饲粮添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能与瘤胃发酵的影响

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郑玮才^,¹, 郝小燕¹, 张宏祥², 项斌伟³, 张文佳³, 张春香¹, 张建新^,¹

¹山西农业大学动物科技学院,山西太谷 030801

²山西祥和岭上农牧开发有限公司,山西右玉037200

³山西省右玉县畜牧局,山西右玉 037200

Effects of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Bacillus Licheniformis on Growth Performance and Rumen Fermentation in Sheep

ZHENG WeiCai^,¹, HAO XiaoYan¹, ZHANG HongXiang², XIANG BinWei³, ZHANG WenJia³, ZHANG ChunXiang¹, ZHANG JianXin^,¹

¹College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi

²Shanxi Xianghelingshang Farm Animal Husbandry Development Co, Ltd.,Youyu 037200, Shanxi

³Animal Husbandry Bureau of Youyu County, Youyu 037200, Shanxi

通讯作者: 张建新,E-mail：ypzjx@126.com

责任编辑: 林鉴非
收稿日期:2019-09-12接受日期:2019-12-5网络出版日期:2020-08-16

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划.2018YFD0502104
现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金.CARS-38
山西省“1331”工程建设项目.J201811301

山西省肉羊繁育工程技术中心项目

山西农业大学畜牧学学科建设专项课题资助

Received:2019-09-12Accepted:2019-12-5Online:2020-08-16
作者简介 About authors
郑玮才,Tel：18404983839;E-mail：928156387@qq.com

摘要
【目的】研究饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能和瘤胃发酵的影响,为酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌在肉羊饲粮中的合理应用提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用48只4月龄、体重相近（22.96±2.00）kg、健康的杜泊×小尾寒羊杂交F₁代公羔,根据饲喂添加剂不同随机分为4组：D（对照组,两种菌均不添加）;D1（酿酒酵母,6×10¹⁰CFU/kg）;D2（地衣芽孢杆菌,2×10¹⁰CFU/kg）;D3（酿酒酵母6×10¹⁰CFU/kg+地衣芽孢杆菌2×10¹⁰CFU/kg）,每组12只羊,试验期共75 d,前15 d为适应期,正饲期60d。试验羊每天分别于08:00和18:00进行饲喂,自由采食和饮水。正饲期内每天准确称量记录每只试验羊的喂料量和剩料量,并在第1、30、60 天晨饲前对试验羊进行称重,计算平均日采食量、平均日增重（ADG）及料重比（F/G）。试验结束当天08：00正常饲喂试验羊,3 h后采集瘤胃液,测定发酵参数、消化酶活性以及功能微生物。【结果】1）饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对试验羊的初始体重和终末体重及平均采食量的影响均不显著（P>0.05）,D3组的ADG显著高于D组（P<0.05）,D3组的F/G显著低于D组（P<0.05）,D1和D2组的F/G差异不显著（P>0.05）;2）饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对瘤胃液pH、丁酸浓度及乙丙比的影响均不显著（P>0.05）,D3组的NH₃-N浓度显著低于D组（P<0.05）,TVFA和丙酸浓度显著高于D组（P<0.05）,且D3组与D1和D2组均差异不显著（P>0.05）,D3和D2组的乙酸浓度显著高于D1与D组（P<0.05）;3）D3组的β-葡萄糖苷酶、羟甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶及淀粉酶活性均显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）。D1和D2组的β-葡萄糖苷酶、果胶酶、羟甲基纤维素酶及淀粉酶活性与D组无显著差异（P>0.05）。D3组蛋白酶活性显著高于D和D2组（P<0.05）,与D1组差异不显著（P>0.05）,D1和D2组的β-葡萄糖苷酶、果胶酶、羟甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、蛋白酶及淀粉酶活性均差异不显著（P>0.05）;4）添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对黄色瘤胃球菌、栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌和原虫数量的影响不显著（P>0.05）,D3组的溶纤维丁酸弧菌数显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）,白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌显著高于D组（P<0.05）,但与D1和D2组差异不显著（P>0.05）。与对照组相比,试验组产甲烷菌数量显著降低（P<0.05）,其中D3组最低。【结论】饲粮中添加6×10¹⁰CFU/kg酿酒酵母和2×10¹⁰CFU/kg地衣芽孢杆菌均会对绵羊瘤胃发酵产生积极影响,提高了瘤胃消化酶的活性,增加了瘤胃有益菌的数量,且二者组合饲喂效果更加显著。
关键词： 酿酒酵母;地衣芽孢杆菌;瘤胃发酵;酶活性;瘤胃微生物区系;绵羊

Abstract

【Objective】The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus licheniformis on growth performance and rumen fermentation in sheep. 【Method】A total of 48 four-month-old healthy Dorper×Small Tail Han sheep ram lambs with similar body weight (22.96±2.00 kg) were randomly selected into 4 groups: D (the control group, without both bacteria); D1 (only adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 6×10¹⁰CFU/kg), D2 (only adding Bacillus licheniformis, 2×10¹⁰CFU/kg), and D3 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae 6×10¹⁰CFU/kg + Bacillus licheniformis 2×10¹⁰CFU/kg), with 12 sheep of each group. The experiment was conducted over 75d, with a 15d adaptation and a 60d the formal period. The experimental sheep were fed 2 times per day (08:00 a.m., 18:00 p.m.), free ingestion and free drinking water. During the normal feeding period, each experimental sheep were recorded accurately the amount of feed and residual of weight every day. The experimental sheep were weighed before the morning feeding on the 1st, 30th and 60th day, and the average daily intake, average daily gain (ADG) and Feed/Gain (F/G) value were calculated. At 08:00 on the day of the end of the experiment, the experimental sheep were fed normally. After 3 hours, the rumen fluid was collected and the rumen fermentation, digestive enzyme activities, and functional microorganisms were determined. 【Result】The results showed as follows: (1) the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus licheniformis in the diet had no significant effect on the final body weight and average feed intake of the test sheep (P>0.05). The ADG of D3 group was significantly higher than that of D group (P<0.05), and F/G value of D3 group was significantly lower than that of D group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between D1 and D2 groups in F/G value (P>0.05): (2) the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus licheniformis in the diet had no significant effect on the rumen pH value, the concentration of butyric acid, and the value of Acetate/Propionate (A/P). The concentration of NH₃-N for D3 group was significantly lower than D group, but the concentration of TVFA and propionic acid was significantly higher than D group (P<0.05), with no difference among three experimental groups (P>0.05). The concentration of acetic acid in D3 and D2 group was significantly higher than that in D1 and D groups (P<0.05).3)The activity of β-glucosidase, carboxymethyl cellulose, xylanase, and amylase for D3 group was significantly higher than the other groups (P<0.05). There was no significant effect in the activities of β - glucosidase, pectase, carboxymethyl cellulose and amylase among D , D1 and D2 groups (P>0.05). The activity of protease in D3 group was significantly higher than D and D2 groups (P<0.05), with no significant difference between D3 and D1 groups(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in β-glucosidase, pectase, carboxymathy cellulose, xylanase, protease and amylase activities between D1 and D2 groups (P>0.05); (4) the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus licheniformis in the diet had no significant effect on the amount of R. flavefaciens, P. ruminicola, R. amylophilus, and Protozoan(P>0.05). The amount of B.fibrisolvens for D3 group was significantly higher than the other 3 groups (P<0.05). The amount of R. albus and F. succinogensin D3 group were significantly higher than D group (P<0.05), with no significant difference among D1, D2 and D3 groups (P>0.05). Compared with the D group, the amount of Methanogensin experimental groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the D3 group was lowest. 【Conclusion】In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (6×10¹⁰CFU/kg) and Bacillus licheniformis (2×10¹⁰CFU/kg) had positive effects on rumen fermentation, which improved rumen digestive enzyme activity and increased the number of beneficial bacteria in rumen. Moreover, the combination of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus licheniformis achieved better effect.

Keywords：Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Bacillus licheniformis;rumen fermentation;enzyme activity;rumen microflora;sheep

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本文引用格式
郑玮才, 郝小燕, 张宏祥, 项斌伟, 张文佳, 张春香, 张建新. 饲粮添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能与瘤胃发酵的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(16): 3385-3393 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.16.015
ZHENG WeiCai, HAO XiaoYan, ZHANG HongXiang, XIANG BinWei, ZHANG WenJia, ZHANG ChunXiang, ZHANG JianXin. Effects of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Bacillus Licheniformis on Growth Performance and Rumen Fermentation in Sheep[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(16): 3385-3393 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.16.015

0 引言

【研究意义】益生菌作为饲料添加剂已成为禁抗时代的热门研究方向,它具有天然、无害、无残留、无副作用、安全可靠等的特点,主要包括乳酸菌类微生态制剂、芽孢杆菌类微生态制剂、酵母菌类微生态制剂、光合细菌类微生态制剂及复合微生态制剂等^[1]。【前人研究进展】酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌作为常用的微生态制剂,单独饲喂具有提高反刍动物营养物质利用率、改善瘤胃发酵、增强免疫力、提高生产性能等作用^[2,3,4],前期体外试验结果^[5]表明酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌组合应用可以提高产气量、稳定瘤胃液pH、提高氮的利用以及提高能量利用率,【本研究切入点】但二者组合应用对反刍动物生产性能、瘤胃代谢方面的研究甚少,仍需进一步探索。【拟解决的关键问题】通过饲喂酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌探究其对绵羊生长性能和瘤胃发酵的影响作用,旨在为酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌在肉羊饲粮中的合理应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验时间及地点

试验于2018年1月1日至3月16日在山西省晋中市太谷县山西农业大学牧站进行。

1.2 试验设计及饲粮

试验选用48只4月龄、体重相近（22.96±2.00）kg、健康的杜泊×小尾寒羊杂交F₁代公羔,根据饲喂添加剂不同随机分为4组：D（对照组,两种菌均不添加）;D1（酿酒酵母,6×10¹⁰CFU/kg）;D2（地衣芽孢杆菌,2×10¹⁰CFU/kg）;D3（酿酒酵母6×10¹⁰CFU/kg+地衣芽孢杆菌2×10¹⁰CFU/kg）;酿酒酵母购买于安琪酵母股份有限公司的成品颗粒状制剂,实测活菌数2×10¹⁰CFU/g;地衣芽孢杆菌购于天津坤禾生物科技集团股份有限公司的成品粉状制剂,实测活菌数2×10¹⁰CFU/g,饲粮精粗比为 60﹕40,参考NRC（2007）绵羊营养需要中体重20 kg、日增重300 g公羔的营养需要配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。

Table 1
表1
表1饲粮组成及营养水平（干物质基础）
Table 1Composition and nutrient level of diets (DM basis, %)

项目 Item		营养水平 Nutrient level
原料 Ingredients		干物质 DM	94.99
玉米 Corn	30.00	粗蛋白质 CP	13.14
米糠 Rice bran	7.00	粗灰分 Ash	8.27
豆粕 Soybean meal	18.00	粗脂肪 EE	2.23
预混料 Premix¹	5.00	中性洗涤纤维 NDF	41.84
玉米秸秆 Corn straw	20.00	酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	22.29
谷草 Millet straw	20.00	钙 Ca	0.35
合计 Total	100.00	磷 P	0.29

¹饲料中微量元素添加量（mg·kg^-1）：Cu 15,Fe 55,Zn 25,Mn 40,Se 0.3,I 0.5,Co 0.2;饲料中维生素添加量（IU·kg^-1）：VA 20 000,VD 4 000,VE 40。饲料各营养成分均为实测值
Additive mineral premix (mg·kg^-1): Cu 15, Fe 55, Zn 25, Mn 40, Se 0.3, I 0.5, Co 0.2; Additive vitamin premix (IU·kg^-1): VA 20 000, VD 4 000, VE 40. The compositions of diet are measured values

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1.3 饲养管理

试验羊单栏饲养,每天分别于08:00和18:00进行饲喂,自由采食和饮水,预饲期15 d,正饲期60 d。

1.4 生长性能的测定

正饲期内每天准确称量记录每只试验羊的喂料量和剩料量,计算平均日采食重（ADFI,非DM基础）。在正饲期第1、30、60天晨饲前对试验羊进行称重,计算平均日增重（ADG）。根据ADFI和ADG计算料重比（F/G）=ADFI/ADG。

1.5 样品采集

于正饲期结束当天08：00正常饲喂试验羊,3 h后通过口腔插管采集瘤胃液50 mL,经4层纱布过滤后分装,-80℃保存一份用于瘤胃微生物定量分析;测定pH后,剩余样品-20℃保存,用于测定瘤胃各发酵指标。

1.6 样品测定

1.6.1 饲粮常规养分测定参考AOAC（2000）^[6]方法测定饲粮的DM、粗灰分（Ash）、粗脂肪（EE）和粗蛋白质（CP）含量,参考VAN SOEST法^[7]测定饲粮的中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量,采用原子吸收分光光度计法测定饲粮的钙（Ca）含量^[8],采用钒钼黄比色法测定饲粮的磷（P）含量^[9]。

1.6.2 瘤胃液指标测定瘤胃发酵指标的测定：参考WANG等^[10]方法利用气相色谱仪（Aglient 7890B,美国）测定VFA浓度;采用亚硝基铁氰化钠-次氯酸钠法并利用紫外分光光度计（UV-1800PC,Mapada）测定NH₃-N浓度^[11]。

瘤胃酶活的测定：参照AGARWAL等^[12]方法测定β-葡萄糖苷酶、果胶酶、羟甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和淀粉酶的活性,胃蛋白酶采用试剂盒（南京建成生物工程研究所）测定。

Table 2
表2
表2基因引物序列
Table 2Primer sequences of genes

基因 Gene name	引物序列（5'→3'）Primer sequence(5'→3')	产物大小 Product/bp	参考文献 References
总菌 Total bacterial	F:CGGTGAATACGTTCYCGG	123	DENMAN等^[14]
总菌 Total bacterial	R:GGWTACCTTGTTACGACTT	123	DENMAN等^[14]
黄色瘤胃球菌 flavefaciens	F:ATTGTCCCAGTTCAGATTGC	173	DENMAN等^[14]
黄色瘤胃球菌 flavefaciens	R:GGCGTCCTCATTGCTGTTAG	173	DENMAN等^[14]
白色瘤胃球菌 albus	F:CCCTAAAAGCAGTCTTAGTTCG	176	KOIKE等^[15]
白色瘤胃球菌 albus	R:CCTCCTTGCGGTTAGAACA	176	KOIKE等^[15]
产琥珀酸丝状杆菌 succinogens	F:GGCGGGATTGAATGTACCTTGAGA	204	DENMAN等^[14]
产琥珀酸丝状杆菌 succinogens	R:TCCGCCTGCCCCTGAACTATC	204	DENMAN等^[14]
溶纤维丁酸弧菌 fibrisolvens	F:TAACATGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTC	136	FORSTER等^[16]
溶纤维丁酸弧菌 fibrisolvens	R:CGTTACTCACCCGTCCGC	136	FORSTER等^[16]
嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌 R. amylophilus	F:CTGGGGAGCTGCCTGAATG	100	JAMI等^[17]
嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌 R. amylophilus	R:GCATCTGAATGCGACTGGTTG	100	JAMI等^[17]
栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌 P. ruminicola	F:GAAAGTCGGATTAATGCTCTATGTTG	74	JAMI等^[17]
栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌 P. ruminicola	R:CATCCTATAGCGGTAAACCTTTGG	74	JAMI等^[17]
产甲烷菌 Methanogens	F:TTCGGTGGATCDCARAGRGC	140	ZHANGI等^[18]
产甲烷菌 Methanogens	R:GBARGTCGWAWCCGTAGAATCC	140	ZHANGI等^[18]
原虫 Protozoan	F:GCTTTCGWTGGTAGTGTATT	223	ZHANGI等^[18]
原虫 Protozoan	R:CTTGCCCTCYAATCGTWCT	223	ZHANGI等^[18]

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1.7 数据处理与统计分析

数据用Excel 2010进行初步整理,采用SPSS 22.0进行单因素方差分析,当差异显著时用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,以P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能的影响

由表3可知,添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对试验羊终末体重及平均采食量的影响均不显著（P>0.05）。D3组的ADG显著高于D组（P<0.05）。与D组相比,D3组的F/G显著降低（P<0.05）,但D1和D2组差异不显著（P>0.05）。

Table 3
表3
表3饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能的影响
Table 3Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus licheniformis in diets on growth performance of sheep

项目 Items	组别Groups				SEM	P值 P value
项目 Items	D	D1	D2	D3	SEM	P值 P value
初始体重IBW (kg)	23.08	22.22	23.58	22.97	1.20	0.73
终末体重FBW (kg)	39.91	40.04	40.92	43.23	2.77	0.61
平均日增重ADG (g·d^-1)	280.42d	297.38b	289.34c	337.40a	35.22	0.01
平均日采食量ADFI (g·d^-1)	1827.11	1768.90	1759.31	1705.04	165.49	0.91
料重比F/G	6.57a	5.98ab	6.02ab	5.01b	0.27	0.02

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著（P>0.05）,不同小写字母表示差异显著（P<0.05）。下同
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below

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2.2 饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

由表4可知,添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对瘤胃液pH、丁酸浓度及乙丙比的影响均不显著（P>0.05）。D3组的NH₃-N浓度显著低于D组（P<0.05）,TVFA和丙酸浓度显著高于D组（P<0.05）,且D3组与D1和D2组均差异不显著（P>0.05）。D3与D2组的乙酸浓度显著高于D1与D组（P<0.05）,D组乙酸浓度最低。

Table 4
表4
表4饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响
Table 4Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus licheniformis in diets on rumen fermentation of sheep

项目 Items	组别Groups				SEM	P值 P value
项目 Items	D	D1	D2	D3	SEM	P值 P value
pH	6.76	6.58	6.52	6.74	0.14	0.11
氨态氮NH₃-N (mg·dL^-1)	25.09a	22.94ab	23.02ab	19.87b	1.60	0.03
总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA (mmol·L^-1)	48.03b	51.81ab	54.37a	54.86a	2.22	0.02
乙酸Acetate (mmol·L^-1)	35.25c	38.01b	39.69a	40.09a	0.58	<0.001
丙酸Propionate (mmol·L^-1)	11.44b	12.07ab	12.99a	13.39a	0.51	0.004
丁酸Butyrate (mmol·L^-1)	6.67	6.94	6.78	6.92	0.66	0.97
乙丙比Acetate/Propionate	3.08	3.15	3.07	3.01	0.13	0.69

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2.3 饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊瘤胃液中消化酶活性的影响

由表5可知,D3组的β-葡萄糖苷酶、羟甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶及淀粉酶活性均显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）。D组与D1和D2组的β-葡萄糖苷酶、果胶酶、羟甲基纤维素酶及淀粉酶活性均无显著差异（P>0.05）。D3组蛋白酶活性显著高于D和D2组（P<0.05）,与D1组差异不显著（P>0.05）。D1和D2组的各消化酶活性差异均不显著（P>0.05）。

Table 5
表5
表5饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊瘤胃液中消化酶活的影响
Table 5Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus licheniformis in diets on rumen digestion enzyme activity of sheep (U/mL)

项目 Items	组别Groups				SEM	P值 P value
项目 Items	D	D1	D2	D3	SEM	P值 P value
β-葡萄糖苷酶β-glucosidase	0.08b	0.09b	0.09b	0.17a	0.01	<0.001
果胶酶Pectase	0.62b	0.73ab	0.88b	0.93a	0.08	0.002
羟甲基纤维素酶Carboxymethyl cellulose	0.09b	0.15b	0.16b	0.25a	0.03	0.001
木聚糖酶 Xylanase	0.23c	0.26bc	0.29b	0.46a	0.01	<0.001
蛋白酶 Protease	15.77c	19.54ab	17.43bc	21.21a	0.11	<0.001
淀粉酶Amylase	0.24b	0.25b	0.26b	0.30a	0.01	0.002

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2.4 饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊瘤胃功能微生物的影响

由表6可知,添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对黄色瘤胃球菌、栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌和原虫数量的影响不显著（P>0.05）,D3组的溶纤维丁酸弧菌数显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）,白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌数显著高于D组（P>0.05）,但与D1和D2组差异不显著（P>0.05）。与D组相比,试验组产甲烷菌数量显著降低（P<0.05）,其中D3组最低。

Table 6
表6
表6饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊瘤胃功能微生物的影响
Table 6Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus licheniformis in diets on ruminal functional microbiotaof sheep (%)

项目 Items	组别Groups				SEM	P值 P value
项目 Items	D	D1	D2	D3	SEM	P值 P value
白色瘤胃球菌R. albus	0.68b	1.59ab	2.08a	2.54a	0.37	0.001
产琥珀酸丝状杆菌F. succinogenes	6.53b	10.49ab	9.27ab	15.05a	2.59	0.04
黄色瘤胃球菌R. flavefaciens	3.29	3.43	4.34	5.19	1.04	0.27
溶纤维丁酸弧菌B. fibrisolvens	9.47b	10.66b	10.45b	13.49a	0.46	<0.001
栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌P. ruminicola	1.55	2.06	2.57	2.59	0.57	0.26
嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌R. amylophilus	0.90	1.11	0.98	1.33	0.18	0.20
产甲烷菌Methanogens×10^-2	29.19a	18.74bc	20.26b	11.62c	2.08	<0.001
原虫Protozoan	6.44	5.74	5.84	5.49	1.38	0.94

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3 讨论

前人研究表明益生菌可以促进小肠发育,有利于维持幼龄反刍动物小肠绒毛形态结构完整,并且可以产生多种酶类和非特异性免疫调节因子,如蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和B族维生素等,这些物质能提高动物对饲料的利用率^[19,20]。芽孢杆菌可以改善动物肠上皮紧密连接,是保护动物肠道免疫的第一道“防火墙”,同时可以直接作用于肠道黏膜免疫系统,提高肠粘膜sIgA分泌水平,抑制有害菌的繁殖,从而促进肠道健康和机体对营养物质的吸收利用^[21],提高动物的生长速度。耿春银等^[22]和董晓丽^[23]的研究表明分别向育肥牛和哺乳期犊牛添加50g·d^-1的酵母制剂和2.0×10⁸ CFU/（h·d）的枯草芽孢杆菌均对ADG影响差异不显著,但是具有增高的趋势,这与本试验中单独添加酿酒酵母组或地衣芽孢杆菌组较对照组ADG有改善但差异不显著的结果相似。但FRANCIA等^[24,25]的研究表明添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌均使得ADG高于对照组,不同研究结果存在一定差异的原因可能是因为添加水平、试验动物或者试验饲粮组成等因素。但两种菌共同作用对绵羊的生长产生了正组合效应,作用效果明显好于其他3组。

瘤胃作为反刍动物独特的消化器官,在整个消化过程中起着非常重要的作用,pH、NH₃-N浓度和VFA的组成比例等指标,基本反映了瘤胃的内环境及饲料在瘤胃内的发酵过程。反刍动物对饲料中碳水化合物的消化吸收是以在瘤胃内生成VFA为主,VFA是反刍动物重要的能量来源,主要由乙酸、丙酸和丁酸组成^[26]。动物采食后由于饲料中碳水化合物的发酵产生大量VFA,导致瘤胃pH下降。机体对VFA的不断吸收、碱性唾液的不断输入以及瘤胃代谢过程碱性产物缓冲作用,使瘤胃pH在一定范围内波动,而过高过低的瘤胃pH均会影响瘤胃内环境的稳定。瘤胃pH的变动范围一般在6.0—7.0,最佳范围为6.2—6.8,此时瘤胃微生物活性最强。本试验饲喂不同益生菌对pH的影响虽然不显著,但都处于最佳pH的范围内。

在正常的瘤胃pH环境下,陈亮^[27]等研究在黑牛饲粮中添加120和240g·kg^-1酿酒酵母,结果表明酿酒酵母对湘中黑牛的瘤胃液TVFA浓度无显著影响;黄帅^[25]的研究结果却表明添加酿酒酵母组的TVFA高于对照组。芽孢杆菌会促进碳水化合物的消化代谢,丁洪涛等^[28]在奶牛饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌可以显著提高TVFA的含量。一方面可能是益生菌本身代谢产生的酶类促进营养物质的降解,另一方面,益生菌能够刺激瘤胃中有益菌的生长,提高饲粮瘤胃降解率。乙酸是反刍动物体内脂肪合成的主要前体物,丙酸是唯一能净生成葡萄糖的VFA,足够的丙酸能满足动物对葡萄糖的需要^[29],本试验中,D3组的乙酸、丙酸、TVFA浓度高于对照组,为机体提供更多的能量物质,本团队还发现两种益生菌的添加降低了粪和尿能的损失（数据未呈现）,因此D3组能量利用率较高,日增重最高。A/P值常作为评价瘤胃发酵类型的标志,一般认为A/P值小于3属于丙酸发酵类型,而大于3为乙酸发酵类型^[30]。本试验瘤胃的A/P值均在3以上,说明酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌没有改变瘤胃发酵类型。

稳定的瘤胃内环境有助于微生物蛋白的合成。NH₃-N是瘤胃微生物降解饲料蛋白质生成的,是合成菌体蛋白的主要前体物质^[27]。有前人的试验证明,酿酒酵母可以刺激瘤胃微生物菌群利用NH₃-N合成蛋白质^[3,31]。PROHASZKA等^[32]在猪饲料中添加芽孢杆菌后,发现肠道内 NH₃浓度降低。肖怡^[33]研究表明添加2.4×10¹⁰CFU/kg的地衣芽孢杆菌使肉羊瘤胃NH₃-N浓度降低,本试验中仅添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌也降低瘤胃中NH₃-N浓度,原因可能是酿酒酵母促进微生物利用氨氮合成微生物蛋白,且这一结果与瘤胃中有益菌数量增加、试验羊生长性能提高的结果相吻合。

瘤胃微生物对饲料的降解作用依赖于各种消化酶的活性,瘤胃微生物可以分泌产生各种消化酶以分解饲粮中的营养物质^[34],白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀丝状杆菌和溶纤维丁酸弧菌是反刍动物瘤胃中主要的纤维分解菌,具有很强的纤维降解能力。溶纤维丁酸弧菌和栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌能够分泌分解蛋白的酶,尤其是栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌,在蛋白质和多肽类的代谢中起重要的作用。嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌只能利用α-葡萄糖作为能量来源,对瘤胃淀粉降解至关重要^[35]。有研究表明,酵母菌和芽孢杆菌能够刺激瘤胃中琥珀酸丝状杆菌、白色瘤胃球菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌脂解厌氧弧杆菌的生长和繁殖^[24,35]。本试验中,仅饲喂酿酒酵母组和仅饲喂地衣芽孢杆菌组与对照组相比均提高了瘤胃中纤维分解菌的数量,这与前人的研究结果一致^[36,37],说明这两种菌可以促进瘤胃有益菌的生长。酶活性反映了瘤胃中各类微生物的数量和活力^[38],且有研究表明益生菌会提高瘤胃蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的活性^[39]。本试验中单独饲喂酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌组与对照组相比,酶活均有所提高,且组合饲喂组的酶活优于单独添加组,说明两种菌共同作用时产生正向组合效应,而且酵母菌和芽孢杆菌在消化道内还可以产生蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和几丁质酶等^[28,40],提高饲料的利用率。

反刍动物CH₄生成量主要受日粮结构、瘤胃发酵类型及微生物区系等因素的影响,瘤胃发酵趋于丙酸型发酵或甲烷菌数量的减少,可降低瘤胃CH₄的产量。原虫和产甲烷菌之间属于共生关系,瘤胃中原虫的表面通常有甲烷菌与之结合,甲烷菌以寄生的方式在原虫体上生存^[41]。PLATA^[42]报道添加酵母菌能增加原虫数,但更多的报道表明酵母菌的添加对原虫没有显著影响^[43,44],与本试验结果一致。孙鹏^[45]研究结果表明日粮添加纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌可以降低产甲烷菌,在一定程度上可以减少甲烷的生成,从而提高能量利用率。酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌共同作用在促进瘤胃细菌优势菌生长、抑制甲烷菌生长方面呈现正组合效应,可能与细菌之间的协同作用有关,其具体机理还有待进一步研究。

4 结论

饲粮中添加6×10¹⁰CFU/kg酿酒酵母和2× 10¹⁰CFU/kg地衣芽孢杆菌均会对绵羊瘤胃发酵产生积极影响,提高了瘤胃VFA浓度和消化酶的活性,增加了瘤胃有益菌的数量,从而提高饲料利用率,促进动物消化吸收,且两种益生菌组合饲喂对瘤胃发酵和生长性能改善效果更佳。

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Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2008,146(3-4):259-269.

[本文引用: 2]

[19]

闫晓刚. 酵母培养物和颗粒精料对荷斯坦犊牛生长发育的影响
[D]. 吉林:吉林农业大学, 2005.

URLPMID:11615210 [本文引用: 1]

YAN

X G

. The effect of yeast culture and pellet concentrate on the growing development of Holstein calves
[D]. Jilin: Jilin Agricultural University, 2005. (in Chinese)

URLPMID:11615210 [本文引用: 1]

[20]

李栋, 姜宁. 益生素在反刍动物生产中的应用
现代畜牧科技, 2015(5):149.

[本文引用: 1]

, JIANG

. Application of probiotics in ruminant production
Technical Advisor for Animal Husbandry, 2015(5):149. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[21]

ZHANG

H L

, LI

W S

, XU

D N

, ZHENG

W W

. Mucosa-reparing and microbiota-balancing therapeutic effect of Bacillus subtilis alleviates dextrate sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 2016. DOI: 10.3892/etm. 2016.3686.

URLPMID:32782506 [本文引用: 1]

[22]

耿春银. 活性酵母与酵母培养物饲喂育肥牛生长性能、胴体指标和牛肉品质的比较
[D]. 北京:中国农业大学, 2015.

[本文引用: 1]

GENG

C Y

. Comparison of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and yeastculture for growth performance, carcass traits and meatquality in finishing cattle
[D]. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2015. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[23]

董晓丽. 益生菌的筛选鉴定及其对断奶仔猪、犊牛生长和消化道微生物的影响
[D]. 北京:中国农业科学院, 2013.

[本文引用: 1]

DONG

X L

. Identification of probiotics and effects of probiotics on weaned piglets, calves and the gastrointestinal microbiate
[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2013. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[24]

FRANCIA

A D

, MASUCCI

, ROSA

G D

, VARRICCHIO

M L

, PROTO

. Effects of Aspergillus oryzae extract and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on intake, body weight gain and digestibility in buffalo calves
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2008,140(1-2):67-77.

DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.02.010 URL [本文引用: 2]

[25]

符运勤, 刁其玉, 屠焰, 王建红, 许先查. 不同组合益生菌对0~8周龄犊牛生长性能及血清生化指标的影响
动物营养学报, 2012,24(4):753-761.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2012.04.021 URL [本文引用: 2]

本试验旨在研究益生菌对犊牛生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。选取24头新生荷斯坦犊牛,随机分为4组,每组公母各1/2,分别饲喂基础饲粮(A组,由代乳粉、开食料和羊草组成)、基础饲粮+地衣芽孢杆菌(B组)、基础饲粮+地衣芽孢杆菌与枯草芽孢杆菌的复合菌(C组,复合菌中各菌菌数比例为1∶ 1)、基础饲粮+地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和植物乳酸杆菌的复合菌(D组,复合菌中各菌菌数比例为1∶ 1∶ 1)。每头牛食入益生菌总数为2×10¹⁰ CFU/d。试验期共8周,分0~2周龄、2~4周龄、4~6周龄和6~8周龄4期。每2周空腹称重、测量体尺、采血1次,每天记录采食量和粪便评分情况。试验0~8周龄,B组的平均日增重显著高于A组(P<0.05),试验各组的料重比差异不显著(P>0.05);第8周龄时,B组和D组的体躯指数均显著高于A组(P<0.05);试验各组采食量和犊牛粪便评分差异不显著(P>0.05);血清生化指标不受本试验处理因素影响(P>0.05)。结果表明,饲粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌单菌提高了犊牛0~8周龄的平均日增重和8周龄的体躯指数,添加地衣芽孢杆菌与枯草芽孢杆菌和植物乳酸杆菌的复合菌提高了犊牛8周龄的体躯指数,添加益生菌对犊牛血清生化指标没有显著影响。

Y Q

, DIAO

Q Y

, TU

, WANG

J H

, XU

X C

. Effects of different combinations of probiotics on growth performance and serum biochemical parameters in dairy calves aged from 0 to 8 weeks
Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2012,24(4):753-761.(in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2012.04.021 URL [本文引用: 2]

庞德公. 枯草芽孢杆菌、产朊假丝酵母与屎肠球菌对奶牛瘤胃微生物消化代谢和甲烷排放的影响
[D]. 乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学, 2014.

[本文引用: 1]

PANG

D G

. Effects of bacillus subtilis, Candida utilis and Enterococcus faecium on in vitro rumen microbial digestion and metabolism and methane emission of dairy cows
[D]. Urumqi: Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2014. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[27]

陈亮, 揭红东, 任傲, 周传社, 谭支良, 李斌. 酿酒酵母对湘中黑牛营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵及血浆生化指标的影响
动物营养学报, 2017,29(9):3359-3365.

[本文引用: 2]

CHEN

, JIE

D H

, REN

, ZHOU

C S

, TAN

Z L

, LI

. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeon nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and plama biochemical parameters of Xiangzhong black beef.
Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2017,29(9):3359-3365. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[28]

丁洪涛, 夏冬华, 秦珊珊, 杨新艳. 枯草芽孢杆菌对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵的影响
饲料研究, 2012(1):57-59.

[本文引用: 2]

DING

H T

, XIA

D H

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S S

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X Y

. Effect of Bacillus subtilis on rumen fermentation of dairy cattle in vitro
Feed Research, 2012(1):57-59. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[29]

肖宇, 王利华, 程明, 祁茹, 褚永康, 林英庭. 功能性寡糖对奶山羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响
动物营养学报, 2011(12) :2203-2209.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2011.12.024 URL [本文引用: 1]

为研究外源功能性寡糖对奶山羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响,试验选用6只体重(32.80±2.45) kg装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的崂山奶山羊,采用分期分组试验设计,对照组不添加寡糖,试验组分别饲喂添加1%甘露寡糖、半乳甘露寡糖、果寡糖、寡木糖和异麦芽寡糖的试验饲粮。试验共分为4期,每期15 d,其中预试期13 d,正试期2 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)不同寡糖都有降低瘤胃pH的作用,其中甘露寡糖与半乳甘露寡糖极显著降低了瘤胃pH(P<0.01);2)不同寡糖组瘤胃氨态氮(NH₃-N)浓度均有所降低,其中半乳甘露寡糖与果寡糖显著降低了瘤胃NH₃-N浓度(P<0.05);3)不同寡糖不同程度地增加了瘤胃内乙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量,其中,半乳甘露寡糖显著增加了乙酸和TVFA含量(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加不同种类的寡糖有助于改善奶山羊的瘤胃发酵功能,其中半乳甘露寡糖对提高奶山羊瘤胃发酵功能的效果最佳。

XIAO

, WANG

L H

, CHENG

, QI

, CHU

Y K

, LIN

Y T

. Functional oligosaccharides affect rumen fermentation of dairy goats
Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2011(12):2203-2209. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2011.12.024 URL [本文引用: 1]

SMAGALA A M

. The effect of preservatives based on propionic acid on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage and a total mixed ration
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URLPMID:9621235 [本文引用: 1]

[31]

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P E V

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C J

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P C

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Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, 1990: 211-227.

[本文引用: 1]

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PROHASZKA'

, JAYARAO

B M

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, KOVACS'

. The role of intestinal volatile fatty acids in the Salmonella shedding of pigs
ZentralblattFürVeterin?rmedizin.reiheB. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2010,37(1-10):570-574.

[本文引用: 1]

[33]

肖怡. 三种益生菌对肉羊甲烷排放、物质代谢和瘤胃发酵的影响
[D]. 塔里木:塔里木大学, 2016.

[本文引用: 1]

XIAO

. Effects of three probiotics on methane emission, nutrient metabolism and rumen fermentation in mutton sheep
[D]. Aral: Tarim University, 2016. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[34]

李鹤琼, 刘强, 王聪, 张延利, 裴彩霞, 王永新, 郭刚, 霍文婕, 张拴林, 刘建新. 2-甲基丁酸对断奶前后犊牛瘤胃发酵、酶活及纤维分解菌菌群的影响
畜牧兽医学报, 2015,46(12):2218-2226.

DOI:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2015.12.013 URL [本文引用: 1]

通过研究日粮添加2-甲基丁酸对断奶前后犊牛瘤胃发酵、酶活及纤维分解菌菌群的影响，旨在探讨其对犊牛瘤胃发育的影响。试验选取32头体重（46.45 ± 0.37） kg 15日龄的荷斯坦哺乳公犊，随机分为4组，每组8头，对照组犊牛断奶前饲喂鲜奶，断奶后饲喂犊牛料和苜蓿干草，试验组在对照组日粮基础上分别添加3、6和9 g•d^-1的2-甲基丁酸，犊牛在45日龄断奶，分别于30和90日龄时从各组抽取4头，晨饲前称重后进行屠宰并采样测定指标。结果表明，90日龄犊牛瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸及乙酸与丙酸比例，滤纸酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、纤维二糖酶、木聚糖酶、α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和蛋白酶的活力，溶纤维丁酸弧菌、白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌的数量，较30日龄均显著增高（P<0.05），而pH和氨态氮浓度均显著降低（P<0.05）。日粮添加6和9 g•d^-1的2-甲基丁酸，较对照组显著降低了瘤胃pH，较3 g•d^-1和对照组显著降低了氨态氮浓度（P<0.05），日粮添加9 g•d^-1 的2-甲基丁酸较3 g•d^-1和对照组显著提高乙酸与丙酸比例，较3 g•d^-1和对照组显著提高滤纸酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、纤维二糖酶、木聚糖酶、α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶的活力，较3 g•d-1和对照组显著提高纤维丁酸弧菌、白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌的数量，但对蛋白酶的活力无显著影响（P>0.05）。结果提示，2-甲基丁酸通过刺激纤维分解菌和淀粉分解菌的生长提高瘤胃纤维分解酶和淀粉降解酶的活力，从而促进瘤胃发酵和瘤胃的发育；根据各项指标综合考虑，建议2-甲基丁酸的适宜添加量为6 g•d^-1。

H Q

, LIU

, WANG

, ZHANG

Y L

, PEI

C X

, WANG

Y X

, GUO

, HUO

W J

, ZHANG

S L

, LIU

J X

. Effects of 2 methylbutyrate supplementation on rumen fermentation, enzyme activities and cwllulolytic bacteria in pre and post weaning dairy calves
Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2015,46(12):2218-2226. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2015.12.013 URL [本文引用: 1]

EMMANUEL

D G

, JAFARI

, BEAUCHEMIN

K A

, LEEDLE

J A Z

, AMETAJ

B N

. Feeding live cultures of Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces an inflammatory response in feedlot steers
Journal of Animal Science, 2007,85(1):233-239.

DOI:10.2527/jas.2006-216 URLPMID:17179561 [本文引用: 2]

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of oral supplementation of the lactic-acid-producing bacterium Enterococcus faecium EF212 alone or in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) on mediators of the acute phase response in feedlot steers. Eight fistulated steers were used to study the effects of E. faecium alone or with yeast in a crossover design with 2 Latin squares, 4 steers within each square, and 2 periods. The length of each period was 3 wk, with a 10-d adaptation and an 11-d measurement period. The experimental diet contained 87% steam-rolled barley, 8% whole-crop barley silage, and 5% supplement (DM basis). In Exp. 1, treatments were control vs. the lactic-acid-producing bacterium E. faecium (6 x 10(10) cfu/d). In Exp. 2, treatments were control vs. E. faecium (6 x 10(10) cfu/d) and S. cerevisiae (6 x 10(10) cfu/d). The bacteria and yeast supplements were blended with calcium carbonate to supply 6 x 10(10) cfu/d when top-dressed into the diet once daily at the time of feeding (10 g/d). Steers fed the control diet received only carrier (10 g/d). Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein on d 17 and 21 of each period, and serum amyloid A (SAA), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), haptoglobin, and alpha1-acid glycoprotein (alpha1-AGP) were measured. Supplementation of feed with E. faecium had no effect on concentrations of SAA, LBP, haptoglobin, or alpha1-AGP in plasma compared with those of controls. However, feeding E. faecium and yeast increased (P = 0.02) plasma concentrations of SAA, LBP, and haptoglobin but had no effect on plasma alpha1-AGP. In conclusion, oral supplementation of E. faecium alone had no effect on the mediators of the acute phase response that were measured, whereas feeding of E. faecium and yeast induced an inflammatory response in feedlot steers fed high-grain diets. Further research is warranted to determine the mechanism(s) by which E. faecium and yeast stimulated production of acute phase proteins in feedlot steers.

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DAWSON

K A

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K E

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J A

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于萍, 王加启, 卜登攀, 刘开朗, 李旦, 赵圣国, 魏宏阳, 周凌云. 日粮添加纳豆芽孢杆菌对断奶后犊牛胃肠道纤维分解菌的影响
中国农业大学学报, 2009,14(1):111-116.

[本文引用: 1]

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J Q

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D P

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K L

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S G

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H Y

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L Y

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Journal of China Agricultural University, 2009,14(1):111-116. (in Chinese)

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黄庆生, 王加启. 添加不同酵母培养物对瘤胃纤维分解菌群和纤维素酶活的影响
畜牧兽医学报, 2005,36(2):144-148.

URL [本文引用: 1]

用3种酵母培养物（YC-1、YC-2和YC-3）分别饲喂4头带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的肉牛，研究培养物对瘤胃发酵、纤维分解酶活性和3种纤维分解菌数量的影响，结果表明：YC-2处理的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总VFA浓度显著高于对照组（P＜0.05），YC-1和YC-3处理的乙酸/丙酸比例显著降低（P＜0.01）；各处理均能显著提高瘤胃内羧甲基纤维素酶、水杨苷酶和木聚糖酶的活性（P＜0.01）；各处理都显著提高黄化瘤胃球菌的相对比例（P＜0.01），16S rRNA特异性寡聚核苷酸探针杂交法分析测定结果表明3种纤维分解菌在瘤胃细菌中所占比例为3.80%±0.2%。

HUANG

Q S

, WANG

J Q

. Effect of yeast cultures on fibrolyticbacterial population and activities of fiber hydrolytic enzymes in the rumen
Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2005,36(2):144-148. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

黄帅. 米曲霉和酿酒酵母对奶牛瘤胃发酵及血液生化指标的影响
[D]. 大庆: 黑龙江八一农垦大学, 2011.

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HUANG

. The effects of Aspergillus Oryzae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the rumen fermentation and the blood parameters of dairy cow
[D]. Daqing: Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 2011. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

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纪宁, 孔繁东, 祖国仁, 季瑛, 黄朝明. 纳豆菌抗菌作用的研究现状与展望
食品研究与开发, 2006,27(1):138-141.

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F D

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G R

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C M

. Thepresent situatin and developmental tendency of antimicrobial function of Bacillusnatto
Food Research and Developmen, 2006,27(1):138-141. (in Chinese)

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DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76380-4 URLPMID:8708102 [本文引用: 1]

Four lactating Holstein cows, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to examine the effects of supplemental yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and fungal (Aspergillus oryzae) cultures on ruminal fermentation, microbial populations, and nutrient supply to the small intestine. Cows were fed a basal diet comprising 32.5% corn silage, 17.5% alfalfa hay, 35.3% corn grain, 12.7% soybean meal, and 2% vitamin and mineral mixture on a DM basis. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial as follows: 1) basal diet, 2) basal diet plus 57 g/d of yeast culture, 3) basal diet plus 3 g/d of fungal culture, and 4) basal diet plus 57 g/d of yeast culture and 3 g/d of fungal culture. Ruminal pH, ammonia N concentration, and total VFA concentration were similar among treatments. Molar percentages of ruminal isoacids were lower for cows fed a mixture of yeast and fungal culture than for cows fed yeast or fungal culture alone. Yeast culture increased ruminal OM and CP digestion and decreased OM and N flow to the duodenum. Fiber digestion in the rumen was similar among treatments. Fungal culture stimulated proteolytic and cellulolytic bacterial counts. Proteolytic bacterial counts were also stimulated by yeast culture. Results from this experiment demonstrated that yeast and fungal cultures could influence ruminal fermentation and microbial populations.

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NEWBOLD

C J

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R J

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X B

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F M

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Journal of Animal Science, 1995,73(6):1811-1818.

DOI:10.2527/1995.7361811x URLPMID:7673076 [本文引用: 1]

A ruminal simulation device (Rusitec) was used to compare the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains NCYC 240, NCYC 694, NCYC 1026, NCYC 1088, and Yea-Sacc (a commercial product containing S. cerevisiae) on ruminal fermentation. S. cerevisiae NCYC 240, NCYC 1088, NCYC 1026, and NCYC 694 were grown on malt extract at 30 degrees C in aerated fed-batch culture and harvested along with spent growth medium by freeze-drying. Each vessel received daily 20 g of a basal diet consisting of hay, barley, molasses, fishmeal, and a minerals/vitamins mixture at 500, 299.5, 100, 91, and 9.5 g/kg of DM, respectively. Yeast preparations (500 mg/d) were added along with the feed. S. cerevisiae NCYC 240, NCYC 1026, and Yea-Sacc stimulated total and cellulolytic bacterial numbers, whereas S. cerevisiae NCYC 694 and NCYC 1088 had no effect on the numbers of bacteria. The effects of S. cerevisiae NCYC 240, NCYC 1026, and Yea-Sacc on ruminal fermentation were further investigated in vivo using ruminally cannulated sheep fed 1.5 kg/d of the diet used in Rusitec, supplemented with 2 g/d of yeast culture. All treatments tended to stimulate total and cellulolytic bacterial numbers. However, the stimulation was only statistically significant for S. cerevisiae NCYC 1026 with total bacterial numbers and S. cerevisiae NCYC 240 with cellulolytic bacteria (P < .05). Increased bacterial numbers were associated with an increase in the rate of straw degradation in the rumen and a nonsignificant (P > .05) increase in the excretion of purine derivatives in the urine, measured as an index of microbial nitrogen leaving the rumen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[45]

孙鹏. 日粮添加纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌对奶牛生产性能、瘤胃发酵及功能微生物的影响
中国畜牧兽医, 2012(9):168.

URL [本文引用: 1]

本研究测定了5.5月龄广丰白翎鹅体重与体尺性状指标,并进行了体重与体尺性状的主成分分析。结果表明,母鹅的体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胫围、跖长存在极显著相关(P＜0.01),与其他各体尺指标均无显著相关性;公鹅的体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胫围、半潜水长、跖长、骨盆宽、胸宽存在极显著相关(P＜0.01),与颈长显著相关(P＜0.05)。从主成分的特征根和贡献率来看,第Ⅰ主成分主要反映体型外貌特征,第Ⅱ主成分主要反映体躯特征,第Ⅲ主成分主要反映颈部特征,第Ⅳ、第Ⅴ主成分主要反映胸部特征。广丰白翎鹅的体重和大部分体尺性状有显著相关关系,因此主成分分析指标对广丰白翎鹅的选种选育具有重要的意义。

SUN

. Effects ofBacillus subtilis natto on performance, rumen fermentation and functional microorganisms in dairy cows
Chinese Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2012(9):168. (in Chinese)

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