under fluvo-aquic soil, black soil, paddy soil, purplish soil and irrigation-silted soil. And the coefficient of variation was 25%, 52% and 68% under fluvo-aquic soil, paddy soil and purplish soil. Available P efficiency in the conventional fertilization soil was significantly correlated with the soil pH (r=0.65, P<0.01), soil organic matter content (r=0.62, P<0.01), total nitrogen (r=0.52, P<0.01) and alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen (r=0.63, P<0.01) .【Conclusion】The available P efficiency of different soil types ranged from 0.47-10.76 mg·kg-1. The overall trend in available P efficiency across all soil types was paddy soil>black soil>purplish soil>fluvo-aquic soil>irrigation-silted soil. The available P efficiency in the conventional fertilization soil was significantly correlated with the soil pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen.

裴瑞娜, 杨生茂, 徐明岗, 樊廷录, 张会民 . 长期施肥条件下黑垆土有效磷对磷盈亏的响应
中国农业科学, 2010,43(19):4008-4015.
URL [本文引用: 2]
【Objective】 Response of Olsen-P to P balance in a black loessial soil was studied in a long-term fertilization experiment carried out in Pingliang, Gansu province for the purpose of providing a theoretical basis for the scientific application of phosphate fertilizer in the Loess Plateau dryland farming areas. 【Method】 The relationships between Olsen-P change and the budget of soil P balance in the treatments of CK, N, NP, M, NPM were studied by the method of linear regression based on a 28-year (1979-2007) experiment. 【Result】 The results showed that long-term application of M, NP, and NPM resulted in significant increase of Olsen-P by 0.54, 0.64 and 1.11 mg?kg-1?a-1, respectively. While the soil Olsen-P content remained stable or showed a decreasing trend in the CK and N treatments. The increase amount of Olsen-P changed with P balance. Application of NP, M, NMP increased the amount of Olsen-P significantly. The P balance was very significantly (P＜0.01) correlated with the Olsen-P. With an average surplus of 100 kg phosphorus per hm2, the soil Olsen-P increased by 3.85, 0.29 and 0.53 mg?kg-1, in the NP, M, and NPM treatments, respectively. Application of chemical fertilizer increased Olsen-P was 11.6 times higher than that of manure, followed by the chemical fertilizer combined with manure. 【Conclusion】 Changes of soil Olsen-P followed soil phosphorus surplus and the close correlation between the increased amount of Olsen-P and the form applied phosphorus were observed. Long-term application of chemical P fertilizer resulted in the increase of the amount of Olsen-P is higher than manure obviously in black loessial soil.


PEI R N, YANG S M, XU M G, FAN T L, ZHANG H M . Response of Olsen-P to P balance in black loessial soil under long-term fertilization
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2010,43(19):4008-4015. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 2]
【Objective】 Response of Olsen-P to P balance in a black loessial soil was studied in a long-term fertilization experiment carried out in Pingliang, Gansu province for the purpose of providing a theoretical basis for the scientific application of phosphate fertilizer in the Loess Plateau dryland farming areas. 【Method】 The relationships between Olsen-P change and the budget of soil P balance in the treatments of CK, N, NP, M, NPM were studied by the method of linear regression based on a 28-year (1979-2007) experiment. 【Result】 The results showed that long-term application of M, NP, and NPM resulted in significant increase of Olsen-P by 0.54, 0.64 and 1.11 mg?kg-1?a-1, respectively. While the soil Olsen-P content remained stable or showed a decreasing trend in the CK and N treatments. The increase amount of Olsen-P changed with P balance. Application of NP, M, NMP increased the amount of Olsen-P significantly. The P balance was very significantly (P＜0.01) correlated with the Olsen-P. With an average surplus of 100 kg phosphorus per hm2, the soil Olsen-P increased by 3.85, 0.29 and 0.53 mg?kg-1, in the NP, M, and NPM treatments, respectively. Application of chemical fertilizer increased Olsen-P was 11.6 times higher than that of manure, followed by the chemical fertilizer combined with manure. 【Conclusion】 Changes of soil Olsen-P followed soil phosphorus surplus and the close correlation between the increased amount of Olsen-P and the form applied phosphorus were observed. Long-term application of chemical P fertilizer resulted in the increase of the amount of Olsen-P is higher than manure obviously in black loessial soil.


陈琼贤, 吕业成, 万云巧, 赫新洲, 曹健 . 菜心土壤速效磷丰缺指标及合理施磷量研究
华南农业大学学报, 2010,31(2):5-8.
[本文引用: 1]

CHEN Q X, Lü Y C, WAN Y Q, HE X Z, CAO J . Study on nutrient diagnosis of soil phosphorus and recommended fertilization of Brassica parachinensis
Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2010,31(2):5-8. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

黄美福, 谢如林, 谭宏伟, 周柳强, 黄金生 . 赤红壤有效磷分级指标的研究
土壤通报, 2011(5):1165-1168.
[本文引用: 2]

HUANG M F, XIE R L, TAN H W, ZHOU L Q, HUANG J S . Study on the grading index of soil available P in latosolic red soil
Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2011(5):1165-1168. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 2]

甘海华, 梁中龙, 卢瑛, 吴顺辉, 李永涛 . 广东省不同母质赤红壤磷的吸附与解吸
环境化学, 2001,20(6):572-576.
[本文引用: 1]

GAN H H, LIANG Z L, LU Y, WU S H, LI Y T . Phosphate adsorption and desorption in lateritic red soils from different parent materials in Guangdong
Environmental Chemistry, 2001,20(6):572-576. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

徐华勤, 章家恩, 孟磊, 余家瑜, 李宏哲 . 模拟酸雨胁迫对赤红壤磷素形态特征的影响
农业环境科学学报, 2011,30(11):2319-2324.
[本文引用: 2]

XU H Q, ZHANG J E, MENG L, YU J Y, LI H Z . Effect of simulated acid rain in situ on characteristics and fractionation of phosphorus in lateritic red soil
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2011,30(11):2319-2324. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 2]

徐华勤, 章家恩, 余家瑜, 谢俊芳, 毛丹鹃, 杨滔 . 模拟酸雨对赤红壤磷素及Ca 2+、Al 3+、Fe 2+淋失特征的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2011: 1172-1178.
URL [本文引用: 1]

XU H Q, ZHANG J E, YU J Y, XIE J F, MAO D J, YANG T . Effects of simulated acid rain on leaching of phosphorus Ca 2+, Al 3+ and Fe 2+ from lateritic red soils
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2011,17(5):1172-1178. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 1]

曾曙才, 吴启堂, 侯焕英, 丘锦荣 . 模拟酸雨对施肥条件下赤红壤氮磷淋失特征的影响
水土保持学报, 2007,21(6):16-21, 69.
[本文引用: 1]

ZENG S C, WU Q T, HOU H Y, QIU J R . Effects of simulated acid rain on nitrogen and phosphorus leaching characteristics in Latosolic red soil s with application of organic compound fertilizer
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007,21(6):16-21, 69. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

廖琪, 胡月明, 胡小飞, 赵锦玉, 王璐 . 广东省典型赤红壤区耕层土壤养分的空间变异
水土保持学报, 2015,35(6):322-328.
[本文引用: 1]

LIAO Q, HU Y M, HU X F, ZHAO J Y, WANG L . Spatial variability of topsoil nutrients in typical lateritic red soil area of Guangdong province
Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015,35(6):322-328. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

区惠平, 周柳强, 黄金生, 曾艳, 朱晓晖, 谢如林, 谭宏伟, 黄碧燕 . 长期不同施肥对甘蔗产量稳定性、肥料贡献率及养分流失的影响
中国农业科学, 2018,51(10):1931-1939.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.10.012URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】 This study was conducted to explore the response of the sugarcane yield stability, fertilizer contribution rate and N, P loss in runoff under long-term different fertilization, with an aim to provide scientific references for establishing the optimal fertilization pattern and promoting the sustainable production of sugarcane as well as the quality of agroecosystem improvement.【Method】 Four different fertilization treatments (non-fertilization (CK), optimum fertilization (OPT), application of 50% N increase based on OPT (OPT+N) and application of 50% P2O5 increase based on OPT (OPT+P)) were chosen from an 8-years fertilization filed experiment. The changes of annual sugarcane stem yield, fertilizer contribution rate and N, P loss in runoff were investigated. 【Result】 At the first 4 years of planting, sugarcane yield declined sharply, and then kept equilibrium around 50 t·hm-2, while fertilization treatments showed a fluctuation in different years, and kept the same trend in the same year. Fertilization significantly increased the sugarcane yield and its stability. With an average of 8 years, sugarcane yield under fertilizer treatments was 70% higher than that under CK. However, there was no significant increase between OPT and OPT+N treatments in sugarcane yield, while OPT was higher than OPT+N treatment. There was no significant difference among fertilizer treatments in sugarcane yield stability. The soil contribution rate in sugarcane field declined sharply at the first 4 years of planting, while fertilizer contribution rate showed the opposite trend, and then both of them basically stabled at around 50%. Both of fertilizer contribution rate and agronomic efficiency in OPT treatment were significantly higher than or equal to OPT+N and OPT+P treatments. Fertilization significantly increased N and P runoff loss. Excessive application of N and P fertilizer significantly increased the corresponding N and P loss, but not N (P) fertilizer loss rate. 【Conclusion】 Excessive application of N and P not only had no advantage in sugarcane yield and its stability, but also resulted in waste of resources and increase of nutrient loss. OPT treatment was a better fertilization model for high and stable yield of sugarcane, high fertilizer contribution rate and low nutrient loss.
OU H P, ZHOU L Q, HUANG J S, ZENG Y, ZHU X H, XIE R L, TAN H W, HUAGN B Y . Effect of long-term different fertilization on sugarcane yield stability, fertilizer contribution rate and nutrition loss
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018,51(10):1931-1939. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.10.012URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】 This study was conducted to explore the response of the sugarcane yield stability, fertilizer contribution rate and N, P loss in runoff under long-term different fertilization, with an aim to provide scientific references for establishing the optimal fertilization pattern and promoting the sustainable production of sugarcane as well as the quality of agroecosystem improvement.【Method】 Four different fertilization treatments (non-fertilization (CK), optimum fertilization (OPT), application of 50% N increase based on OPT (OPT+N) and application of 50% P2O5 increase based on OPT (OPT+P)) were chosen from an 8-years fertilization filed experiment. The changes of annual sugarcane stem yield, fertilizer contribution rate and N, P loss in runoff were investigated. 【Result】 At the first 4 years of planting, sugarcane yield declined sharply, and then kept equilibrium around 50 t·hm-2, while fertilization treatments showed a fluctuation in different years, and kept the same trend in the same year. Fertilization significantly increased the sugarcane yield and its stability. With an average of 8 years, sugarcane yield under fertilizer treatments was 70% higher than that under CK. However, there was no significant increase between OPT and OPT+N treatments in sugarcane yield, while OPT was higher than OPT+N treatment. There was no significant difference among fertilizer treatments in sugarcane yield stability. The soil contribution rate in sugarcane field declined sharply at the first 4 years of planting, while fertilizer contribution rate showed the opposite trend, and then both of them basically stabled at around 50%. Both of fertilizer contribution rate and agronomic efficiency in OPT treatment were significantly higher than or equal to OPT+N and OPT+P treatments. Fertilization significantly increased N and P runoff loss. Excessive application of N and P fertilizer significantly increased the corresponding N and P loss, but not N (P) fertilizer loss rate. 【Conclusion】 Excessive application of N and P not only had no advantage in sugarcane yield and its stability, but also resulted in waste of resources and increase of nutrient loss. OPT treatment was a better fertilization model for high and stable yield of sugarcane, high fertilizer contribution rate and low nutrient loss.

鲁如坤 . 土壤农业化学分析方法. 北京: 中国农业科学技术出版社, 2000.
[本文引用: 2]

Lü R K. Analytical Methods for Agrochemical of Soils. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 2]

ZHAN X Y, ZHANG L, ZHOU B K, ZHU P, ZHANG S X, XU M G . Changes in Olsen phosphorus concentration and its response to phosphorus balance in black soils under different long-term fertilization patterns
PLoS One, 2015,10(7):e0131713.
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0131713URLPMID:26177293 [本文引用: 2]
The Olsen phosphorus (P) concentration of a soil is a key index that can be used to evaluate the P supply capacity of the soil and to estimate the optimal P fertilization rate. A study of the relationship between the soil Olsen P concentration and the P balance (P input minus P output) and their variations among different fertilization patterns will help to provide useful information for proper management of P fertilization. In this paper, the two investigated long-term experiments were established on black soils in the northeast region of China. Six fertilization treatments were selected: (1) unfertilized (CK); (2) nitrogen only (N); (3) nitrogen and potassium (NK); (4) nitrogen and phosphorus (NP); (5) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK); and (6) nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and manure (NPKM). The results showed that the average Olsen P concentrations in the black soils at Gongzhuling and Harbin (16- and 31-year study periods, respectively), decreased by 0.49 and 0.56 mg kg-1 a-1, respectively, without P addition and increased by 3.17 and 1.78 mg kg-1 a-1, respectively, with P fertilization. The changes in soil Olsen P concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) correlated with the P balances at both sites except for the NP and NPK treatments at Gongzhuling. Under an average deficit of 100 kg ha-1 P, the soil Olsen P concentration at both sites decreased by 1.36~3.35 mg kg-1 in the treatments without P addition and increased by 4.80~16.04 mg kg-1 in the treatments with 100 kg ha-1 of P accumulation. In addition, the changes in Olsen P concentrations in the soil with 100 kg ha-1of P balance were significantly correlated with the P activation coefficient (PAC, percentage of Olsen P to total P, r=0.99, P<0.01) and soil organic matter content (r=0.91, P<0.01). A low pH was related to large changes of Olsen P by 1 kg ha-1 of P balance. These results indicated that soil organic matter and pH have important effects on the change in soil Olsen P by 1 kg ha-1 of P balance.

魏猛, 张爱君, 李洪民, 唐忠厚, 陈晓光 . 基于长期施肥下潮土磷素演变及农学阈值的研究
西南农业学报, 2018,31(11):2373-2377.
[本文引用: 2]

WEI M, ZHANG A J, LI H M, TANG Z H, CHEN X G . Study on evolution characteristics of soil phosphorus and critical value of soil Olsen-P in fluvo-aquic soil under long-term fertilization
Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2018,31(11):2373-2377. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 2]

杨学云, 孙本华, 古巧珍, 李生秀, 郝兴顺 . 长期施肥磷素盈亏及其对土壤磷素状况的影响
西北农业学报, 2007,16(5):118-123.
[本文引用: 1]

YANG X Y, SUN B H, GU Q Z, LI S X, HAO X S . Phosphorus balances and its effects on soil phosphorus status under a 12-year long- term fertilization
Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica, 2007,16(5):118-123. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

黄晶, 张杨珠, 徐明岗, 高菊生 . 长期施肥下红壤性水稻土有效磷的演变特征及对磷平衡的响应
中国农业科学, 2016,49(6):1132-1141.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.06.009URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】 In order to reveal the impact of various fertilization treatments on the characteristics of paddy soil phosphorus (P) evolution, and its response to soil P balance. We analyzed the annual variation of soil available P content, total P content, soil P balance, and phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC). 【Method】 This study was based on a long-term different fertilization experiment of paddy soil in subtropical China that was established in 1982. The different fertilization treatments included non-fertilization (CK), cattle manure (M), chemical nitrogen (N), P and potassium (K) fertilizer (NPK), NPK with M (NPKM), N and P fertilizer with M (NPM), N and K fertilizer with M (NKM), and P and K fertilizer with M (PKM). The annual variation characteristics of soil available P content, total P content, soil P balance, and PAC from 1982 to 2012 were analyzed. 【Result】 Soil available P content improved efficiently through fertilizer application. The change rate of soil available P content of M, NKM, NPK, NPM, NPKM, and PKM was 0.18, 0.20, 0.83, 1.35, 1.46, and 1.62 mg·kg-1·a-1, respectively. The soil total P content was on the decline under non-fertilization. The change rate of the soil total P content of M, NPK, PKM, NPM, and NPKM was 4.3, 15.4, 16.0, 18.3, and 22.9 mg·kg-1·a-1, respectively. All the fertilizer treatments had a P surplus no matter whether applying chemical fertilizer or cattle manure. The P apparent balance was significantly correlated with the Olsen-P increment (P<0.05). With an average surplus of 100 kg P·hm-2, the soil Olsen-P increased by 0.4, 0.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.2, and 3.2 mg·kg-1, in the M, NKM, NPM, NPKM, PKM, and NPK treatments, respectively. The PAC of NPK was significantly higher than M and NKM (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the soil P surplus amount among these treatments. 【Conclusion】Applying chemical P fertilizer plus cattle manure can significantly improve the soil available P, total P content, and PAC, compared with the treatments that applied chemical fertilizer or cattle manure alone.
HUANG J, ZHANG Y Z, XU M G, GAO J S . Evolution characteristics of soil available phosphorus and its response to soil phosphorus balance in paddy soil derived from red earth under long-term fertilization
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016,49(6):1132-1141. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.06.009URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】 In order to reveal the impact of various fertilization treatments on the characteristics of paddy soil phosphorus (P) evolution, and its response to soil P balance. We analyzed the annual variation of soil available P content, total P content, soil P balance, and phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC). 【Method】 This study was based on a long-term different fertilization experiment of paddy soil in subtropical China that was established in 1982. The different fertilization treatments included non-fertilization (CK), cattle manure (M), chemical nitrogen (N), P and potassium (K) fertilizer (NPK), NPK with M (NPKM), N and P fertilizer with M (NPM), N and K fertilizer with M (NKM), and P and K fertilizer with M (PKM). The annual variation characteristics of soil available P content, total P content, soil P balance, and PAC from 1982 to 2012 were analyzed. 【Result】 Soil available P content improved efficiently through fertilizer application. The change rate of soil available P content of M, NKM, NPK, NPM, NPKM, and PKM was 0.18, 0.20, 0.83, 1.35, 1.46, and 1.62 mg·kg-1·a-1, respectively. The soil total P content was on the decline under non-fertilization. The change rate of the soil total P content of M, NPK, PKM, NPM, and NPKM was 4.3, 15.4, 16.0, 18.3, and 22.9 mg·kg-1·a-1, respectively. All the fertilizer treatments had a P surplus no matter whether applying chemical fertilizer or cattle manure. The P apparent balance was significantly correlated with the Olsen-P increment (P<0.05). With an average surplus of 100 kg P·hm-2, the soil Olsen-P increased by 0.4, 0.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.2, and 3.2 mg·kg-1, in the M, NKM, NPM, NPKM, PKM, and NPK treatments, respectively. The PAC of NPK was significantly higher than M and NKM (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the soil P surplus amount among these treatments. 【Conclusion】Applying chemical P fertilizer plus cattle manure can significantly improve the soil available P, total P content, and PAC, compared with the treatments that applied chemical fertilizer or cattle manure alone.

MARDAMOOTOO T, DU PREEZ C C, SHARPLEY A N,. Phosphorus mobilization from sugarcane soils in the tropical environment of Mauritius under simulated rainfall
Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2015,103(1):29-43.
DOI:10.1007/s10705-015-9718-1URL [本文引用: 1]

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