行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米产量及光能利用的影响

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白晶^,, 张春雨, 丁相鹏, 张吉旺, 刘鹏, 任佰朝, 赵斌^,山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室,山东泰安 271018

Effects of Row Spacing and Mulching Reflective Film on the Yield and Light Utilization of Summer Maize

BAI Jing^,, ZHANG ChunYu, DING XiangPeng, ZHANG JiWang, LIU Peng, REN BaiZhao, ZHAO Bin^,College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong

通讯作者: 赵斌,E-mail： zhaobin@sdau.edu.cn

责任编辑: 杨鑫浩
收稿日期:2020-05-12接受日期:2020-08-24网络出版日期:2020-10-01

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划.2018YFD0300603
国家重点研发计划.2017YFD0301001

Received:2020-05-12Accepted:2020-08-24Online:2020-10-01
作者简介 About authors
白晶,E-mail： 921279941@qq.com。

摘要
【目的】近些年来夏玉米生长期阴雨寡照时有发生,光照不足已经成为影响夏玉米生长发育的重要限制因素。本研究的目的在于探讨在高密度下,采取适当调节行距配置和覆反光膜等措施能否有效改善及优化群体冠层和内部的光环境,缓解高密度造成的遮阴加重等问题,为进一步提高玉米产量提供理论依据。【方法】于2018—2019年进行大田试验,以郑单958为试验材料,在常规密度（67 500株/hm²）和高密度（82 500株/hm²）条件下,设置3个行距配置（（60+60）cm、（80+40）cm、（100+20）cm,覆反光膜（FM）和不覆膜（NM）2个处理,研究覆反光膜和行距配置对夏玉米光能利用及产量的影响。【结果】高密度种植,玉米产量增加。密度67 500株/hm²时,“60+60”和“80+40”行距配置的产量无显著差异,但均高于“100+20”行距配置;但密度82 500株/hm²时,覆反光膜处理下“FM80+40”的行距配置能够有效改善群体内部光照环境,使光能在玉米群体冠层内的分布更加合理,显著提高干物质积累量、LAI、冠层光能截获率、Pn及叶绿素含量,2年平均产量较“FM60+60”和“FM100+20”处理提高6.6%和10.8%,在不覆膜条件下“NM80+40”处理较“NM60+60”和“NM100+20”处理增产5.8%和8.7%,且“FM80+40”处理较“NM80+40”处理增产5.1%。【结论】82 500株/hm²密度下,采用“80+40”的行距配置,辅以覆反光膜处理,可显著改善夏玉米光合特性,提高下部透射光的反光率,进而增加中下部叶片的受光,防止叶片早衰,提升光合能力,是实现夏玉米再高产较理想的栽培模式。
关键词： 夏玉米;产量;光能利用;行距配置;覆反光膜

Abstract

【Objective】In recent years, it is the limitation for summer maize to face the less light radiation during the growing season, and the light deficiency has become the main limiting factor affecting the production of maize. In this study, the row spacing under high density of maize was adjusted appropriately to improve the light in the canopy and the interior of the population and to alleviate the influence of shading caused by high density, so as to lay a foundation for further improving the yield.【Method】This experiment took Zhengdan 958 as the experimental material under field conditions in 2018-2019, and there were two different planting densities, which were 67 500 plants/hm² and 82 500 plants/hm², and three row spacing forms (60+60, 80+40, 100+20), with mulching reflective film (FM) and no film treatment (NM). The effects of mulching reflective film and row spacing on light energy utilization and yield of summer maize were studied. 【Result】As the density increases, the maize yield increased. There was no significant difference in the yield of “60+60” and “80+40” row spacing configurations when the density of 67 500 plants/hm ² was higher than that of “100+20” row spacing configurations under the condition of mulching reflective film and no film. But at 82 500 plants/hm ² density, the row spacing configuration of “FM80+40” under the mulching treatment could effectively improve the light environment within the population and made the distribution of light energy in the canopy more reasonable, and significantly increase the dry matter accumulation, LAI, canopy light interception rate, Pn and chlorophyll content; Compared with “FM60+60” and “FM100+20” treatments, the two-year average yield of which were increased by 6.6% and 10.8%, respectively. The yield of “NM80+40” row spacing was 5.8% and 8.7% higher than that of “NM60+60” and “NM100+20” row spacing, respectively, and the yield of “FM80+40” was 5.1% higher than that of “NM80+40”.【Conclusion】Under the density of 82 500 plants/hm ², “80+40” row spacing arrangement supplemented by mulching reflective film could significantly improve the photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize, increase the reflectance of transmitted light at the lower part, and then increase the illumination of the middle and lower part of leaves, prevent premature aging of leaves, and improve photosynthetic capacity. Therefore, this treatment was an ideal cultivation mode to achieve high yield of summer maize

Keywords：summer maize;yield;light energy utilization;row spacing;mulching reflective film

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本文引用格式
白晶, 张春雨, 丁相鹏, 张吉旺, 刘鹏, 任佰朝, 赵斌. 行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米产量及光能利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(19): 3942-3953 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.008
BAI Jing, ZHANG ChunYu, DING XiangPeng, ZHANG JiWang, LIU Peng, REN BaiZhao, ZHAO Bin. Effects of Row Spacing and Mulching Reflective Film on the Yield and Light Utilization of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(19): 3942-3953 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.008

0 引言

【研究意义】玉米是我国第一大粮食作物,光照条件对玉米生长发育进程至关重要,但近些年来我国太阳总辐射量总体下降,以夏季降幅最大^[1],阴雨寡照在夏玉米生长期内时有发生,光照已经成为影响夏玉米生产的主要限制因素。密度与行距配置构建了不同的冠层结构,在高密度下,适当调节行距和增光能够有效改善群体冠层和内部的光照、通风等环境,缓解高密度造成的遮阴加重、透光率下降等影响,提高群体光能利用率,从而进一步提高玉米产量^[2]。因此,研究增光与行距配置对夏玉米产量形成和生理特性的调控机理具有重要的理论指导意义。【前人研究进展】光照对玉米生长发育过程至关重要^[3]。玉米作为C₄植物,光能是其光合作用的主要驱动力,光照强度、光照时间和光合面积显著影响玉米的产量^[4]。增加光照可以显著提高叶片的净光合速率和光能利用率^[5]。玉米的生殖生长期（开花期到成熟期）是玉米籽粒形成期,玉米穗粒数、粒重在这一时期受光能截获率和光能辐射量的影响最大,增加这一时期的光能截获率并延长光照时间可以有利于保持玉米绿叶面积,显著增加抽丝后植株的光合速率,进而提高夏玉米产量^[6,7,8]。在实际田间生产中,可以采用覆反光膜增光的技术来优化群体尤其是群体下部的光照环境和田间微环境,增强对太阳光的再次利用,提升底部叶片在“光斑”中的光合效率并能有效延缓其衰老进程,增加产量,这种方式可以显著提高果实商品性与品质,现阶段已在李、梨、柑橘、葡萄、桃等多种果树上广泛应用^[9,10,11]。增加种植密度是实现玉米高产稳产的重要途径^[12,13,14]。目前我国在生产中玉米的种植密度已达到60 000株/hm²,但是随种植密度的不断增大,植株之间互相遮阴,透光率下降,导致通风透光条件恶劣^[15,16]。行距配置对于建造良好的玉米群体冠层结构具有重要意义^[17,18],尤其在高密度条件下,宽窄行的种植模式可扩大光合利用面积,充分利用群体光资源,改善通风能力,提高中下层叶片的光合效率,使光照在玉米冠层内的分布更加合理,提高玉米群体的光能利用效率^[19,20]。【本研究切入点】前人关于增光或不同行距配置对夏玉米产量形成及生理特性等方面开展了较多的研究^[4-5,19-20],主要集中在增加人工光源、覆盖反光地膜及宽窄行等单一因素上,然而在不同行距配置辅以覆反光膜增光对夏玉米产量形成和生理特性影响方面的研究鲜见报道。【拟解决的关键问题】本文旨在通过研究不同行距配置辅以覆反光膜增光对夏玉米生长发育的影响,探明行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米光能利用和产量形成的调控机理,明确夏玉米高产、稳产的最优配置,为夏玉米应对光照不足条件下的高产高效生产提供理论依据和技术支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地点

本试验于2018—2019年在山东农业大学黄淮海区域玉米技术创新中心进行。试验田2018—2019年的土壤基础地力平均值如表1所示。

Table 1
表1
表1土壤养分含量
Table 1Nutrition content in soil

试验地点 Test location	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	速效氮 Available N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
黄淮海区域玉米技术创新中心 Huang-huai-hai regional maize technology innovation center	10.65	0.76	56.87	35.76	127.41

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1.2 试验设计

2年试验均采用三因素裂区设计,主区为行距配置（cm+cm）,分别为60+60、80+40、100+20,副区为种植密度,分别为常规密度67 500株/hm²（L）和高密度82 500株/hm²（H）,副副区为覆反光膜（FM）和不覆膜（NM）,供试品种为郑单958（ZD958）。试验共12个处理,重复3次。覆反光膜的60+60、80+40、100+20行距配置分别表示为（FM60+60）、（FM80+40）、（FM100+20）。不覆反光膜的60+60、80+40、100+20行距配置分别表示为（NM60+60）、（NM80+40）、（NM100+20）。覆反光膜处理采用在玉米行间铺设银灰反光地膜,反光率达90%,铺设地膜时间为拔节期追肥以后进行,其他管理同一般高产田。

1.3 测定项目及方法

1.3.1 干物质积累与分配于大喇叭口期（V12）、开花期（VT）、花后20 d（VT+20）、花后40 d（VT+40）和成熟期（VT+60）,选择生长一致的植株5株,按照茎、苞叶、雄穗、叶片、籽粒、穗轴等部位分开,烘箱内105℃杀青60 min,80℃烘干至恒重称重。

1.3.2 叶面积指数于V12、VT、VT+20、VT+40、VT+60测定,各处理分别选择植株6株,量取叶片的叶长和叶宽,计算叶面积和叶面积指数。

单叶叶面积（m²）=叶长×叶宽×0.75

LAI=单株叶面积×单位土地面积内株数/单位土地面积

1.3.3 叶绿素含量于开花期选择有代表性的植株5株,测定穗位叶叶绿素含量,叶绿素含量测定方法采用丙酮乙醇混合液法,取穗位叶新鲜玉米叶片,剪取相同大小的小圆片8片,放入丙酮乙醇混合液中,在室温下（10—30℃）暗处提取,至材料完全变白后,取清液,以丙酮乙醇混合液做对照,用分光光度计测定光密度。

1.3.4 冠层光能截获率于V12、VT、VT+20、VT+40、VT+60时期选择晴朗无云天气,在9：00— 11：00采用SunScan冠层分析仪测定。每个小区分别在大小行间按对角线方式测定8次,取平均值。分3层测量,即冠层上部（雄穗上方20 cm）、穗位层（穗位叶）、冠层底部（距地面20 cm）。光合有效辐射（PAR）计算公式如下：

底部光能截获率（%）=1-底部PAR/冠层上部PAR

穗位层光能截获率（%）=1-穗位层PAR/冠层上部PAR

1.3.5 冠层反光率于V12、VT、VT+20、VT+40、VT+60时期选择晴天无云天气,在9：00—11：00采用SunScan冠层分析仪测定,测定时将仪器手柄反转。测定部位为冠层底部（距地面20 cm）的PAR,分别在大小行间按对角线方式定点测定8次。

反光率（%）=测定层PAR/冠层上部PAR×底部光能截获率

底层总光能截获率（%）=底部光能截获率+反光率

1.3.6 净光合速率于大喇叭口期、开花期以及开花后每20 d,选择晴朗无风天气,在上午9：00—11：00,选取代表性植株,采用CIRAS-3便携式光合测定系统,测定穗位叶和穗位叶下第4片叶的净光合速率,每个处理重复5次,测定部位为叶片中部向阳的一面。

1.3.7 产量及产量构成因素收获期每小区取中间3行5 m长进行测产,调查该面积内实际株数、穗数、双穗数、空秆数、倒伏数,待收获后随机选取30个果穗风干后考种,分别测定玉米千粒重、穗粒数、含水量等指标,最后计算籽粒产量。

1.4 数据分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2016处理数据;用SPSS软件进行数据统计与分析,用Sigmaplot 14.0作图。

2 结果

2.1 行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米产量的影响

由图1可知,在常规密度下,“60+60”与“80+40”行距配置间产量差异不显著,但均高于“100+20”行距配置,在覆反光膜条件下“FM60+ 60”与“FM80+40”行距配置2年平均产量分别较“FM100+20”提高5.5%、7.9%,在不覆膜条件下分别提高5.9%、6.6%;且“FM60+60”“FM80+40”和“FM100+20”3种处理分别较不覆膜处理提高3.4%、5.2%和3.8%。在高密度下,“FM80+40”行距配置2年平均产量较其他行距配置提高6.6%（FM60+ 60）、10.8%（FM100+20）,在不覆膜条件下“NM80+40”处理提高5.8%（NM60+60）、8.7%（NM100+20）;“FM60+60”“FM80+40”和“FM100+20”处理分别较不覆膜处理提高4.4%、5.1%和3.2%。高密度较常规密度2年平均产量提高12.1%。由于倒伏原因2018年产量略低于2019年产量。对玉米产量进行方差分析表明,种植密度、行距配置和覆反光膜各因素对产量均有显著影响,且各因素之间存在显著的交互作用（表2）。可见,在高密度下,“80+40”行距配置辅以覆反光膜可显著提高产量。

图1

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图1行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米产量的影响

L：常规密度;H：高密度。不同小写字母在0.05水平差异显著。下同
Fig. 1Effects of row spacing and mulching reflective film on the yield of summer maize

L: Normal density; H: High density. Different small letters indicate significant at 0.05 level. The same as below

Table 2
表2
表2夏玉米产量方差分析
Table 2Variance analysis for yield of summer maize

变异来源 Sources of variance	密度 Density	行距配置 Row spacing	覆反光膜 Mulching reflective film	密度×行距配置 Density×Row spacing	密度×覆反光膜 Density×Mulching reflective film	行距配置×覆反光膜 Row spacing×Mulching reflective film	密度×行距配置×覆反光膜 Density×Row spacing×Mulching reflective film
显著水平 Significance level	**	**	**	**	*	*	*

* indicates the correlation at 0.05 level, and ** indicates the correlation at 0.01 level
*表示在0.05水平相关,**表示在0.01水平相关

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2.2 行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米群体干物质积累的影响

群体干物质积累随着生育期的推进呈迅速增加趋势（图2）,在常规密度下,“60+60”行距配置高于其他2种配置,覆反光膜条件下分别提高2.4%（FM80+40）、11.8%（FM100+20）,不覆膜条件下分别提高3.4%（NM80+40）、14.8%（NM100+20）。在高密度下,“80+40”行距配置干物质积累能力最高,覆反光膜处理后的干物质积累量显著高于不覆膜处理,在覆反光膜条件下较其他行距配置增加8.1%（FM60+60）、13.9%（FM100+20）,不覆膜条件下增加4.9%（NM60+60）、13.8%（NM100+20）,其中“FM80+40”处理较“NM80+40”处理提高7.6%。高密度下的平均干物质积累量显著高于常规密度,2年分别提高5.4%（2018）、18.3%（2019）。

图2

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图2覆反光膜和行距配置对玉米群体干物质积累的影响

V12：大喇叭口期;VT：开花期;VT+20：开花期后20 d;VT+40：开花期后40 d;VT+60：开花期后60 d。下同
Fig. 2Effect of row spacing and mulching reflective film on dry matter accumulation of summer maize

V12: Large bell stage; VT: Flowering stage; VT+20: 20 days after flowering stage; VT+40: 40 days after flowering stage; VT+60: 60 days after flowering stage. The same as below

2.3 行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米叶面积指数（LAI）的影响

叶面积指数在玉米生长发育过程中随着生育时期的推进呈先增加后下降的趋势,最大值出现在开花期（图3）。不同密度下各行距配置叶面积指数表现不同,常规密度下“60+60”行距配置的LAI_max与“80+40”行距配置无显著差异,但均高于“100+20”行距配置,在覆反光膜条件下分别较“FM100+20”处理提高10.2%、9.5%,在不覆膜条件下分别提高9.7%、6.5%。在高密度下,“FM80+40”处理LAI_max比其他处理提高1.6%（FM60+60）、3.3%（FM100+ 20）,在不覆膜条件下“NM80+40”处理提高2.3%（NM60+60）、9.4%（NM100+20）。3种行距配置下覆反光膜增光处理后的LAI均高于不覆膜处理,2年来覆反光膜处理下的平均LAI_max较不覆膜处理提高3.0%,高密度下的平均LAI_max较常规密度提高16.6%。

图3

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图3行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米叶面积指数的影响

Fig. 3Effect of row spacing and mulching reflective film on LAI of summer maize

2.4 行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米叶绿素的影响

穗位叶叶绿素含量从开花期开始随生育期的推进逐渐下降,3种行距配置中覆反光膜处理后叶绿素均增加（图4）。在2种种植密度下,行距配置对穗位叶叶绿素含量的影响表现一致,均表现为“80+40”行距配置高于其他2种配置。尤其是在花后40 d 时,常规密度下,覆反光膜处理下的“FM80+40”处理叶绿素含量高出其他各处理3.1%（FM60+60）、5.7%（FM100+20）,不覆膜条件下“NM80+40”较其他处理提高2.0%（NM60+60）、10.2%（NM100+20）,且“FM80+40”较“NM80+40”处理提高2.8%。在高密度下,覆反光膜后的“FM80+40”处理较其他2种处理提高3.0%（FM60+60）、19.0%（FM100+20）,不覆膜条件下“NM80+40”处理较其他2种处理提高13.7%（NM60+60）、18.8%（NM100+20）,“FM80+40”处理较“NM80+40”处理提高3.0%。

图4

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图4行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米叶绿素的影响

Fig. 4Effect of row spacing and mulching reflective film on chlorophyll of summer maize

2.5 行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米光能截获率的影响

夏玉米穗位层和底层的光能截获率在开花期后呈下降趋势,在花后40 d后降幅较大（图5）。常规密度下“60+60”与“80+40”行距配置间无显著差异,但二者均高于“100+20”行距配置。在高密度下,底层截获率和穗位层截获率表现为“80+40”行距配置最高,尤其是在覆反光膜条件下,“FM80+40”处理在开花期光能截获率平均比其他处理分别高2.2%（FM60+60）、2.9%（FM100+20）。3种行距配置下,覆反光膜增光后的底层截获率均高于不覆膜处理,高密度下光能截获率显著高于常规密度。在增光处理和行距配置的互作效应下,“FM80+40”处理截获率高于其他处理。

图5

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图5行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米光能截获率的影响

Fig. 5Effect of row spacing and mulching reflective film on PAR capture ratio of summer maize

2.6 行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米冠层反光率的影响

反光率是指反光膜在近地面经阳光照射后反射到叶片的这部分可再次利用光的光能截获率。由图6可以看出,随密度的增加冠层反光率呈现下降的趋势,82 500株/hm²密度下比67 500株/hm²密度下的反光率降低6.3%。不同的行距配置也对反光率有不同的影响,宽窄行的行距越大对冠层反光率的影响越显著,2个密度条件下“100+20”行距配置的反光率的平均值比“80+40”和“60+60”分别高63.3%、36.4%（67 500株/hm²）和145.2%、96.2%（82 500株/hm²）。

图6

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图6行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米冠层反光率的影响

Fig. 6Effect of row spacing and mulching reflective film on reflection ratio of summer maize

2.7 行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米净光合速率（Pn）的影响

3种行距配置下夏玉米穗位叶净光合速率均表现为随着种植密度的增大而减小（图7）。在同一密度条件下,各行距配置间的差异有所不同,在常规密度下各行距配置的净光合速率表现为“FM80+40”>“FM60+60”>“FM100+ 20”,“NM60+60”>“NM80+ 40”>“NM100+20”,表明覆膜增光处理后增强了“80+40”行距的光合能力。在高密度条件下,开花期覆反光膜后的“FM80+ 40”处理较其他处理提高4.8%（FM60+ 60）、8.1%（FM100+20）,不覆膜后的“NM80+ 40”处理较其他处理提高3.8%（NM60+60）、7.7%（NM100+20）,且“FM60+60” “FM80+40”和“FM100+ 20”处理分别较不覆膜提高1.6%、2.6%和2.2%。

图7

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图7行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米穗位叶净光合速率的影响

Fig. 7Effect of row spacing and mulching reflective film on Pn of summer maize

2.8 行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米穗位叶下第四片叶净光合速率（Pn）的影响

由图8可以看出,覆反光膜的增光处理可以提高穗位叶下第四片叶即近地面叶片的净光合速率,净光合速率同期均较不覆膜处理升高,在花后20 d和40 d时,覆反光膜增光后,穗位叶下第四片叶Pn平均较不覆膜处理升高4.9%和9.0%。2种密度条件下,开花期“80+40”行距配置的穗位叶下第四片叶Pn均高于其他各配置,在常规密度下,覆反光膜条件下的“FM80+40”处理较其他处理分别增加2.1%（FM60+ 60）、29.2%（FM100+20）。在高密度下,覆反光膜后的“FM80+40”处理较其他处理分别提高9%（FM60+ 60）、23.3%（FM100+20）,不覆膜条件下“NM80+40”处理较其他处理分别提高8.9%（NM60+60）、28.6%（NM100+20）,其中“FM80+40”处理较“NM80+40”处理高4.4%。在高密度下,“FM80+40”处理更有利于近地面净光合速率的提高。

图8

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图8行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米穗位叶下第四片叶净光合速率的影响

Fig. 8Effect of row spacing and mulching reflective film on the Pn of the fourth leaf of panicle leaf of summer maize

3 讨论

3.1 行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米产量及干物质积累的影响

合理密植是决定高产的关键因素之一,通过增密来增加光合势在玉米生长后期的分配比例及花后净同化率,依靠群体发挥增产潜力是获得玉米高产稳产的重要途径之一^[21],但种植密度过高致使单株生长速率降低,冠层中下部叶片光照条件变差,群体光合速率降低。宽窄行的种植方式可以增强不同土层深度根系吸收养分和水分的能力^[22],尤其是在高密度下,宽行通风透光条件更好,促进了玉米雌雄穗分化发育,进而优化穗部性状,增加玉米有效穗而提高籽粒产量^[23]。本试验中产量及干物质积累量均随种植密度增加而提高,与常规密度相比,高密度下平均产量提高12.1%,在常规密度下,“60+60”与“80+40”行距配置间产量无显著差异,均显著高于“100+20”行距配置,而干物质积累表现为“60+60”行距配置高于其他2种配置;在高密度下,“80+40”行距配置的产量及干物质积累均高于其他配置,其中“FM80+40”处理优势更为明显,这与杨吉顺等^[24]的研究结果基本一致。

农田地膜覆盖应用较为普遍,覆盖地膜后能有效聚集自然降水,减少蒸发,最大限度的蓄积土壤水分,提升地表温度,改善土壤理化性质,最终提高籽粒产量^[25]。本试验首次将反光膜用于玉米栽培,由于覆盖反光膜采用两端固定两侧不固定的方式,反光膜的两边是通气的,可能存在对土壤温度的影响,但与反光的效果相比影响较小;反光膜不是全覆盖,各个处理间留有空隙,处理间土壤湿度因覆膜造成的差异可忽略。覆反光膜主要利用其对透射光的反射来增强冠层下部的光照条件,改善设施内的光强和光质,达到增产的目的。玉米产量主要来源于光合作用,受光照条件的限制尤为明显。史建国等^[26]研究发现,花粒期增光后干物质积累显著增加,籽粒所占植株干重比例也显著增加。本试验结果表明,覆反光膜的增光处理可以显著增加玉米产量,在常规密度下,“FM60+60”“FM80+40”和“FM100+20”3种处理下的产量分别较不覆膜提高3.4%、5.2%和3.8%;在高密度下,“FM60+60”“FM80+40”和“FM100+20”处理分别较不覆膜提高4.4%、5.1%和3.2%,这与高佳等^[5]增光的研究结果相似,且在行距配置和覆反光膜处理的互作效应下,“FM80+40”处理更有利于夏玉米产量的提高及群体干物质的积累。

3.2 行距配置和覆反光膜对夏玉米光合特性的影响

前人对于不同行距配置对夏玉米光合特性的研究较多,梁熠^[22]认为过高的密度条件使得玉米群体冠层郁蔽,遮阴严重,造成冠层下部光环境恶劣,宽窄行种植对玉米行间进行有效的间隔种植,可以增加植株之间的距离,可改善群体内部光环境,有利于提高群体光合利用效率,延缓玉米叶片衰老^[27,28]。本试验结果表明,在高密度下,覆反光膜和不覆膜处理的“80+40”行距配置的叶面积指数显著高于“60+60”和“100+20” 行距配置,且“FM80+40”处理下的叶面积指数高于“NM80+40”处理。武志海等^[29]和邓妍等^[30]也认为采用宽窄行种植的方式可以改善玉米优良冠层结构,增强玉米光合作用,充分利用群体光照资源,还可以调节群体内部光照分布,尤其改善并优化冠层中下部叶片的光照强度。本试验中,在高密度下“80+40”行距配置能够有效改善群体形态和内部的光照环境,提高玉米群体叶面积指数,增加群体内光能截获率,尤其是穗位叶层及底层光截获率,促进穗位叶Pn和叶绿素的提高,且在覆反光膜条件下,“FM80+40”的优势更为明显。

光照作为玉米生长发育的重要条件之一,玉米的产量与其截获的太阳辐射紧密相关^[31]。前人研究表明,前期的光照不足会严重影响玉米的生长发育,而玉米后期光照不足则会显著降低净光合速率^[32]。本试验中,通过在田间铺设反光膜显著增强了底部透射光的再次利用,“FM60+60” “FM80+40”和“FM100+ 20”处理的光能截获率和净光合速率均高于不覆膜处理。这与余伟^[10]在椪柑下覆盖反光地膜的结论相似,覆反光地膜可有效增强椪柑树冠下部的光照强度,增强植株叶片的净光合速率,进而提高果实品质。刘林^[11]也表明覆膜处理通过补充光合作用所需光照或改变其光质,可以增加其胞间CO₂浓度,进而可以提高叶片光合能力和净光合速率,但升高气孔导度只是影响光合速率提高的其中一个因素。叶片光合能力的强弱是决定群体光合作用的重要基础,增光处理后叶片叶绿体结构优良,叶绿素含量也呈上升趋势,叶片光合性能显著增强。本试验中,不同密度条件下,覆反光膜增光后“FM60+ 60”“FM80+40”和“FM100+20”处理的LAI和叶绿素含量均较不覆膜处理显著增高,其中“FM80+ 40”处理最高。这与高佳^[5]研究结果相似,高佳^[5]认为增光后夏玉米叶绿体结构良好,基粒片层排列紧致、清晰且数量增加,提高净光合速率和叶绿素含量,增强叶片光合性能。由此可见,覆反光膜处理后的“80+40”行距配置显著改善夏玉米的光合特性,增强对辐射光的再次利用,提升底部叶片的光合效率并能有效延缓其衰老进程,进而增加产量。

4 结论

本试验条件下,覆反光膜显著增加各处理的产量,在67 500株/hm²密度下,“60+60”和“80+40”行距配置的产量无显著差异,均高于“100+20”配置;在82 500株/hm²密度下,覆反光膜增光后“FM80+40”处理显著提高夏玉米产量,2年平均产量较“FM60+60”和“FM100+20”处理提高6.6%和10.8%,且“FM80+40”处理较“NM80+40”处理增产5.1%。因此,82 500株/hm²密度,采用“80+40”行距配置,覆反光膜增光可进一步提升夏玉米的光合能力和产量。

参考文献原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子

[1]

陶苏林, 戚易明, 申双和, 李雨鸿, 周寅. 中国1981-2014年太阳总辐射的时空变化
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[本文引用: 1]

TAO

S L

, QI

Y M

, SHEN

S H

, LI

Y H

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. The spatial and temporal variation of solar radiation over China from 1981 to 2014
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[本文引用: 1]

[2]

MATTERA

, ROMERO

L A

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DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2012.10.008 URL [本文引用: 1]

Lucerne sowing is characterized by a rectangular spatial arrangement, i.e. greater distance between sowing rows than between plants in the row. Therefore, the reduction of row spacing generates more square spatial arrangements that can influence intraspecific competition and resource utilization, especially radiation, and thus biomass. The experiment included different row spacings (10-15-17.5-20 and 30 cm) at the same plant density in a pure lucerne crop during the first production year. Total aerial dry matter (ADM) was increased by narrow spacing (more square arrangements) up to an optimal distance (around 13 cm) (R-2 = 0.60). ADM ranged from 2292 to 1670 g DM m(-2) for 15 and 30 cm row spacing, respectively. Plant density was the forage yield component most affected by row spacing and it increased with narrow spacing (0.15 >= R-2 <= 0.5). ADM responses to reduced row spacing were positive as revealed by both a linear increase in radiation interception (PAR(ia)) (R-2 = 0.76) and an optimal pattern in radiation use efficiency (RUE) (R-2 = 0.45). PAR(ia) in the first year showed an increase of 8 MJ cm(-1) of spacing reduction. RUE values ranged from 2.0 to 1.6 g DM MJ(-1) for 15 and 30 cm row spacing, respectively. The leaf area index (LAI) was also affected by row spacing. Additionally, seasonal variation was found for the main variables but did not interact with row spacing. In conclusion, reducing row spacing to an optimal distance is a practice that allows for more favourable spatial arrangements of a lucerne crop and has a positive impact on forage production. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V.

[3]

刘仲发, 勾玲, 赵明, 张保军. 遮荫对玉米茎秆形态特征、穿刺强度及抗倒伏能力的影响
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DOI:10.7668/hbnxb.2011.04.016 URL [本文引用: 1]

Under field condition,effects of shading on stalk mechanical and rind penetration strength were investigated using three maize cultivars differing in lodging resistant ability,i.e.JK519,CS1 and ZD958.The results showed that JK519 with a large spike under thinned planting density was sensitive to shade stress,its plant height and ear height were decreased significantly,and LAI(leaf area index) was also declined.With lower internodes diameter and shorter internodes length at basal stem,the ratio of dry weight to length of internodes was reduced in shading condition.The rind penetration strength of JK519 was decreased by 36.4% and 66.0% under a shading intensity of 30% and 60%,respectively;and field lodging seriously.However,with a shading intensity of 30%,CS1(a compact and tolerant to high density type) was declined slightly in the ear height,LAI and internodes diameter,and its rind penetration strength was only decreased by 5.9%.The rind penetration strength was decreased obviously by 60 % shading intensity,lodging heavily.Meanwhile,the finally maize yield,the number of harvest ear and grain per ear,and weight of 1 000 kernels of three maize cultivars were decreased significantly with increasing shading intensity.The 30% shading intensity should be definite as an appraise and selection condition of the mechanical strength of maize high yield and lodging resistance.

LIU

Z F

, GOU

, ZHAO

, ZHANG

B J

. Effects of shading on stalk morphological characteristics, rind penetration strength and lodging resistance of maize
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DOI:10.7668/hbnxb.2011.04.016 URL [本文引用: 1]

高佳, 史建国, 董树亭, 刘鹏, 赵斌, 张吉旺. 花粒期光照强度对夏玉米根系生长和产量的影响
中国农业科学, 2017, 50(11): 2104-2113.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.016 URL [本文引用: 2]

【Objective】In recent years, the declining trend of global solar radiation has become a limiting factor in crop production, low light is one of the most important stresses to maize growth and yield formation. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different light intensities on the root growth and yield of summer maize under field conditions. 【Method】In 2012-2014, Denghai 605 (DH605) was used as experimental material. Two treatments of both shading (S) and increasing light (L) from flowering to maturity stage during maize growth period were designed. The field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of different light on dry matter accumulation, root structure characteristicsand yields of summer maize. The shading degree was 60% and the illumination intensity of the increasing light on cloudy day could reach 80 000-10 0000 lx. One non-shading and non-increasing light treatment was used as control. 【Result】 Compared to CK, root characteristics and grain yield under shading decreased, while those of L increased. Results showed that grain yields in S treatment were reduced by 79%, 61% and 60% from 2012 to 2014, compared to CK, while the yields in L treatment were increased by 13%, 7% and 15%. Yield, root/shoot ratio, root diameter, root length density, root absorption area and root active absorption area decreased, respectively, after shading from flowering to maturity stage; however, the yield, root/shoot ratio, root diameter, root length density, root absorption area and root active absorption area increased after increasing light from flowering to maturity stage. Shading had a strong impact on the development of roots in the upper soil layer, while roots in lower soil layers were less affected. Shading from flowering to maturity stage clearly decreased the photosynthetic rate, leaf pigments content, dry matter accumulation, root/shoot ratio, root length density, root absorption area and active absorption area. Overall, shading from flowering to maturity stage decreased the root morphologic and activity indices. Increasing light was beneficial to the improvement of the root of the robust growth and root activity. The root absorption areas in the 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm soil layers in L increased by 17%, 18%, 17% and 21%, 27%, 27% at VT+20, VT+40, and R6, respectively, compared to the control. The root active absorption areas increased by 11%, 18%, 17% and 27%, 33%, 28% at VT+20, VT+40, and R6, respectively, compared to the control. Increasing light made the plants could get more water and nutrients from the soil for the growth of the aerial part, increasing grain filling rate and grain yield. 【Conclusion】 In latter growing period, root characteristics and grain yield decreased under shading, while those of L increased. In order to fit rainy weather in latter period, the study suggest that adjusting plant date and optimizing management should be done to mitigate shading in this region.

GAO

, SHI

J G

, DONG

S T

, LIU

, ZHAO

, ZHANG

J W

. Grain yield and root characteristics of summer maize under shade stress conditions
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(11): 2104-2113.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.016 URL [本文引用: 2]

高佳, 崔海岩, 史建国, 董树亭, 刘鹏, 赵斌, 张吉旺. 花粒期光照对夏玉米光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响
应用生态学报, 2018, 29(3): 883-890.

DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201803.021 URLPMID:29722231 [本文引用: 5]

We examined the changes of photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure in mesophyll cell of summer maize in response to different light intensities in the field, with the summer maize hybrid Denghai 605 as experimental material. Two treatments of both shading (S) and increasing light (L) from flowering to physiological maturity stage were designed, with the ambient sunlight treatment as control (CK). Under shading treatment, poorly developed thylakoid structure, blurry lamellar structure, loose granum, large gap between slices and warping granum were the major characteristics in chloroplast. Meanwhile, photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and actual photo-chemical efficiency (PhiPSII) decreased, whereas the maximal photochemical efficiency and non-photochemical quenching increased, which resulted in decreases in grain yield under shading treatment. However, a better development was observed in chloroplasts for L treatment, with the number of grana and lamellae increased and lamellae arranged compactly. In addition, Pn and PhiPSII increased under L treatment, which increased grain yield. The chloroplast arrangement dispersed in mesophyll cells and chloroplast ultrastructure was destroyed after shading, and then chlorophyll synthesis per unit leaf area and photosynthetic capacity decreased. In contrast, the number of grana and lamellae increased and lamellae arranged compactly after increasing light, which are beneficial for corn yield.

GAO

, CUI

H Y

, SHI

J G

, DONG

S T

, LIU

, ZHAO

, ZHANG

J W

. Effects of light intensities after anthesis on the photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure in mesophyll cell of summer maize (Zea mays L.)
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2018, 29(3): 883-890. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201803.021 URLPMID:29722231 [本文引用: 5]

李言照, 东先旺, 刘光亮, 陶飞. 光温因子对玉米产量及产量构成因素值的影响
中国生态农业学报, 2002, 10(2): 90-93.

URL [本文引用: 1]

Under the condition of Laboratory，we study the effects of water status and temperature on leaf growth of wheat and maize through the determination of leaf extension rate， _s and _L．The results shows with the increase of temperature．1eaf extension rate increases first．arrives at highest value at 27℃ and then decreases rapidly．Under different soil statuses．there are lineral correlations between leaf extension rate and water stress．The changes of soll stres and temperature bring out the changes of _p．and osmotic potential aimcauses the change of leaf extension rate．As the increase of _p，leaf extension rate increases and at the same time the co-effects of water stress and temperature on leaf extension rate of maize is biggest．

Y Z

, DONG

X W

, LIU

G L

, TAO

. Effect of light and temperature factors on yield and its components in maize
Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2002, 10(2): 90-93. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

SIMMONS

S R

, JONES

R J

. Contributions of pre-silking assimilate to grain yield on maize
Crop Science, 1985, 25(6): 1004-1006.

DOI:10.2135/cropsci1985.0011183X002500060025x URL [本文引用: 1]

[8]

BORRELL

A K

, HAMMER

G L

, HENZELL

R G

. Does maintaining green leaf area in sorghum improve yield under drought? II. Dry matter production and yield
Crop Science, 2000, 40(4): 1037.

DOI:10.2135/cropsci2000.4041037x URL [本文引用: 1]

[9]

王利芬, 朱军贞. 反光膜对果实品质影响的研究进展
北方园艺, 2011, 15: 228-230.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG

L F

, ZHU

J Z

. Research advance in effect of reflecting films on fruit quality
Northern Horticulture, 2011, 15: 228-230. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[10]

余伟. 光环境对柑桔果实品质及成熟期的影响
安徽农业科学, 2006, 34(20): 5248.

[本文引用: 2]

. Research on the influence of light on orange quality and maturity period
Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2006, 34(20): 5248. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[11]

刘林, 许雪峰, 王忆, 李天忠, 韩振海. 不同反光膜对设施葡萄果实糖分代谢与品质的影响
果树学报, 2008, 25(2): 178-181.

[本文引用: 2]

LIU

, XU

X F

, WANG

, LI

T Z

, HAN

Z H

. Effect of different reflecting films on berry quality and sucrose metabolism of grape in greenhouse
Journal of Fruit Science, 2008, 25(2): 178-181. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[12]

DUVICK

D N

. The contribution of breeding to yield advances in maize ( Zea mays L)
Advance in Agronomy, 2005, 86: 83-145.

[本文引用: 1]

[13]

陈国平, 高聚林, 赵明, 董树亭, 李少昆, 杨祁峰, 刘永红, 王立春, 薛吉全, 柳京国, 李潮海, 王永宏, 王友德, 宋慧欣, 赵久然. 近年我国玉米超高产田的分布、产量构成及关键技术
作物学报, 2012, 38(1): 80-85.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.00080 URL [本文引用: 1]

Maize high-yield potential and small-area super-high yield research in different areas were conducted in 2006–2010. The geographical distribution, yield components and key culture techniques of 159 maize super-high yield plots with yield of ≥15 000 kg ha^-1 were analyzed comprehensively. Results showed that: (1) most high-yield plots distributed in higher latitude (40°–43°N) and higher elevation regions (1 000–1 500 m) with abundant sunlight and higher temperature in the daytime and lower temperature in the nighttime which were the primary factors affected super-high yield; (2) the yield structure was 88 950 ears ha^-1, 541 kernels per ear, 360.0 g per 1000-kernel, 191.8 g per ear, and the average yield was 16 692 kg ha^-1;the ear and kernel numbers among yield components were correlated significantly with yield; (3) the key culture techniques for maize high-yield was selecting high density tolerant maize cultivar combined with reasonable dense planting, abundant water and fertilizer supply, scientific management, and film mulching.

CHEN

G P

, GAO

J L

, ZHAO

, DONG

S T

, LI

S K

, YANG

Q F

, LIU

Y H

, WANG

L C

, XUE

J Q

, LIU

J G

, LI

C H

, WANG

Y H

, WANG

Y D

, SONG

H X

, ZHAO

J R

. Distribution, yield structure, and key cultural techniques of maize super-high yield plots in recent years
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2012, 38(1): 80-85. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.00080 URL [本文引用: 1]

SANGOI

, GRACIETTI

M.A

, RAMPAZZO

, BIANCHETTI

. Response of Brazilian maize hybrids from different eras to changes in plant density
Field Crops Research, 2002, 79: 39-51.

DOI:10.1016/S0378-4290(02)00124-7 URL [本文引用: 1]

[15]

董树亭, 胡昌浩, 岳寿松, 王群瑛, 高荣岐, 潘子龙. 夏玉米群体光合速率特性及其与冠层结构、生态条件的关系
植物生态学与地植物学学报, 1992, 16(4): 372-378.

[本文引用: 1]

DONG

S T

, HU

C H

, YUE

S S

, WANG

Q Y

, GAO

R Q

, PAN

Z L

. The characteristics of canopy photosynthesis of summer corn and its relation with canopy structure and ecological conditions
Acta Phytoecologica Et Geobotanica Sinica, 1992, 16(4): 372-378. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[16]

陆雪珍, 沈雪芳, 沈才标, 徐晓梅, 张文献. 不同种植密度下糯玉米产量及相关性状研究
上海农业学报, 2008, 24(2): 61-64.

[本文引用: 1]

X Z

, SHEN

X F

, SHEN

C B

, XU

X M

, ZHANG

W X

. Study on yield and correlated characters of waxy corn under different planting densities
Acta Agriculturae Shanghai, 2008, 24(2): 61-64. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[17]

赵殿忱, 陈渊. 大豆宽窄行密植栽培技术试验研究
农业系统科学与综合研究, 2000, 16(1): 45-49, 65.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHAO

D C

, CHEN

. Cultivation techniques with high density in wide-narrow ridge of soybean
Agricultural Systems Science and Comprehensive Research, 2000, 16(1): 45-49, 65. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[18]

吕丽华, 陶洪斌, 夏来坤, 张雅杰, 赵明, 赵久然, 王璞. 不同种植密度下的夏玉米冠层结构及光合特性
作物学报, 2008, 34(3): 447-455.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.00447 URL [本文引用: 1]

Canopy structure has strong effects on photosynthesis and grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.). Planting density is one of the most important factors that can regulate canopy structure. Many researches have shown that leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) increase accordantly with the proper increase of planting density, but the percent transmission decreases sharply under excessive high density, resulting in uneven light distribution within canopy and photosynthesis reduction. We need to know which proper planting densities for cultivars lead to little influence on photosynthesis and higher grain yield in summer maize. However, so far few reports on this topic have been found and no quantitative criteria can be used in evaluating canopy structure of different maize cultivars. Therefore, we conducted an experiment with three cultivars and three planting densities in the field having medium soil fertility and application of 180 kg N ha^-1 in Wuqiao Experimental Station (37°41′02″N，116°37′23″E) of China Agricultural University in 2006 to establish such quantitative criteria for high yielding cultivars in North China Plain. The split plot design was employed with main plot of plant density (low, medium, and high respectively), sub-plot of cultivar (CF008, Zhengdan 958, and Jinhai 5 respectively), and three replicates in each sup-plot. According to plant type, the densities of three cultivars were 9.75×104 (low), 11.25×104 (medium), and 12.45×104 (high) plants ha-1 for CF008; 8.25×104 (low), 9.75×104 (medium), and 11.25×104 (high) plants ha-1 for Zhengdan 958; and 6.75×104 (low), 8.25×104 (medium), and 9.75×104 (high) plants ha-1 for Jinhai 5. The high-yielding canopy structure and photosynthesis were obtained under both low and medium densities of the three cultivars. Percent transmission, leaf angle, and stem diameter decreased with the increase of plant density. The chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) and the rate of net photosynthesis rate (Pn) were the smallest under high density because of the uneven light distribution within canopy. For CF008, SPAD value of ear leaf and the third leaf under ear decreased sharply in later growth stages. LAD and LAI values before mid-filling stage were greater under medium or high densities, while different tendency occurred in the maturity stages. Moreover, the proportion of after-silking LAD was greater under low or medium densities, showing that canopy structure was unsuitable under high density due to early senescence. For Zhengdan 958 and Jinhai 5, LAD after silking was greater than that before silking, which was benefit for high grain yield. Our results confirmed that proper planting density can establish high-yielding canopy structure and improve population photosynthesis and yield in maize. We also obtained a series quantitative criteria for high-yielding canopy structure based on the data from Wuqiao area: percent transmission of 13.4%–19.45% in silking stage and 16.19%–21.48% in mid-filling stage under low or medium densities; LAI of 5.59–6.75 in silking stage and 2.24–3.68 in maturity stage, especially highen in middle and upper leaf layers in maturity stage under low or medium densities; Pn of 33.6–43.8 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 in middle and upper layer leaves in silking stage under low or medium densities; higher LAD after silking under low or medium densities, with 172.01–235.91 m2 d m-2 under medium density.

Lü

L H

, TAO

H B

, XIA

L K

, ZHANG

Y J

, ZHAO

J R

, WANG

. Canopy structure and photosynthesis traits of summer maize under different planting densities
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2008, 34(3): 447-455. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.00447 URL [本文引用: 1]

MOHAMMADI

G R

, GHOBADI

M E

, SHEIKHEH-POOR

. Phosphate biofertilizer, row spacing and plant density effects on corn ( Zea mays L.) yield and weed growth
American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2012, 3: 425-429.

DOI:10.4236/ajps.2012.34051 URL [本文引用: 2]

[20]

白伟, 孙占祥, 郑家明, 侯志研, 刘洋, 冯良山, 杨宁. 辽西地区不同种植模式对春玉米产量形成及其生长发育特性的影响
作物学报, 2014, 40(1): 181-189.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.00181 URL [本文引用: 2]

The study of planting patterns is critical to improving maize yield. Based on a field experiment,we investigated the effect of three planting patterns (three ratio space, big ridge double line and equal line) on maize growth, photosynthetic characteristics and yield using two varieties suitable for high-density (Zhengdan 958) and middle-density (Shenyu 21). Our results indicated that the yield and growth of maize were dramatically influenced by various planting patterns. High-density variety was suitable for using the pattern of big ridge double line which promoted plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and photosynthetic efficiency of maize. The yield averaged 8882.36 kg ha^-1 for two years, with an increasing rate of 6.51% compared with the control. This increase in biomass was largely contributed by hundred-grain weight and number of lines per ear. But differently, middle-density variety, planted with both patterns of big ridge double line and three ratio spaces, showed a higher yield. These two planting patterns could also increase plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and photosynthetic efficiency in maize. The 2-year-averaged yields were 8294.58 kg ha^-1 and 8188.30 kg ha^-1, for the two patterns of big ridge double line and equal line, respectively. An increasing rate of 21.36% for big ridge double line and 19.81% for equal line spacing were observed compared with the control, which mainly contributed by the high number of kernels per line. Our results indicated that big ridge double line is an optimal planting pattern to improve maize yield in the western Liaoning Province.

BAI

, SUN

Z X

, ZHENG

J M

, HOU

Z Y

, LIU

, FENG

L S

, YANG

. Effect of different planting patterns on maize growth and yield in western Liaoning province
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(1): 181-189. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.00181 URL [本文引用: 2]

陈传永, 侯海鹏, 李强, 朱平, 张振勇, 董志强, 赵明. 种植密度对不同玉米品种叶片光合特性与碳、氮变化的影响
作物学报, 2010, 36(5): 871-878.

URL [本文引用: 1]

The main objective of this research was to analyse the effects of plant population on the dynamic changes of photosynthetic characteristics, soluble sugar content, carbon and nitrogen in corn leaf (Zea mays L.). Field experiments were conducted in Gongzhuling, Jilin province. Three corn hybrids were cultivated at 60 000, 75 000, 90 000, and 105 000 plants ha^-1. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with three replicates. Plant density was the main-plot and hybrids were the subplot. The chlorophyll content, photosynthetic characteristics, contents of carbon and nitrogen in corn leaf were measured at different stages, especially after silking. The results indicated thatthe chlorophyll content, the photosynthetic rate in grain filling stage, soluble sugar content, leaf total nitrogen decreased in all hybrids with the increase of plant density. It showed that transmission rate reduced, the leaf senescence accelerated, physical activity declined as plant density intensified. During the growth period, chlorophyll content was changed in a single peak curve, with the peak at grain filling. The peaks of carbon-nitrogen ratio appeared at silking and ripening respectively. The chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, soluble sugar content, ratio of carbon to nitrogen in corn leaf indicated a quadratic relationship with increasing days after silking. Total nitrogen in corn leaf decreased linearly in all hybrids as days after silking increased. High plant density had great effect on carbon metabolism. The chlorophyll content had no or little effect on the photosynthetic rate after silking. The results showed the dynamic changes of photosynthetic characteristics, contents of carbon and nitrogen were different as plant density intensified. The tolerance to planting density is Xianyu 335>Zhengdan 958>Jidan 209.

CHEN

C Y

, HOU

H P

, LI

, ZHU

, ZHANG

Z Y

, DONG

Z Q

, ZHAO

. Effects of planting density on photosynthetic characteristics and changes of carbon and nitrogen in leaves of different maize varieties
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2010, 36(5): 871-878. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

梁熠, 何文寿, 代晓华, 马琨, 侯贤清. 株行配置对春玉米根冠空间分布及产量的影响
玉米科学, 2016, 24(6): 97-102.

[本文引用: 2]

LIANG

, HE

W T

, DAI

X H

, MA

, HOU

X Q

. Effects of planting density and row spacing on root-shoot spatial distribution and grain yield of spring maize
Journal of Maize Sciences, 2016, 24(6): 97-102. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[23]

金容, 李钟, 杨云, 周芳, 杜伦静, 李小龙, 孔凡磊, 袁继超. 密度和株行距配置对川中丘区夏玉米群体光分布及雌雄穗分化的影响
作物学报, 2020, 46(4): 614-630.

[本文引用: 1]

JIN

, LI

, YANG

, ZHOU

, DU

L J

, LI

X L

, KONG

F L

, YUAN

J C

. Effects of density and row spacing on population light distribution and male and female spike differentiation of summer maize in hilly area of central Sichuan
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2020, 46(4): 614-630. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[24]

杨吉顺, 高辉远, 刘鹏, 李耕, 董树亭, 张吉旺, 王敬锋. 种植密度和行距配置对超高产夏玉米群体光合特性的影响
作物学报, 2010, 36(7): 1226-1233.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.01226 URL [本文引用: 1]

With different plant population densities (6.75´10⁴, 9.00´10⁴, and 11.25´10⁴ plants ha^-1), the effects of the deneity and row spacing on grain yield and canopy apparent photosynthesis were studied in this article. The results were as follows: with the increase of planting density, grain yield, leaf area index (LAI) and capture efficiency of photosynthestically active radiation(PAR) in upper leaf layer, as well as canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP) and canopy respiration (CR) and dry matter quantity increased accordantly; but, chlorophyll content and capture efficiency of PAR in the middle and lower layers of canopy decreased. Within different row spacing treatments, the wide-narrow row spacing were not superior to the uniform one significantly at 6.75´10⁴ plants ha^-1. However, at 9.00´10⁴ and 11.25´10⁴ plants ha^-1, grain yield, LAI, chlorophyll content, capture efficiency of PAR in middle leaf layer and average rate of CAP after anthesis in row spacing of “80 cm+40 cm” were remarkably higher than those in other three row spacings (uniform, 70 cm + 50 cm, 90 cm + 30 cm); while CR/TCAP (ratio of canopy respiration to total canopy apparent photosynthesis) in row spacing of ’80 cm+40 cm’ was the lowest, compared to the others. From the above, it was suggested that at higher plant density the row spacing of ’80 cm+40 cm’ could enlarge photosynthetic area, enhance PAR in middle leaf layer, increase CAP, reduce CR and improve grain yield.

YANG

J S

, GAO

H Y

, LIU

, LI

, DONG

S T

, ZHANG

J W

, WANG

J F

. Effects of planting density and row spacing on canopy apparent photosynthesis of high-yield summer corn
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2010, 36(7): 1226-1233. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.01226 URL [本文引用: 1]

王创云, 邓妍, 赵丽, 张丽光, 王晋, 郭虹霞, 王陆军. 不同覆膜栽培方式对玉米光合特性及产量形成的影响
中国农学通报, 2015, 31(30): 62-67.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG

C Y

, DENG

, ZHAO

, ZHANG

L G

, WANG

, GUO

H X

, WANG

L J

. Effects of different film-mulching modes on photosynthetic characters and yield of maize
Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2015, 31(30): 62-67. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[26]

史建国, 崔海岩, 赵斌, 董树亭, 刘鹏, 张吉旺. 花粒期光照对夏玉米产量和籽粒灌浆特性的影响
中国农业科学, 2013, 46(21): 4427-4434.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.004 URL [本文引用: 1]

【Objective】Owing to the solar radiation has decreased in North China Plain Area, this study is to explore the effects of light on yield and characteristics of grain-filling of summer maize from flowering to maturity stage.【Method】Denghai605 (DH605) was used as experimental material, two treatments of both shading (S) and increasing light (L) from flowering to maturity stage were arranged. The shading degree was 60% and the illumination intensity of the increasing light on cloudy day could reach 80 000- 100 000 lx. One non-shading and non-increasing light treatment was used as control. Effects of light on yield and characteristics of grain-filling of summer maize from flowering to maturity stage were investigated.【Result】Yield, dry matter accumulation, maximum grain-filling rate decreased with different degrees, respectively, after shading from flowering to maturity stage; however, the yield, dry matter accumulation, maximum grain-filling rate increased after increasing light from flowering to maturity stage. Compared to CK, the yields of S were reduced by 59.39% and 79.03% in 2011 and 2012, while the yields of L were increased by 16.29% and 12.93% in two years. The dry matter in response to different treatments showed: L＞CK＞S. The proportions of different treatments kernel in total dry matter accumulation of DH605 were significantly different during the late growing stage, and the mean values of S, CK and L were 22.92%, 48.49% and 51.80%, respectively. The grain-filling progress of shading and increasing light was obviously different. The maximum grain-filling rate of shading was lower than that of increasing light, and the days before the appearance of maximum grain-filling rate of shading lengthened, the growth increment when the grain-filling rate of increasing light reached its maximum increased. 【Conclusion】Shading decreased the yield of summer maize by reducing the dry matter accumulation and maximum grain-filling rate; increasing light increased grain yield of summer maize by improving the dry matter accumulation and maximum grain-filling rate.

SHI

J G

, CUI

H Y

, ZHAO

, DONG

S T

, LIU

, ZHANG

J W

. Effect of light on yield and characteristics of grain-filling of summer maize from flowering to maturity
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(21): 4427-4434. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.004 URL [本文引用: 1]

刘显峰. 玉米宽窄行种植技术探析
农业开发与装备, 2020, 2: 219-222.

[本文引用: 1]

LIU

X F

. Discussion on planting technology of wide and narrow rows of maize
Agricultural Development & Equipments, 2020, 2: 219-222. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[28]

刘宏健, 王旭. 玉米宽窄行种植技术
吉林农业, 2019(19): 41.

[本文引用: 1]

LIU

H J

, WANG

. Planting technology of wide and narrow rows of maize
Agriculture of Jilin, 2019(19): 41. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[29]

武志海, 张治安, 陈展宇, 徐克章. 大垄双行种植玉米群体冠层结构及光合特性的解析
玉米科学, 2005, 13(4): 62-65.

[本文引用: 1]

Z H

, ZHANG

Z A

, CHEN

Z Y

, XU

K Z

. Researched on characteristics of canopy structure and photosynthetic characteristic of maize planting in double lines at one width ridge
Journal of Maize Sciences, 2005, 13(4): 62-65. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[30]

邓妍, 王创云, 赵丽, 张丽光, 郭虹霞, 牛学谦, 王陆军. 行距配置对玉米茎秆抗倒伏特性及光合性能的影响
中国农学通报, 2017, 33(21): 15-20.

[本文引用: 1]

DENG

, WANG

C Y

, ZHAO

, ZHANG

L G

, GUO

H X

, NIU

X Q

, WANG

L J

. Row spacing allocation: Effect on stem lodging resistance and photosynthetic properties of maize
Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2017, 33(21): 15-20. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[31]

TOLLENAAR

, WU

. Yield improvement in temperate maize is attributable to greater stress tolerance
Crop Science, 1999, 39: 1597-1604.

DOI:10.2135/cropsci1999.3961597x URL [本文引用: 1]

[32]

张吉旺, 董树亭, 王空军, 胡昌浩, 刘鹏. 大田遮荫对夏玉米光合特性的影响
作物学报, 2007, 33(2): 216-222.

URL [本文引用: 1]

The summer corn (Zea mays L.) in Huanghuaihai region of China grows under high temperature and low light in the season of the year, and there is a large area of corn intercropping with winter wheat in Shandong Province. With the change of ecological factors and productive conditions, corn is shaded by winter wheat at the seedling stage, and grow under high temperature and low light at grain forming stage, which decreased grain yield. However, there are few reports on the effects of shading on photosynthesis of corn. This research attempted to study the photosynthetic foundation for the effects of shading on grain yield of corn, and provide theoretical evidence to improve yield and quality of summer corn. Effects of different shading degrees and different shading stages in field on photosynthetic characteristics of summer corn were studied. The field was shaded by the nets with 50% and 90% shading over the plants. The positions of the nets were raised with the growth of corn plant, and the distance between the nets and the top of corn plants remained in about 2.5m. So that only the illumination intensity condition was changed, while the aeration condition and relative humidity were not changed. Other environmental changes might be due to the change of illumination intensity. The results showed that there were significant effects of shading in field on photosynthetic characteristics of summer corn, so that grain yield of corn were decreased significantly. When shaded by 50% and 90%, grain yield of ND108 decreased by 16.9% and 24.5% respectively from seedling to jointing stage, by 34.1% and 55.3% respectively from jointing to flowering stage, and by 67.5% and 79.4% respectively from flowering to maturity stage. Correspondently, leaf area index of corn were decreased by 53.6% and 64.3%, 22.1% and 23.0%, 66.2% and 79.4% respectively, net photosynthesis rate of corn were decreased by 28.6% and 49%, 36.6% and 59.6%, 43.9% and 64.7% respectively in three shading stage. Both ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (PEPCase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (RuBPCase) activities of corn leaves were decreased significantly in different shading treatments. Effects of different shading stages on photosynthetic characteristics of corn were significantly higher than those of different shading degree.

ZHANG

J W

, DONG

S T

, WANG

K J

, HU

C H

, LIU

. Effects of shading in field on photosynthetic characteristics in summer corn
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2007, 33(2): 216-222. (in Chinese)

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