不同土壤质地对平邑甜茶幼苗连作障碍程度的影响

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盛月凡, 王海燕, 乔鈜元, 王玫, 陈学森, 沈向, 尹承苗^,, 毛志泉^,山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室,山东泰安 271018

Effects of Different Soil Textures on the Degree of Replanted Disease of Malus hupehensis Rehd.

SHENG YueFan, WANG HaiYan, QIAO HongYuan, WANG Mei, CHEN XueSen, SHEN Xiang, YIN ChengMiao^,, MAO ZhiQuan^,College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong

通讯作者: 毛志泉,Tel：0538-8241984;E-mail： mzhiquan@sdau.edu.cn 尹承苗,E-mail： yinchengmiao@163.com

收稿日期:2018-09-7接受日期:2018-12-28网络出版日期:2019-02-16

基金资助:

国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项.CARS-27
国家自然科学基金.31672104
国家自然科学基金.31501720
国家重点研发计划.2016YFD0201114

Received:2018-09-7Accepted:2018-12-28Online:2019-02-16
作者简介 About authors
盛月凡,E-mail： 843547908@qq.com。

摘要
【目的】以平邑甜茶幼苗作为试材,研究不同土壤质地苹果园连作障碍发生程度及其差异机制,以便根据连作障碍可能发生的严重程度采用适宜的防治措施。【方法】取烟台莱州3种不同质地老果园土,在盆栽条件下设置连作砂壤土、连作壤土、连作黏壤土及各个质地土壤对应溴甲烷熏蒸处理,共6个处理,测定不同处理盆栽幼苗的生物量、土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性、根系保护性酶活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量,使用实时荧光定量（qPCR）技术检测老果园土壤中主要有害真菌的数量变化。因3种土壤条件不同,故分别以3种土壤溴甲烷处理与各自连作处理上述指标的差异来表示连作障碍发生的程度,差异越大,连作障碍程度越严重。同时采用高效液相色谱法测定3种连作土壤中的酚酸类物质含量。【结果】与各自连作对照相比,黏壤土、砂壤土和壤土溴甲烷熏蒸处理植株干样质量分别提高了98.9%、87.9%和54.4%,说明黏壤土连作与溴甲烷处理差异最大,连作障碍程度最严重。与各自连作对照相比,黏壤土、砂壤土、壤土溴甲烷熏蒸处理植株的根系保护酶活性均显著提高,根呼吸速率显著增加,MDA含量明显降低。其中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性分别是各自连作对照的2.63、1.80和1.53倍;过氧化物酶（POD）活性分别是连作的3.02、2.01和1.62倍,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别是连作的3.25、2.61和2.11倍。黏壤土根系保护性酶差异最大,说明在连作黏壤土条件下,根系胁迫更严重。与各自连作对照相比,黏壤土、砂壤土、壤土溴甲烷熏蒸处理植株根呼吸速率分别提高了91.3%、69.4%和36.0%;MDA含量分别降低了51.3%、48.9%和33.1%。脲酶活性分别比连作降低了68.2%、64.2%和54.4%;磷酸酶活性分别比连作降低了25.6%、18.6%和8.18%。黏壤土、砂壤土和壤土溴甲烷熏蒸处理比各自连作对照真菌数量降低了85.8%、58.1%和72%,尖孢镰孢菌拷贝数比各自连作处理分别降低了87.5%、70.1%和66.3%,且连作黏壤土条件下尖孢镰孢菌拷贝数最多。连作条件下黏壤土的实测酚酸总量最高,为41.30 mg·kg ^-1。【结论】3种不同土壤质地中,黏壤土酚酸类物质含量高、土壤中尖孢镰孢菌为主的有害真菌最多、根系胁迫最严重,最终表现为连作平邑甜茶幼苗与溴甲烷熏蒸处理的生物量差异最大,而壤土则相反。
关键词： 苹果连作障碍;土壤质地;土壤微生物;酚酸类物质

Abstract

【Objective】The occurrence degree and mechanism of apple replant disease (ARD) in the apple orchards with different soil textures were studied with the Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings as experimental material, so as to adopt appropriate control measures according to the severity of ARD.【Method】Pot experiment including six treatments, which were the replanted sandy loam soil and its methyl bromide fumigation treatment, the replanted loam soil and its methyl bromide fumigation treatment, and the replanted clay loam soil and its methyl bromide fumigation treatment, was carried out. And the soils were from Laizhou, Yantai. The biomass, root protective enzymes activities and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents of M. hupehensis seedlings, changes of the number of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, and soil enzyme activities were measured by conventional method. The number of the F. oxysporum was detected by a real-time quantitative PCR detection system. Because of the three different soil conditions, the differences of the above indicators between the three soil treatments of methyl bromide fumigation and their replanted soil treatments were used to indicate the degree of ARD. The greater of the difference, the more serious the ARD was. At the same time, the content of phenolic acids of three kind of soils was determined by high performance liquid chromatography.【Result】 Compared with their respective controls, the dry weight of plants in the methyl bromide fumigated clay loam, sandy loam soil and loam soil increased by 98.9%, 87.9%, and 54.4%, respectively. From the results, we could see that the most difference occurred between the replanted soil and its methyl bromide fumigation treatment in clay loam soil, which indicated that the degree of ARD in clay loam soil was the most serious. Compared with their respective controls, the plants treated with methyl bromide fumigation in clay loam, sandy loam and loam significantly increased the root activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) and decreased the MDA content. The activity of SOD was 2.63, 1.80 and 1.53 times higher than that of the control, POD activity was 3.02, 2.01 and 1.62 times higher than that of the control and CAT activity was 3.25, 2.61 and 2.11 times higher than that of the control, respectively. The difference of root protective enzymes was the greatest in clay loam, which indicated that root stress was more serious in the replanted clay loam soil. Compared with their respective controls, the root respiration rates of clay loam, sandy loam and loam treated with methyl bromide fumigation increased by 91.3%, 69.4% and 36.0%, respectively. MDA content decreased by 51.3%, 48.9% and 33.1%, respectively. Urease activity decreased by 68.2%, 64.2% and 54.4%, respectively, and phosphatase activity decreased by 25.6%, 18.6% and 8.18%, respectively, compared with their respective controls. The amount of fungi treated with methyl bromide fumigation in clay loam, sandy loam soil and loam soil decreased by 85.8%, 58.1% and 72%, respectively. The copy number of F. oxysporum decreased by 87.5%, 70.1% and 66.3%, respectively, and the copy number of F. oxysporum was the highest in the replanted clay loam soil. Under replanted conditions, the total phenolic acid content in clay loam soil was the highest, which was 41.30 mg·kg ^-1.【Conclusion】 Among three soils of different texture, the degree of ARD was the most serious in clay loam soil on account of the highest total content of phenolic acid, the most harmful fungi mainly in F. oxysporum and the most serious root stress, while the degree of ARD in loam soil was the slightest.

Keywords：apple replant disease;soil texture;soil microorganism;Phenolic acid

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本文引用格式
盛月凡, 王海燕, 乔鈜元, 王玫, 陈学森, 沈向, 尹承苗, 毛志泉. 不同土壤质地对平邑甜茶幼苗连作障碍程度的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(4): 715-724 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.04.012
SHENG YueFan, WANG HaiYan, QIAO HongYuan, WANG Mei, CHEN XueSen, SHEN Xiang, YIN ChengMiao, MAO ZhiQuan. Effects of Different Soil Textures on the Degree of Replanted Disease of Malus hupehensis Rehd.[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(4): 715-724 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.04.012

0 引言

【研究意义】我国是世界苹果最大的生产及贸易中心,苹果栽培面积最大、总产量最高、人均占有量最多、苹果出口量最大。随着种植年限的增加,近年来,仅山东省就有近0.67×10⁵—1×10⁵hm²苹果园面临更新^[1,2]。在对老果园更新时,由于土地资源的限制,果树连作栽培无法避免,使得苹果连作障碍的发生具有普遍性^[2,3,4,5]。连作障碍会使果实产量及品质降低,病虫害加重,树势衰弱甚至死亡,果农经济损失严重^[3,6]。土壤理化性质的好坏会影响果树根系的生长发育和对养分的吸收能力,影响果树的高产^[7]。我国苹果生产区域分布广泛,其中环渤海、西南冷凉高地、黄河故道和西北黄土高原为四大主要生产区域,土壤质地类型多样^[7]。且土壤质地是土壤重要的物理性质之一^[8],是影响土壤潜在生产力的关键因素。研究不同质地土壤连作障碍发生程度及差异机制,即可根据连作障碍可能发生的程度采用适宜的防治措施,为防治连作障碍提供可行的技术措施。【前人研究进展】前人研究认为质地不同的土壤理化性状差别很大^[8],土壤质地影响土壤的总孔隙度,进而影响土壤的通气性和透光率^[9],从而影响苹果根系的呼吸速率;还会影响土壤的水分含量及养分状况,进而影响微生物的生存环境及代谢活性^[10,11],不同土壤质地的微生物群落结构存在差异。严永旺^[12]研究表明土壤质地不同,微生物种群数量也存在显著差异。其中细菌、放线菌及总微生物数量以壤土较多,砂土较少;真菌数量以黏土较多,砂土较少。另外,土壤质地与土壤中酚类物质的含量也有一定的关系,王米兰等^[13]研究发现土壤中的酚酸类物质与粉粒呈显著正相关,与黏粒正相关但未达到显著水平,与砂粒呈显著负相关。土壤砂粒越多,酚类含量越少。【本研究切入点】经前人研究可知,土壤质地不同,土壤微生物、酚酸类物质的种类和含量都有所不同,这三者与苹果再植后的生长发育密切相关,说明土壤质地的差异会影响苹果连作障碍的程度,但在这方面的研究却鲜有报道。【拟解决的关键问题】研究不同土壤质地苹果园连作障碍发生程度及差异机制,以便后期根据土壤质地不同初步判断苹果连作障碍的发生程度,并采取适宜的防治措施,达到经济高效的目的。

1 材料与方法

试验于2017年3—10月在山东农业大学南校区的国家苹果工程中心进行。

1.1 供试材料

试验用土取自烟台莱州三地（大沙岭、凤毛寨、湾头村）25年生老果园,根据美国制土壤分类标准,采用微吸管法测得大沙岭为砂壤土,凤毛寨为壤土,湾头村为黏壤土。土壤材料的土壤质地见表1,基本特性见表2。

Table 1
表1
表1供试土壤的机械组成
Table 1The mechanical composition of the test soil

土壤来源 Soil source	黏粒含量 Clay content (%)	粉粒含量 Powder content (%)	砂粒含量 Sand content (%)	土壤类型 Soil type
大沙岭Dashaling	8	35	57	砂壤土Sandy loam
凤毛寨Fengmaozhai	16	41	43	壤土Loam
湾头村Wantoucun	32	34	34	黏壤土Clay loam

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Table 2
表2
表2供试土壤的基本特性
Table 2The basic characteristics of the test soil

土壤来源 Soil source	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)	总孔隙度 Total porosity (%)	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃-N (mg·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄-N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)
大沙岭Dashaling	1.45	41.97	5.22	7.33	13.72	14.43	7.94	28.25
凤毛寨Fengmaozhai	1.21	50.10	4.75	5.12	33.96	22.23	9.84	21.74
湾头村Wantoucun	1.15	53.03	6.49	7.88	34.59	14.13	7.15	40.26

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试验材料为苹果砧木品种平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）的幼苗,待其长出6片真叶,选择长势均匀、健康的幼苗移栽至装有7.0 kg供试土壤的泥盆中,每盆定植2株幼苗,每个处理15盆,统一肥水管理。

取适量3种类型的土壤用溴甲烷熏蒸处理,分别设置溴甲烷熏蒸和连作两个处理,共6个处理。于2017年8月中旬取样,测定相关指标,因3地土壤条件不同,故以3地溴甲烷与连作处理各指标的差异来表示连作障碍发生的程度,差异越大,连作障碍程度越严重。

1.2 研究方法

植株生物量使用直尺、游标卡尺及电子天平测定。

采用稀释平板计数法测定土壤微生物数量,采用LB、PDA及高氏一号培养基检测土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量^[14]。

参考毛志泉等^[15]的试验方法测定根系的呼吸速率。

根系相关抗氧化酶和丙二醛（MDA）的含量参考赵世杰等^[16]的方法测定。

土壤相关酶活性参考关松荫等^[17]的方法测定。

酚酸类物质的含量采用尹承苗等^[18]的方法测定。

参照王玫等^[19]的方法,取过筛的新鲜土壤0.5 g,使用E.Z.N.A.?土壤DNA提取试剂盒提取DNA,用CFX96TMThermal Cycler（Bio-Rad）测定土壤中尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数。

1.3 数据处理

Microsoft Excel 2007用于数据的计算及作图,SPSS19.0软件用于方差分析,使用邓肯氏新复极差法及t检验检测结果的差异显著性。

图1

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图1不同处理对平邑甜茶幼苗根系抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性和MDA含量的影响

两组测定结果采用T检验进行差异显著性分析,*代表同一土壤质地溴甲烷熏蒸处理与连作处理差异显著（P<0.05）,**表示同一土壤质地溴甲烷熏蒸处理与连作处理差异极显著（P<0.01）。下同
Fig. 1Effects of different treatments on the antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD, POD, CAT and MDA contents in root of seedlings

The T-test was used to determine the significance of the difference between the two assays. * represented significant difference in the fumigation of methyl bromide treatment and the control of the same soil texture at the 0.05 level. ** indicates extremely significant difference between the fumigation of methyl bromide treatment and the control of the same soil texture at the 0.01 level. The same as below

2 结果

2.1 供试植株生物量

溴甲烷熏蒸条件下平邑甜茶幼苗株高均比连作条件下有所增加。其中砂壤土增幅最大,达到35.2%;其次是黏壤土,达到了29.1%;壤土增幅最小,为26.3%。3种质地土壤溴甲烷熏蒸条件下平邑甜茶幼苗地径均比连作条件下有所增加。各处理差异表现为黏壤土>砂壤土>壤土,分别比连作条件下增加51.6%、31.2%和24.2%。3种土壤质地连作与溴甲烷处理的鲜样质量与干样质量差异显著,且趋势都为溴甲烷处理高于连作处理。砂壤土、壤土及黏壤土的溴甲烷处理鲜样质量比连作分别提高了85.7%、59.6%和104%。砂壤土、壤土及黏壤土的溴甲烷处理的干样质量比连作分别提高了87.9%、54.4%和98.9%。

Table 3
表3
表3不同质地连作土壤对平邑甜茶幼苗生物量的影响
Table 3Effects of different soil texture on the biomass of Malus hupehensis Rehd. under replant conditions

土壤类型 Soil type	土壤处理 Soil treatments	株高 Plant height (cm)	地径 Stem diameter (mm)	鲜重 Fresh weight (g)	干重 Dry weight (g)
砂壤土 Sandy loam	溴甲烷熏蒸土 Methyl bromide soil	73.70±1.46*	8.63±0.36	61.61±2.82**	27.46±1.27**
砂壤土 Sandy loam	连作土 Replanted soil	54.50±0.21	6.58±0.31	33.18±0.64	14.61±0.49
壤土 Loam	溴甲烷熏蒸土 Methyl bromide soil	65.30±2.80*	8.59±0.17**	64.58±0.92**	27.49±0.48**
壤土 Loam	连作土 Replanted soil	51.70±0.61	6.92±0.13	40.46±2.27	17.80±0.88
黏壤土 Clay loam	溴甲烷熏蒸土 Methyl bromide soil	71.03±2.00**	10.02±0.37*	75.85±3.40**	32.50±0.99**
黏壤土 Clay loam	连作土 Replanted soil	55.00±1.06	6.61±0.10	37.18±1.97	16.34±1.76

The T-test was used to determine the significance of the difference between the two assays. * in each row of the same indicator represented a significant difference in the fumigation of methyl bromide treatment and the control of the same soil texture at the 0.05 level. ** indicates extremely significant difference between the fumigation of methyl bromide treatment and the control of the same soil texture at the 0.01 level. The same as below
两组测定结果采用T检验进行差异显著性分析,同一指标每一行后*代表同一土壤质地溴甲烷熏蒸处理与连作处理差异显著（P<0.05）,**表示同一土壤质地溴甲烷熏蒸处理与连作处理差异极显著（P<0.01）。下同

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2.2 土壤对土壤可培养微生物

如表4所示,3种土壤溴甲烷熏蒸处理的真菌数量均低于连作,黏壤土、砂壤土和壤土溴甲烷熏蒸处理分别比连作处理真菌数量降低81.4%、64.0%和75.2%。砂壤土溴甲烷熏蒸处理比连作处理细菌数量降低71.2%,壤土和黏壤土溴甲烷处理细菌数量均高于连作处理,分别是连作处理的6.57、7.24倍。砂壤土、壤土及黏壤土溴甲烷熏蒸处理放线菌数量均低于连作,分别比连作降低了76.5%、94.2%和90.8%。

Table 4
表4
表4不同质地连作土壤对土壤可培养微生物的影响
Table 4Effect of different soil texture on the population of soil microorganisms under replant conditions

土壤类型 Soil type	土壤处理 Soil treatments	细菌 Bacteria (×10⁵CFU/g)	真菌 Fungus (×10³ CFU/g)	放线菌 Actinomycetes (×10⁴CFU/g)
砂壤土 Sandy loam	溴甲烷熏蒸土 Methyl bromide soil	5.00±0.58*	12.00±2.08*	10.33±1.86*
砂壤土 Sandy loam	连作土 Replanted soil	17.33±1.45	33.33±1.86	44.00±1.53
壤土 Loam	溴甲烷熏蒸土 Methyl bromide soil	100.67±2.40**	9.33±1.33**	4.00±0.58*
壤土 Loam	连作土 Replanted soil	15.33±1.20	37.67±1.20	69.00±2.65
黏壤土 Clay loam	溴甲烷熏蒸土 Methyl bromide soil	149.67±3.48**	5.33±1.45*	6.33±1.45*
黏壤土 Clay loam	连作土Replanted soil	20.67±1.76	28.67±2.73	69.00±2.08

新窗口打开|下载CSV

2.3 幼苗根系抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性及MDA含量

3种质地土壤（砂壤土、壤土、黏壤土）溴甲烷熏蒸处理的根系抗氧化酶均高于连作,且差异显著。其中3地溴甲烷处理SOD活性分别是连作的1.80、1.53和2.63倍;POD活性分别是连作的2.01、1.62和3.02倍;CAT活性分别是连作的2.61、2.11和3.25倍。3种土壤溴甲烷处理与连作处理的MDA活性差异显著,溴甲烷熏蒸处理的均低于连作处理。3种土壤溴甲烷熏蒸处理与连作差异表现为黏壤土>砂壤土>壤土,比连作分别降低了51.3%、48.9%和33.1%。说明黏壤土溴甲烷处理与连作差异最大。

Table 5
表5
表5不同质地连作土壤对土壤酚酸类物质的影响
Table 5Effects of replanted soils of different soil textures on phenolic acids content of soil

土壤处理 Soil treatments	酚酸Compounds (mg·kg^-1 dry soil)				酚酸总量 Total phenolic acids
土壤处理 Soil treatments	根皮苷 Phlorizin	根皮素 Phloretin	肉桂酸 Cinnamic acid	对羟基苯甲酸 p-hydroxybenzoic acid	酚酸总量 Total phenolic acids
连作砂壤土 Replanted soil	10.89±0.29b	6.33±0.28b	4.44±0.16c	6.30±0.51b	27.97±0.81c
连作壤土 Replanted soil	15.31±0.59a	5.61±0.30b	5.65±0.26b	6.28±0.25b	32.84±0.80b
连作黏壤土 Replanted soil	16.57±0.41a	7.27±0.12a	8.77±0.23a	8.69±0.53a	41.30±0.91a

The one-way ANOVA was used to determine the significance difference of different treatments. Different letters stand for the significant difference at the 0.05 level
不同处理的差异显著性测定采用单因素方差分析,不同处理间的差异用不同小写字母表示（P<0.05）

新窗口打开|下载CSV

2.4 幼苗根活力及土壤酶活性

由图2所示,3种质地土壤溴甲烷处理与连作处理的根系活力差异表现为黏壤土>砂壤土>壤土,分别比连作处理提高了91.3%、69.4%和36.0%。连作黏壤土脲酶活性最高,为31.89 mg·g^-1·d^-1;黏壤土连作与溴甲烷处理差异最大,其次是砂壤土,最后是壤土。砂壤土、壤土及黏壤土溴甲烷熏蒸处理分别比连作降低了64.2%、54.4%和68.2%。磷酸酶活性比连作分别降低了18.6%、8.18%和25.6%;连作与溴甲烷处理差异表现为黏壤土>砂壤土>壤土。

图2

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图2不同处理对供试植株根系呼吸速率及土壤酶活性的影响

Fig. 2Effects of different treatments on the respiration rate of seedling roots of plants tested and soil enzyme activity

2.5 不同质地连作土壤的自毒作用

由于同种土壤连作与溴甲烷熏蒸处理的酚酸类物质含量差异不明显,故不能通过连作与溴甲烷处理酚酸类物质含量的差异来表示连作障碍发生的程度。因此,仅测定3种质地连作土壤酚酸类物质含量,采用单因素方差分析来比较3种质地连作土壤酚酸类物质含量的差异。结果表明,砂壤土、壤土和黏壤土连作处理的酚酸类物质总量差异显著,且以连作条件下黏壤土酚酸总量最多,为41.30 mg·kg^-1,其次是壤土,砂壤土最少。

2.6 土壤尖孢镰孢菌的实时荧光定量分析

如图4所示,3种土壤中尖孢镰孢菌数量在连作与溴甲烷处理的差异值分别表现为黏壤土>砂壤土>壤土,砂壤土、壤土、黏壤土溴甲烷熏蒸处理的尖孢镰孢菌拷贝数比连作处理真菌数量分别降低了70.1%、66.3%和87.5%。

图4

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图4不同处理对尖孢镰孢菌的实时荧光定量分析

Fig. 4Real-time quantitative analysis of Fusarium oxysporum under different treatments

3 讨论

土壤是植物生长发育的基础,不同质地土壤的机械阻力及孔隙度不同,使土壤在水、肥、气、热方面存在差异,进而影响植物根系的生长^[20]。土壤质地与苹果生长所需的土壤环境条件和养分的供需关系密切,苹果的优质生产离不开良好的土壤理化性质。对于苹果的连作障碍来说,造成此种病症的原因是多方面的,包括土壤有害微生物的增加、化感自毒作用、土壤理化性质的恶化以及土壤中的养分失衡,即土壤环境的改变已不利于苹果的生长。前人研究表明土壤质地影响了土壤与作物之间的营养及水、气的交换,使得作物根系的生长发育及作物产量、土壤中微生物的种类和数量以及酚类物质的含量受到影响^[21]。MASONI等^[22]研究表明,黏壤土条件下小麦的氮和磷吸收量、干物质积累及产量等显著高于砂壤土。不同的土壤质地对苹果连作障碍的影响不同,本研究结果表明黏壤土连作障碍发生程度较严重,其次是壤土,砂壤土最轻,但砂壤土和壤土差异不大。可能的原因是黏壤土质地黏重,根系分泌的自毒物质更易留存,为有害真菌提供了适宜的环境,根系受胁迫最严重,因而不利于平邑甜茶幼苗的生长。壤土理化性质良好,土壤中以尖孢镰孢菌为主的有害真菌数量少,为平邑甜茶幼苗提供了相对适宜的土壤环境,根系受胁迫最轻,连作障碍发生程度也最轻。

3.1 土壤质地影响连作果园土壤酶活性

土壤酶活性的高低与土壤生物化学反应及生物体生命活力的高低有关,同时影响土壤营养元素的有效性水平,不同质地苹果园土壤中的酶活性存在差异^[23,24]。研究表明^[25]长期连作能够降低土壤中脲酶、磷酸酶活性。熏蒸土壤中的微生物数量减少,使得土壤相关酶活性降低。本研究表明溴甲烷熏蒸土壤中的脲酶和磷酸酶活性降低,这与KLOSE等^[25]研究结论一致。同一质地连作与溴甲烷熏蒸处理差异最大的是黏壤土,其次壤土,最后是砂壤土。王清奎等^[26]研究发现砂壤土酶活性一般低于黏粒含量较高的中壤土和重壤土,与本试验结果一致。其原因可能是黏粒含量较高,微生物生命活力越强,土壤酶活性越高。这与土壤黏粒含量越多,含水量变化就越小,且因土壤黏粒附着有机物质使其不易流失有关^{[24,25,26,27]}。

3.2 土壤质地影响连作果园有害真菌数量和酚酸类物质

本试验中不同质地土壤连作与溴甲烷熏蒸处理的真菌数目差异显著。大量研究表明,长期连作的土壤中,有害真菌所占比例增加,种群优势明显,微生物种类及数量发生改变,使微生物群落结构失衡^[28,29]。本试验中不同质地土壤连作与溴甲烷熏蒸处理真菌数量差异表现为黏壤土>壤土>砂壤土,这在一定程度上说明质地为黏壤土的老果园真菌数量增幅最大,连作程度最严重。KELDERER等^[30]的研究表明尖孢镰孢菌、腐皮镰孢菌、柱孢属真菌和双核丝核菌是引起意大利地区苹果连作障碍的主要病原菌。VAN SCHOOR等^[31]研究表明引起南非苹果园连作障碍的主要原因是土壤中镰孢属、柱孢属及腐霉属的有害真菌,TEWOLDEMEDIN等^[32]发现连作苹果园中尖孢镰孢菌数量众多。通过对不同质地连作土中的尖孢镰孢菌进行实时荧光定量分析发现,黏壤土溴甲烷熏蒸与连作处理的尖孢镰孢菌数量差异最大,这也是黏壤土条件下连作障碍更加严重的主要原因之一。

另外,许多研究表明苹果土壤中的酚酸类物质与连作致病真菌可以协同作用,姜伟涛等^[33]研究发现根皮苷和串珠镰孢菌共同作用加重了苹果连作障碍现象。通过高效液相色谱法分析得到不同质地土壤实测酚酸类物质含量,结果表明,砂壤土、壤土和黏壤土连作土处理的酚酸类物质总量差异显著,且以连作条件下黏壤土酚酸总量最多,为41.30 mg·kg^-1。周婷^[34]研究表明土壤中黏粒含量越多,酚类物质含量越高,这与本研究结果一致。笔者实验室前期的研究探明了我国苹果主产区引起连作障碍的主要病原菌是镰孢菌,明确了酚酸类物质的积累促进镰孢菌的生长。故本研究探究不同质地老果园连作障碍程度不同的原因主要从这两方面进行考虑,关于土壤理化性质及养分对连作的影响将进一步探究。

3.3 土壤质地影响连作果园果树根系保护性酶活性

在逆境条件下,根系中的SOD、POD和CAT可以清除植物细胞中的自由基,使植物细胞膜受害程度减轻,抵抗逆境胁迫的能力更强^[35]。MDA是反映植物遭受逆境伤害程度的重要指标,连作会提高MDA含量,导致脂质过氧化程度加重,细胞膜稳定指数及渗透调节物质含量降低^[36]。本研究发现不同质地土壤溴甲烷熏蒸处理的SOD、POD和CAT等保护酶活性均高于连作,MDA均低于连作;且黏壤土溴甲烷熏蒸处理与连作处理的差异最大,说明黏壤土在连作条件下对平邑甜茶根系胁迫更严重。关于不同土壤质地微生物群落结构的差异以及对田间连作条件下新植苹果幼树的长期影响,需要进一步研究。

4 结论

不同土壤质地发生连作障碍程度不同,黏壤土连作障碍发生更严重,其次是砂壤土,壤土。其主要原因可能是黏壤土中以尖孢镰孢菌为主的有害真菌数量多,酚酸类物质含量高,根系受胁迫更严重。

（责任编辑赵伶俐）

参考文献原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
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Replant disease of apple is common to all major apple growing regions of the world. Difficulties in defining disease etiology, which can be exacerbated by abiotic factors, have limited progress toward developing alternatives to soil fumigation for disease control. However, the preponderance of data derived from studies of orchard soil biology employing multidisciplinary approaches has defined a complex of pathogens/parasites as causal agents of the disease. Approaches to manipulate microbial resources endemic to the orchard soil system have been proposed to induce a state of general soil suppressiveness to replant disease. Such a long-term strategy may benefit the existing orchard through extending the period of economic viability and reduce overall disease pressure to which young trees are exposed during establishment of successive plantings on the site. Alternatively, more near-term methods have been devised to achieve specific quantitative and qualitative changes in soil biology during the period of orchard renovation that may lead to effective disease suppression.

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2014,13(8):1699-1706.

DOI:10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60620-6 URL [本文引用: 1]

Apple replant disease (ARD) causes the inhibition of root system development, stunts tree growth and so on. To further investigate the effects of ARD on apple fruits, a 25-year-old apple orchard was remediated to establish a replant orchard between November 2008 and March 2009. A rotational cropping orchard was established on an adjacent wheat field. The cultivar and rootstock-scion combination used in the newly established orchards was Royal Gala/M26/Malus hupehensis Rehd. Ripe fruits were collected in mid-August 2011 and mid-August 2012, meanwhile, the following indices were measured: yield per plant; fruit weight; the fruit shape index; the contents of anthocyanin, carotenoid and chlorophyll; the soluble sugar content in the flesh; titratable acid; the sugar-acid ratio; firmness; and aroma components; apple plant ground diameter, plant height increment and the total length of the current-year shoots. The results showed that compared to rotational cropping, continuous cropping yielded statistically significant reductions in fruit weight and yield per plant of 39.8 and 76.5%, respectively. However, there were no changes in the fruit shape index. The anthocyanin and carotenoid contents decreased by 81.7 and 37.7%, respectively, while the chlorophyll content increased by 251.0%. All of these differences in content were statistically significant. The soluble sugar levels and sugar-acid ratio decreased by 25.4 and 60.9%, respectively, but the titratable acid levels and fruit firmness increased by 90.9 and 42.8%, respectively. Ten of the most important esters contributing to the apple aroma were analyzed, and the following changes were observed: hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, hexyl butyrate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate, amyl acetate, butyl butyrate, 2-methyl-butyl butyrate, hexyl propionate and hexyl hexanoate decreased by 25.5, 78.4, 89.1, 55.5, 79.5, 77.2, 86.8, 69.9, 61.2, and 68.1%, respectively. The contents of three other aroma components, (E)-2-hexenal, hexanal and 1-hexanol, significantly increased. Eight characteristic aroma components were found in the rotational cropping fruits: hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate, amyl acetate, 2-methyl- butyl butyrate, hexyl acetate and hexyl propionate. There were four characteristic ester components (hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate) and two characteristic aldehyde aroma components ((E)-2-hexenal and hexanal) in the continuous cropping fruits. Compared with the rotational cropping fruits, four characteristic ester components were declined and two characteristic aldehyde aroma components were increased. Compared with the control, replanted apple plant ground diameter, plant height increment and the total length of the current-year shoots were reduced by 27.6, 40.6 and 72.2%, respectively.

[7]

高义民, 同延安, 路永莉, 王小英 . 陕西渭北红富士苹果园土壤有效养分及长期施肥对产量的影响
园艺学报, 2013,40(4):613-622.

URL Magsci [本文引用: 2]

调查了陕西渭北地区915 个盛产期红富士苹果园的土壤有效养分、全年施肥和产量情况，并在合阳县1 个果园通过8 年定位试验研究了长期施用氮、磷、钾肥对苹果产量、单果质量的影响及肥料农学效率和肥料贡献率的变化。结果表明，土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的平均值分别为60.1mg · kg-1、17.7 mg · kg-1 和173.0 mg · kg-1，有机质含量为12.6 g · kg-1，最高分布频率的土壤养分分布范围分别为碱解氮40 ~ 60 mg · kg-1，速效磷10 ~ 20 mg · kg-1，速效钾150 ~ 200 mg · kg-1，有机质10 ~ 15 g · kg-1。碱解氮和速效磷含量与苹果产量的相关性分别达到极显著和显著水平，土壤速效钾和有机质含量与产量的相关性不显著。果园氮、磷、钾肥平均用量分别为纯N 454.5 kg · hm-2、P2O5 327.7 kg · hm-2、K2O 313.2kg · hm-2，有机肥平均用量4.7 t · hm-2；纯N、P2O5 和K2O 用量均为200 ~ 400 kg · hm-2 的分布频率最高，仅26.6%的果园施用有机肥。氮、磷、钾肥用量与苹果产量和土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量具有极显著或显著相关性。在高产年份、中产年份和低产年份，氮肥对苹果产量、单果质量的影响效果及其农学效率和肥料贡献率均大于磷和钾肥。对苹果产量的影响，高产年份磷肥显著大于钾肥，中、低产年则无显著差异。对单果质量的影响效果，高产和中产年份磷肥和钾肥无显著差异，低产年份钾肥显著大于磷肥。氮、磷、钾肥的农学效率和肥料贡献率，在高、中产年份为氮 > 磷 > 钾，低产年份为氮 > 钾 > 磷。

GAO Y

, TONG Y

, LU Y

, WANG X

. Effects of soil available nutrients and long-term fertilization on yield of Fuji apple orchard of Weibei area in Shaanxi, China
Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2013,40(4):613-622. (in Chinese)

URL Magsci [本文引用: 2]

李潮海, 李胜利, 王群, 侯松, 荆棘 . 不同质地土壤对玉米根系生长动态的影响
中国农业科学, 2004,37(9):1334-1340.

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2004.09.013 URL Magsci [本文引用: 2]

采用池栽方式对轻壤土、中壤土和轻粘土上玉米根系状况进行了研究。结果表明，3种质地土壤对玉米根系的形态、分布、生长具有很大影响。玉米根系弯曲度、平均根径的大小均为轻粘土＞中壤土＞轻壤土，轻壤土中玉米根系上部有更多的支根但下部支根较少；拔节期，玉米根系的垂直和水平分布在轻壤土中范围最广，轻粘土中最小。大喇叭口期之后3种质地土壤玉米根系的分布范围无明显差异。轻壤土、中壤土、轻粘土随着土壤中物理性粘粒的增加，根量在上层土壤中所占的比例加大。轻壤土中玉米根系生长表现为"早发早衰"，拔节期前，根系生长速率大于中壤土和轻粘土，吐丝期根量达到最大值，之后开始衰老。轻粘土玉米的根系则呈现出"晚发晚衰"，拔节期前根系生长缓慢，灌浆期根量才达到最大值，灌浆至成熟期根系衰老的速率远小于轻壤土和中壤土。中壤土中根系在玉米整个生育期平均生长速率和根量的最大值显著高于轻壤土和轻粘土。

LI C

, LI S

, WANG

, HOU

, JING

. Effect of different textural soils on root dynamic growth in corn
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2004,37(9):1334-1340. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2004.09.013 URL Magsci [本文引用: 2]

刘四义, 梁爱珍, 杨学明, 张晓平, 贾淑霞, 陈学文, 张士秀, 孙冰洁, 陈升龙 . 不同部位玉米秸秆对两种质地黑土CO₂排放和微生物量的影响
环境科学, 2015,36(7):2686-2694.

DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2015.07.048 URL [本文引用: 1]

秸秆还田后作物残体的分解是农田生态系统碳循环及养分周转平衡的一个至关重要环节.为了探索秸秆化学性质和土壤质地对黑土区土壤CO2排放和微生物量的影响,本文通过室内恒温培养实验研究了添加不同植株部位玉米秸秆(根、茎下部、茎顶部、叶)进入黑土区两种质地土壤(砂壤土和黏壤土)后的CO2排放、微生物量,并分析了它们与秸秆C/N、木质素含量的关系.结果表明,添加不同部位秸秆一致增加土壤CO2排放量,激发效应值介于216.53~335.17μmol·g-1,黏壤土大于砂壤土.激发效应值与木质素/N之间的线性回归关系明显好于激发效应与木质素含量、C/N、含氮量之间的线性关系.添加秸秆增加MBC和MBN含量,降低MBC/MBN,微生物群落氮固持的速率高于碳固持.添加秸秆后,砂壤土微生物量增加的幅度大于黏壤土,总溶解性氮含量小于黏壤土.结果说明,秸秆的木质素和氮含量均会对它的分解和CO2排放产生影响,木质素/N比木质素含量、C/N等更好地说明秸秆分解和CO2排放的差异;与黏壤土相比,在砂壤土中实施秸秆还田可以取得更好的土壤碳固存、微生物量和氮素保持效果.

LIU S

, LIANG A

, YANG X

, ZHANG X

, JIA S

, CHENG X

, ZHANG S

, CHEN S

. Effects of different residue part inputs of corn straws on CO₂ efflux and microbial biomass in clay loam and sandy loam black soils
Environmental Science, 2015,36(7):2686-2694. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2015.07.048 URL [本文引用: 1]

PLANTE A

, CONANT R

, SREWANT C

, PAUSTIAN

, SIX

. Impact of soil texture on the distribution of soil organic matter in physical and chemical fractions
Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2006,70(1):287-296.

DOI:10.2136/sssaj2004.0363 URL [本文引用: 1]

Previous research on the protection of soil organic C from decomposition suggests that soil texture affects soil C stocks. However, different pools of soil organic matter (SOM) might be differently related to soil texture. Our objective was to examine how soil texture differentially alters the distribution of organic C within physically and chemically defined pools of unprotected and protected SOM. We collected samples from two soil texture gradients where other variables influencing soil organic C content were held constant. One texture gradient (16-60% clay) was located near Stewart Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada and the other (25-50% clay) near Cygnet, OH. Soils were physically fractionated into coarse- and fine-particulate organic matter (POM), silt- and clay-sized particles within microaggregates, and easily dispersed silt-and clay-sized particles outside of microaggregates. Whole-soil organic C concentration was positively related to silt plus clay content at both sites. We found no relationship between soil texture and unprotected C (coarse- and fine-POM C). Biochemically protected C (nonhydrolyzable C) increased with increasing clay content in whole-soil samples, but the proportion of nonhydrolyzable C within silt- and clay-sized fractions was unchanged. As the amount of silt or clay increased, the amount of C stabilized within easily dispersed and microaggregate-associated silt or clay fractions decreased. Our results suggest that for a given level of C inputs, the relationship between mineral surface area and soil organic matter varies with soil texture for physically and biochemically protected C fractions. Because soil texture acts directly and indirectly on various protection mechanisms, it may not be a universal predictor of whole-soil C content.

[11]

苏永中, 杨晓, 杨荣 . 黑河中游边缘荒漠-绿洲非饱和带土壤质地对土壤氮积累与地下水氮污染的影响
环境科学, 2014,35(10):3683-3691.

DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2014.10.007 URL [本文引用: 1]

在灌溉农田生态系统,土壤剖面中硝态氮(NO-3-N)的积累、分布、运移及地下水氮污染不仅受灌溉、施肥的影响,也与土壤质地有密切联系.本研究在黑河流域中游临泽平川绿洲设置了黑河河漫滩-老绿洲农田-新垦绿洲农田-绿洲外围固沙带一个监测断面10个观测井,对地下水NO-3-N含量进行连续监测,并对不同景观单元非饱和带土壤质地和NO-3-N含量进行了分析,对不同质地土壤NO-3-N在剖面的运移变化和氮淋溶损失进行监测.结果表明老绿洲农田,0~300 cm土层土壤质地的垂向分布为上层砂壤土,下层为壤土和黏壤土;而新垦沙地农田在土壤剖面中也有洪积黏土层出现,但0~300 cm不同土层砂粒含量均在80%以上;绿洲外围固沙带土壤在160 cm以下出现黏土层分布;土壤NO-3-N含量与黏粉粒含量呈显著相关,显著程度固沙带>新垦绿洲农田>老绿洲农田.土壤黏粉粒含量显著影响氮的淋溶.老绿洲农田区域,地下水NO-3-N含量变动在1.01~5.17 mg·L-1,平均2.65 mg·L-1;新垦沙地农田区域地下水NO-3-N含量变动在6.6~29.5 mg·L-1,平均20.8mg·L-1,2013年5~10月平均含量为26.5 mg·L-1,较2012年同期平均值上升了9.5 mg·L-1;绿洲外围固沙带地下水NO-3-N含量呈明显的增加趋势.地下水浅埋区非饱和带土壤质地是土壤NO-3-N淋溶损失和地下水NO-3-N污染的关键控制因子.边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田是地下水氮污染的脆弱带和高风险区域,实施有效降低地下水氮污染的种植模式及施肥和灌溉管理是区域生态农业需考虑的问题.

SU Y

, YANG

. Effect of soil texture in unsaturated zone on soil nitrate accumulation and groundwater nitrate contamination in a marginal oasis in the middle of Heihe River Basin
Environmental Science, 2014,35(10):3683-3691. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2014.10.007 URL [本文引用: 1]

严永旺 . 不同质地土壤微生物种群、酶活性对烟叶品质的影响
[D]. 长沙: 湖南农业大学, 2011.

[本文引用: 1]

YAN Y

. Effects of microorganism’s population, enzyme activity on tobacco quality of differently textured soil
[D]. Changsha: Hunan Agricultural University, 2011. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[13]

王米兰, 胡荣桂 . 湖北省几种农业土壤中酚含量及其与碳氮的关系
农业环境科学学报, 2014,33(4):702-707.

DOI:10.11654/jaes.2014.04.012 URL [本文引用: 1]

土壤中的酚类物质是有机碳的重要组成部分,对微生物驱动下的土壤有机质周转、二氧化碳等温室气体的排放以及土壤养分的供应等有重要意义。为探讨不同农业利用方式对土壤酚类物质的影响,揭示土壤酚类与土壤性质的关系,我们采集了湖北省境内几种不同的农业土壤,分析了土壤酚类以及铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮、有机质含量等。结果显示：不同土壤的酚类含量变化范围为45.64～198.48 mg C·kg^-1,且不同农业土壤的酚类含量存在差异,其含量大小为菜地〉水田〉旱地〉林地,这与不同的农业利用方式有关;相同农业利用的土壤酚类含量也不尽相同,主要受土壤质地和pH值的影响所致。相关分析表明：土壤酚类含量与铵态氮含量、全氮含量和有机质含量呈显著正相关关系,这与酚类对土壤氮转化过程的影响、酚类共价绑定有机氮以及酚类抑制土壤微生物和土壤酶活性有关。逐步回归分析结果显示：土壤全氮含量高有利于酚类物质的积累,而土壤砂粒含量多时酚类含量则较少。这些结果表明：土壤全氮有利于酚类物质在土壤中的积累,进而影响土壤的氮转化过程,减缓土壤有机质的矿化分解,对土壤碳氮循环有着重要调节作用。

WANG M

, HU R

. Phenol content and its relationships with carbon and nitrogen in several agricultural soils in Hubei province
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014,33(4):702-707. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11654/jaes.2014.04.012 URL [本文引用: 1]

沈萍, 陈向东 . 微生物学实验. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2007.

[本文引用: 1]

SHEN

, CHEN X

. Experiment of Microbiology. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2007. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[15]

毛志泉, 王丽琴, 沈向, 束怀瑞, 邹岩梅 . 有机物料对平邑甜茶实生苗根系呼吸强度的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2004,10(2):171-175.

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1008-505X.2004.02.012 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1]

研究了几种有机物料对一年生平邑甜茶实生苗吸收根、生长根、褐色木质根呼吸强度的影响。结果表明,不同有机物料对三类根呼吸强度提高的程度不同,夏季为鸡粪>羊粪>花生秧处理;秋季羊粪>鸡粪>花生秧处理。整株根系呼吸强度,夏季鸡粪、羊粪和花生秧处理分别比对照提高56%、31%和25%;秋季羊粪比鸡粪处理高19%。吸收根、生长根和褐色木质根呼吸强度差异显著,夏季吸收根呼吸强度是褐色木质根的2～3倍、秋季为2～2.4倍;生长根呼吸强度是褐色木质根的1.5～1.9倍、秋季为1.3～1.7倍。白色根(吸收根与生长根之和)与褐色木质根各自的总呼吸量占整株根系呼吸量比例随季节变化而不同,夏季白色根所占比例超过50%,秋季褐色木质根呼吸量所占比例达68%～80%,在整株根系呼吸量中占主导地位。

MAO Z

, WANG L

, SHEN

, SHU H

, ZOU Y

. Effect of organic materials on respiration intensity of annual Malus hupehensis Rehd. root system.
Plant Nutrition & Fertilizing Science, 2004,10(2):171-175. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1008-505X.2004.02.012 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1]

赵世杰, 史国安, 董新纯 . 植物生理学实验指导. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 2002: 98-99.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHAO S

, SHI G

, DONG

X C

. Plant Physiology Experiment. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2002: 98-99. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[17]

关松荫 . 土壤酶及其研究法. 北京: 北京农业出版社, 1986: 274-340.

[本文引用: 1]

GUAN S

. Soil Enzyme and Its Research Methods. Beijing: Beijing Agriculture Press, 1986: 274-340. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[18]

尹承苗, 王功帅, 李园园, 车金水, 沈向, 陈学森, 毛志泉, 吴树敬 . 一种分析土壤中酚酸类物质含量的新方法-以连作苹果园土壤为试材
中国农业科学, 2013,46(21):4612-4619.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.025 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1]

【目的】建立一种以ASE-HPLC法为基础的快速、高效测定果园土壤酚酸类物质含量的新方法。【方法】以苹果特征酚酸类物质根皮苷为例，采用加速溶剂提取法（accelerated solvent extraction, ASE）和高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)相结合的测定方法，对萃取溶剂、萃取温度、压力和循环数等参数进行优化，寻找ASE法提取酚酸类物质的最佳工艺条件。【结果】ASE法提取苹果园土壤酚酸类物质的最佳工艺条件为：先以无水乙醇为萃取溶剂，再以甲醇为萃取溶剂，提取温度为120℃，压强为10.3 MPa，循环2次，每次静态提取时间为5 min，吹扫体积为60%，吹扫时间为90 s。【结论】该方法样品处理简单，具有良好的重现性和线性，相关性系数均达到0.99，回收率在83%—98%之间，检测限为1.3×10-4—2.5×10-2 μg•mL-1。ASE-HPLC法是一种简便、快速和高效测定土壤酚酸含量的新方法，具有推广应用价值。

YIN C

, WANG G

, LI Y

, CHE J

, SHEN

, CHEN X

, MAO Z

, WU S

. A new method for analysis of phenolic acids in the soil-soil from replanted apple orchards was investigated
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013,46(21):4612-4619. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.025 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1]

王玫, 段亚楠, 孙申义, 相立, 王功帅, 陈学森, 沈向, 尹承苗, 毛志泉 . 不同氮形态对连作平邑甜茶幼苗生长及土壤尖孢镰孢菌数量的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2017,23(4):1014-1021.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.16457 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】研究盆栽条件下不同形态氮对苹果砧木—平邑甜茶幼苗生长以及对连作土壤微生物的影响,为连作建园时科学施肥、减轻苹果连作障碍提供依据。【方法】试验于2015年露地进行,以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,以连作土为对照1（CK1）和溴甲烷熏蒸为对照2（CK2）,设置施入铵态氮（T1）、硝态氮（T2）和酰胺态氮（T3）3个不同形态氮处理（N 180 mg/L）,于2015年8月测定平邑甜茶生物量、光合参数和土壤微生物等相关指标。【结果】铵态氮（T1）和酰胺态氮（T3）处理均能明显提高连作条件下‘平邑甜茶’苹果幼苗的生物量,其中T1处理的株高、地径、鲜重、干重与CK1相比分别提高了35.3%、24.4%、42.0%、57.7%。添加3种形态氮素均可不同程度地提高平邑甜茶幼苗叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和根系呼吸速率,其中T1处理的Pn、Gs和根系呼吸速率分别比CK1提高了27.6%、35.6%、43.3%,却并未达到CK2的效果。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,CK2尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数降低最为明显,比CK1降低了52.6%,T1也有效地降低了尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数,而T2和T3处理尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数与CK1没有显著性差异。T-RFLP结果表明,T1和T3处理的真菌群落结构与CK1有明显差异,T1处理与CK2的真菌群落结构较为相似,T2处理的真菌群落结构与CK1较为相似。【结论】铵态氮处理可更好地提高连作平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量、净光合速率以及根系呼吸速率,降低土壤尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数,明显改变连作土壤的真菌群落结构,可作为减轻苹果连作障碍的措施。

WANG

, DUAN Y

, SUN S

, XIANG

, WANG G

, CHEN X

, SHEN

, YIN C

, MAO Z

. Effects of different nitrogen forms on the growth of replanted apple rootstock (Malus hupehensis Rehd.) seedlings and Fusarium oxysporum population in soil.
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017,23(4):1014-1021. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.16457 URL [本文引用: 1]

曾艳 . 氮肥, 土壤质地对茶树根系生长特性影响的研究
[D]. 雅安: 四川农业大学, 2014.

[本文引用: 1]

ZENG

. The effect of nitrogen and soil texture on the root of tea plants (Camellia sinensis)
[D]. Ya’an: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2014. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[21]

龙会英, 张德, 金杰 . 土壤质地对柱花草生长发育、生物量及土壤肥力变化的影响
土壤, 2017,49(5):1049-1052.

DOI:10.13758/j.cnki.tr.2017.05.028 URL [本文引用: 1]

采用大田试验的方法,在云南省元谋县小雷宰流域内壤土、砂壤土和重壤土3种质地土壤上,以热研5号柱花草为材料,研究土壤质地对柱花草生长发育、生物量及土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮和全磷的影响.试验结果表明:3种土壤质地上种植柱花草,柱花草地上部和地下部生长量和生物量表现幼苗期增加缓慢,而分枝期后增加快的趋势.壤土耕性好,兼有砂土和重壤土的优点,有利柱花草地上部分的生长发育,柱花草地上部生长量、生物量及改善土壤肥力方面显著高于重壤土.砂壤土有利于柱花草根系向深层土壤生长,柱花草地下部生长量、生物量及根瘤显著高于种植在重壤土.在3种土壤质地种植柱花草后,土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮和全磷均有上升趋势.综合而言,通气性和保肥保水能力居中的壤土更适合柱花草的生长发育及干物质的积累.

LONG H

, ZHANG

, JIN

. Effects of soil textures on growth, biomass of Stylosanthes guianensis and fertility of soils.
Soils, 2017,49(5):1049-1052. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.13758/j.cnki.tr.2017.05.028 URL [本文引用: 1]

MASONI

, ERCOLI

, MARIOTTI

, ARDUINI

. Post-anthesis accumulation and remobilization of dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in durum wheat as affected by soil type
European Journal of Agronomy, 2007,26(3):179-186.

DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2006.09.006 URL [本文引用: 1]

The objective of the research was to quantify the changes in the accumulation of dry matter and N and P content of four durum wheat ( Triticum durum Desf.) varieties grown on two soil types (sandy-loam and clay-loam), differing for texture, nitrogen content and water holding capacity. Plants were grown in containers and were rainfed until anthesis; irrigation was performed during grain filling to avoid water stress. The difference in total vegetative weight and nitrogen and phosphorus content of plants between anthesis and maturity was used to indirectly estimate the relative contribution of pre-anthesis assimilation and remobilization to grain yield. The behaviour of the four varieties was similar as they ranked in the same order for pre-anthesis and post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and grain yield and differences in soil characteristics induced similar changes in dry matter, N and P accumulation and remobilization. Soil type greatly affected the patterns of dry matter, N and P accumulation and remobilization. Plants grown on clay-loam soil had higher dry weight and N and P content both at anthesis and at maturity and higher grain yield at maturity, compared to plants grown on sandy-loam soil and the remobilization of dry matter, N and P were 75, 140 and 55% higher. Most of the grain carbohydrates originated from photosynthates produced during grain fill, as the contribution of remobilization of dry matter to grain yield did not reach 30%, while most of the grain N and P originated from the remobilization of N and P accumulated prior to anthesis as remobilization of N accounted for 73 82% of grain N content and remobilization of P accounted for 56 63% of grain P content.

[23]

张旭龙, 马淼, 吴振振, 张志政, 林慧 . 慧油葵与光果甘草间作对根际土壤酶活性及微生物功能多样性的影响
土壤, 2016,48(6):1114-1119.

DOI:10.13758/j.cnki.tr.2016.06.008 URL [本文引用: 1]

通过盆栽试验,研究了新葵10号油葵与光果甘草间作对盐碱地根际土壤酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以期为盐碱地的改良提供依据。结果表明,与单作模式相比,间作显著提高了根际土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和蛋白酶的活性。在144 h的温育期内,间作模式下的AWCD均高于单作模式,并显著提高了AWCD的利用率(72 h,P0.05)。与单作模式相比,间作显著提高了微生物多样性指数(S、H)。主成分分析表明,间作优化了盐碱土壤微生物群落组成;羧酸类化合物、聚合物、氨基酸和碳水化合物是间作模式下根际土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。因此,新葵10号与光果甘草间作显著提高盐碱地根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性指数,改变了微生物群落功能多样性,对盐碱土壤质量的改良有积极作用。

ZHANG X

, MA

, WU Z

, ZHANG Z

, LIN

. Effects of Helianthus annuus and Glycyrrhiza glabra intercropping on rhizosphere soil enzyme activities and soil microbes functional diversity.
Soils, 2016,48(6):1114-1119. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.13758/j.cnki.tr.2016.06.008 URL [本文引用: 1]

陈伟 . 苹果园土壤微生物类群与栽培环境关系的研究
[D]. 泰安: 山东农业大学, 2007.

[本文引用: 2]

CHEN

. Studies on the relationship between soil microbial community and cultivation environment in apple orchard
[D]. Tai’an: Shandong Agricultural University, 2007. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[25]

KLOSE

, ACOSTA-MARTIINEZ

, AJWA H

. Microbial community composition and enzyme activities in a sandy loam soil after fumigation with Methyl bromide or alternative biocides
Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2006,38(6):1243-1254.

DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.09.025 URL [本文引用: 3]

A sandy loam soil was fumigated in microcosms for 24 h with methyl bromide and chloropicrin (MeBr+CP), propargyl bromide (PrBr), combinations of 1,3-dichloropropene and CP (InLine), iodomethane and CP (Midas), an emulsifiable concentrate of CP (CP-EC), or methyl isothiocyanate (MITC). The effects of these pesticides on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles and selected enzymatic activities were evaluated in fumigated soils and a nonfumigated control at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 90 days post-fumigation. Bacterial ( a15:0, i15:0, i16:0, cy17:0, a17:0 and i17:0) and fungal (18:2ω6, 18:3ω6, 18:1ω9) FAMEs were initially (1 day post-fumigation) reduced by fumigation with CP-EC, InLine, and Midas. Microbial communities of soils fumigated with MeBr+CP, MITC, and PrBr resembled those of the control soil. At 14–28 days post-fumigation, FAME profiles were changed in all fumigated soils relative to the control, with the exception of soils treated with MITC. At 90 days post-fumigation, FAME profiles suggested that actinomycetes (10 Me 16:0, 10 Me 17:0, 10 Me 18:0) and Gram-positive bacteria may recover preferentially after fumigation with most of the pesticides studied. Among the fumigants tested, InLine, Midas, and CP-EC had a higher potential to alter the microbial community structure in the longer term than MeBr+CP, PrBr and MITC, with MITC having the least effect. Soil enzyme activities in fumigated microcosms were significantly ( P≤0.037) different from the nonfumigated soil, with the exception of β-glucosidase in soils treated with PrBr and MITC, and dehydrogenase in MeBr+CP-fumigated soils. Over the 90-day study, soil fumigation (average of all fumigants and sampling dates) reduced the activities of arylsulfatase (62%), dehydrogenase (35%), acid phosphatase (22%), and β-glucosidase (6%), suggesting that S mineralization in soils and the total oxidative potential of microorganisms were more affected by fumigation than P and C mineralization. This study also indicates that soil fumigation with MeBr+CP alternative biocides has the potential to alter microbial communities and important key reactions involved in nutrient transformation.

[26]

王清奎, 汪思龙, 冯宗炜, 黄宇 . 土壤活性有机质及其与土壤质量的关系
生态学报, 2005,25(3):513-519 .

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2005.03.019 URL Magsci [本文引用: 2]

活性有机质是土壤的重要组成部分 ,主要包括溶解性有机碳、微生物生物量、轻组有机质。它在土壤中具有重要作用 :(1)可以表征土壤物质循环特征、评价土壤质量 ,可以作为土壤潜在生产力以及由土壤管理措施引起土壤有机质变化的早期指标 ;(2 )在养分周转中起重要作用 ,是植物的养分库 ,可以提供植物所需要的养分如氮、磷、硫等 ;(3)能稳定土壤结构 ,对维持团粒结构稳定性有重要作用。从土壤养分、土壤物理、化学性质方面讨论了活性有机质与土壤质量的关系。土壤中的溶解性有机碳、微生物生物量碳氮含量与土壤有机碳、全氮和碱解氮等物质的含量呈正相关。活性有机质受土壤质地、含水量、温度等因素影响 ,与土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换量等也有关。土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物量 C/有机碳比与土壤粘粒、粉粒含量呈正相关、与砂粒含量呈负相关。

WANG Q

, WANG S

, FENG Z

, HUANG

. Active soil organic matter and its relationship with soil quality
Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005,25(3):513-519. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2005.03.019 URL Magsci [本文引用: 2]

FRANZLUEBBERS A

, HANEY R

, HONS F

, ZUBERER

. Active fractions of organic matter in soils with different texture
Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1996,28(10/11):1367-1372.

DOI:10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00143-5 URL [本文引用: 1]

Relationships between soil organic C (SOC), soil microbial biomass C (SMBC), mineralizable C and N during a 21 d incubation, and basal soil respiration (BSR) were evaluated on eight soil types from Texas that varied in soil texture (7-45% clay) and organic matter. The portion of SOC as SMBC increased with increasing clay content, whereas the relationships of mineralizable C and N and BSR to SOC were not affected by soil texture. The ratio of BSR-to-SOC averaged 1.4 +/- 0.4 mg mineralizable C g-1 SOC d-1. The amount of mineralizable C and N and BSR per unit of SMBC, however, decreased with increasing clay content, indicating that the soil microbial biomass () was more active in coarse-textured soils than in fine-textured soils. The average specific respiratory activity was 29 mg mineralizable C g-1 SMBC d-1 with 10% clay and 11 mg mineralizable C g-1 SMBC d-1 with 40% clay. The C-to-N ratio of the mineralizable fraction was 10 +/- 3 and not affected by soil texture. The established relationships between active soil organic matter () fractions and soil texture could be used in models predicting turnover.

[28]

马宁宁, 李天来 . 设施西红柿长期连作土壤微生物群落结构及多样性分析
园艺学报, 2013,40(2):255-264.

URL Magsci [本文引用: 1]

利用PCR-DGGE 技术，研究了裸地及不同连作年限的设施番茄栽培土壤中细菌和真菌的群落结构及多样性的变化情况。结果表明：设施条件下种植番茄明显改变了土壤土著细菌的群落结构，但连作年限对土壤细菌多样性影响较小，细菌群落结构变化不大；土著真菌的群落结构稳定性优于土著细菌，但土壤真菌的优势种群在不同连作年限的土样中变化较大，连作显著降低了某些真菌的数量，同时显著增加了另一些真菌的数量，其中，连作20 年番茄的土壤真菌新出现的优势种群最多，且与非优势种群的真菌数量差异较大，这种番茄连作后改变土壤真菌种群平衡的现象可能是导致番茄产生连作障碍的重要原因之一。通过电泳条带的回收、测序，可知所取土样中的细菌优势种群属于Clostridium butyricum、Uncultured bacterium、Bacillus 和Arthrobacter，真菌优势种群属于Saccobolus dilutellus、Uncultured fungus、Lasiobolus ciliatus、Spooneromyces laeticolor 和Lasiobolidium orbiculoides。

MA N

, LI T

. Effect of long-term continuous cropping of protected tomato on soil microbial community structure and diversity
Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2013,40(2):255-264. (in Chinese)

URL Magsci [本文引用: 1]

刘星, 张文明, 张春红, 邱慧珍, 李瑞琴, 王蒂, 沈其荣 . 土壤灭菌-生物有机肥联用对连作马铃薯及土壤真菌群落结构的影响
生态学报, 2016,36(20):6365-6378.

DOI:10.5846/stxb201504110737 URL [本文引用: 1]

甘肃省中部沿黄灌区是全国重要的加工型马铃薯生产基地,然而因集约化生产带来的连作障碍问题已经严重影响到当地马铃薯种植业的健康发展.结合田间试验和相关的室内分析,从马铃薯块茎产量和品质、植株生理特征和土壤真菌群落结构等角度,初步评估土壤灭菌和生物有机肥联用(Ammonia Disinfection plus Bio-organic Fertilizer Regulation,ABR)对马铃薯连作障碍的防控效果.同对照相比,ABR处理的块茎产量和商品薯率分别显著增加约71.1％-152.1％和39.2％-53.3％,但块茎化学品质变化不大.ABR处理叶绿素含量和根系活力较CK均显著增加,而叶片和根系丙二醛含量显著下降.PCR-DGGE分析发现,ABR处理显著影响了马铃薯连作土壤的真菌群落结构,表现为真菌群落的多样性指数较CK相比显著下降.ABR处理还有效抑制了土传病害的滋生,植株发病率和收获后的病薯率较CK分别显著下降约67.2％-82.2％和69.1％-70.5％.采用Real-timePCR评估连作土壤中3种优势致病真菌的数量变化,显示ABR处理下立枯丝核菌、茄病镰刀菌和接骨木镰刀菌的数量在生育期内较CK均有不同程度的下降.综合来看,土壤灭菌和生物有机肥联用技术在防控甘肃省中部沿黄灌区马铃薯连作障碍上具有较大的应用潜力,而对土传病害的抑制和微生物群落结构的改善是其主要的作用机理.

LIU

, ZHANG W

, ZHANG C

, QIU H

, LI R

, WANG

, SHEN Q

. Combination of the application of soil disinfection and bio-organic fertilizer amendment and its effects on yield and quality of tubers, physiological characteristics of plants and the fungal community in a potato monoculture system
Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016,36(20):6365-6378. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.5846/stxb201504110737 URL [本文引用: 1]

KELDERER

, MANICI L

, CAPUTO

, THALHEIMER

. Planting in the ‘inter-row’ to overcome replant disease in apple orchards: A study on the effectiveness of the practice based on microbial indicators
Plant and Soil, 2012,357:381-393.

DOI:10.1007/s11104-012-1172-0 URL [本文引用: 1]

Aims A study on the effectiveness of replanting in “inter-row” to minimize replant disease in apple orchards was performed focusing on the plant-microorganism relationship. Methods Simulation of a post transplant period with M9 rootstock plantlets was performed in soil samples taken from five third-generation orchards. Plant growth and root health, root colonizing fungi and bacteria of rhizospheric soil were evaluated at the end of the post-transplant simulation. Results Plant growth did not differ across the orchards, but was highest ( P 65>650.01) in the “inter-row”. Root colonizing fungi composition differed from one orchard to the other, but not between row and inter-row. Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum were the most represented species followed by Cylindrocarpon spp, binucleate Rhizoctonia sp., and Fusarium spp. Cylindrocarpon spp and binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. were pathogenic and occurred everywhere. Rhizosphere bacteria differed across orchards, but their position within the orchards did not. As plant growth response to the row and inter-row varied through the orchards, findings suggest that microbial interaction and pathogen host specificity play a role in plant health. Conclusions Replanting in inter-row can minimize replant disease but potential fungal pathogens are endemic in soil, therefore replanting should be associated with strategies increasing soil suppressiveness in established orchards.

[31]

VAN SCHOOR

, DENMAN

, COOK N

. Characterisation of apple replant disease under South African conditions and biological management strategies
Scientia Horticulturae, 2009,19(2):153-162.

[本文引用: 1]

[32]

TEWOLDEMEDHIN Y

, MAZZOLA

, BOTHAW

, SPIES F

, MCLEOD

. Characterization of fungi (Fusarium and Rhizoctonia) and oomycetes(Phytophthora and Pythium) associated with apple orchards in South Africa.
European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2011,130(2):215-229.

[本文引用: 1]

[33]

姜伟涛, 尹承苗, 段亚楠, 相立, 王玫, 陈学森, 沈向, 张民, 毛志泉 . 根皮苷和串珠镰孢菌加重苹果连作土壤环境及其对平邑甜茶生长的抑制
园艺学报, 2018,45(1):21-29.

DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0285 URL [本文引用: 1]

以平邑甜茶幼苗（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）为试材,在盆栽条件下研究了串珠镰孢菌和根皮苷对幼苗生长及连作土壤微生物的影响,为阐明连作障碍的发生机理提供理论依据。结果表明：8月份串珠镰孢菌、根皮苷、串珠镰孢菌＋根皮苷处理均不同程度降低了连作条件下‘平邑甜茶’幼苗的生物量,其中串珠镰孢菌＋根皮苷处理的株高、地径、鲜质量、干质量降低最显著,分别为连作土对照的70.6%、77.4%、52.3%和43.7%;9月份各处理的生长量趋势与8月份一致。在8月和9月,不同处理对幼苗根系呼吸速率的抑制作用表现为：串珠镰孢菌＋根皮苷〉串珠镰孢菌〉根皮苷〉连作土对照。3个处理均不同程度地抑制了连作土壤中细菌的生长,促进了真菌的生长,改变了土壤真菌的群落结构。3个处理均不同程度地降低了连作土壤中脲酶、中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶的活性;在8月,根皮苷、串珠镰孢菌、串珠镰孢菌＋根皮苷处理后对土壤脲酶活性的抑制作用较显著,分别比对照降低14.8%、29.1%和53.4%。综上,串珠镰孢菌和根皮苷单独或组合处理均显著抑制了‘平邑甜茶’幼苗的生长,其中串珠镰孢菌＋根皮苷处理最为显著,说明根皮苷和串珠镰孢菌共同作用加重了苹果连作障碍现象。

JIANG W

, YIN C

, DUAN Y

, XIANG

, WANG

, CHEN X

, SHEN

, ZHANG

, MAO Z

. Phloridzin and Fusarium moniliforme aggravated the replanted soil environment and inhibited the growth of Malus hupehensis seedlings.
Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2018,45(1):21-29. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0285 URL [本文引用: 1]

周婷 . 不同质地土壤条件下葡萄连作效应差异机制研究
[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳农业大学, 2016.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHOU

. Study on the mechanism of grape replant effect under different soil texture
[D]. Shengyang: Shenyang Agricultural University, 2016. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[35]

王艳芳, 相立, 徐少卓, 王森, 王晓伟, 陈学森, 毛志泉, 张民 . 生物炭与甲壳素配施对连作平邑甜茶幼苗及土壤环境的影响
中国农业科学, 2017,50(4):711-719.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.04.011 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】研究生物炭与甲壳素配施对连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率、根系保护酶和土壤环境的影响,为防治苹果连作障碍提供依据。【方法】盆栽条件下,以苹果常用砧木-平邑甜茶为试材,试验设苹果连作土壤作为对照（CK）,用1‰甲壳素（w/w,T1）、2%生物炭（w/w,T2）、1‰甲壳素＋2%生物炭（T3）以及溴甲烷灭菌（T4）处理苹果连作土壤,共5个处理。采用常规方法测定不同处理对平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率及根系抗氧化酶活性的影响,同时用末端限制性片段长度多态性（T-RFLP）和实时荧光定量PCR测定不同处理土壤中真菌群落结构和尖孢镰刀菌数量。【结果】T3和T4可显著增加平邑甜茶幼苗株高、地茎和干鲜重,T3使平邑甜茶幼苗的株高、地径、鲜重、干重分别增加了44.6%、33.0%、76.8%和77.1%,T4各指标分别增加了73.1%、76.9%、117.0%和123.7%;与对照相比,不同处理均使根系呼吸速率明显提高,T1、T2、T3和T4处理的幼苗根系呼吸速率分别是对照的1.37、1.70、1.87和2.02倍;T4处理超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性最高,其次为T3处理,T2和T1处理也增加了SOD活性,所有处理都与对照达到了显著差异;过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性变化与SOD变化趋势一致,T4处理根系POD和CAT活性分别为对照的2.68和2.64倍,其次为T3,3种酶活分别为对照的2.52和2.18倍;与对照相比,T2、T3和T4均可显著降低根系丙二醛（MDA）的含量,分别为对照的82.0%、61.9%和43.1%。T2和T3明显提高细菌数量,细菌/真菌比值分别是对照的1.7和2.2倍,溴甲烷灭菌（T4）则使土壤中的细菌、真菌显著降低,但是真菌降低的数量大于细菌的,因此,细菌/真菌比值高于对照;T4具有最高的多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数,分别比对照增加了24.4%、41.3%和13.6%,其次是T3处理;溴甲烷灭菌、生物炭配施甲壳素处理土壤中17

WANG Y

, XIANG

, XU S

, WANG

, WANG X

, CHEN X

, MAO Z

, ZHANG

. Effects of biochar and chitin combined application on Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings and soil environment under replanting conditions.
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017,50(4):711-719. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.04.011 URL [本文引用: 1]

回振龙, 王蒂, 李宗国, 李朝周, 李旭鹏, 张俊莲 . 外源水杨酸对连作马铃薯生长发育及抗性生理的影响
干旱地区农业研究, 2014,32(4):1-8.

DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2014.04.001 URL [本文引用: 1]

The experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) on seedling growth, resistance to continuous cropping obstacles, oxidation resistance and tuber nutrition of both continuous and discontinuous cropping potato. The results indicated that 5 years ofcontinuous cropping induced significant decrease in chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, cell membrane stability index, osmoregulation substance content, antioxidant content, antioxidant enzyme activities, tuber yield, tuber hardness, and the contents of starch, Vc and soluble protein in tubers, significant increase in the contents of MDA and reactive oxygen species in leaves, and significant inhibition in plant growth of potato. However, after being treated by exogenous SA, the relative water content of potato seedlings were increased, the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, root activity and cell membrane stability index were enhanced, the growth of plants was promoted, the osmoregulation substance content, antioxidant content and antioxidative enzyme activities in leaves were improved, the tuber yield, tuber hardness and the contents of starch, Vc and soluble protein were raised, while the contents of MDA and reactive oxygen species were decreased significantly. As for the treatments of exogenous SA, the concentrations of 20 mol L and 30 mol L were better than other concentrations in promoting the growth of potato seedlings and resistance to continuous cropping obstacles. For potato with 5 years continuous cropping, the treatment of 30 mol L exogenous SA increased the tuber yield by 64.4% and net photosynthetic rate in leaves by 287.0% compared with the control. It is concluded that proper concentration of exogenous SA can relief the damage caused by continuous cropping obstacles, promote the growth and development of potato plants, raise the tuber yield, and improve the nutrition and quality of tubers.

HUI Z

, WANG

, LI Z

, LI C

, LI X

, ZHANG J

. Influences of exogenous salicylic acid on growth and resistance physiology of continuous cropping potato
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2014,32(4):1-8. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2014.04.001 URL [本文引用: 1]