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专辑导读: 加强大田经济作物栽培措施与环境/资源配置的互作研究、推动产业高效优质发展

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-26

周广生,, 王晶, 蒯婕, 汪波华中农业大学植物科学技术学院 / 农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430070

Editorial: strengthening the research on the interaction between cultivated measures and environment/resource allocation of field economic crops to promote the development of industry with high efficiency and high quality

ZHOU Guang-Sheng,, WANG Jing, KUAI Jie, WANG BoCollege of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China

基金资助:国家重点研发计划项目“大田经济作物优质丰产的生理基础与调控”.2018YFD1000900


Published online:2021-09-12
Fund supported: National Key Research and Development Program of China “Physiological Basis and Agronomic Management for High-quality and High-yield of Field Cash Crops”.2018YFD1000900

作者简介 About authors
周广生,E-mail:zhougs@mail.hzau.edu.cn




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周广生, 王晶, 蒯婕, 汪波. 专辑导读: 加强大田经济作物栽培措施与环境/资源配置的互作研究、推动产业高效优质发展. 作物学报[J], 2021, 47(9): 1633-1638 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04633
ZHOU Guang-Sheng, WANG Jing, KUAI Jie, WANG Bo. Editorial: strengthening the research on the interaction between cultivated measures and environment/resource allocation of field economic crops to promote the development of industry with high efficiency and high quality. Acta Agronomica Sinica[J], 2021, 47(9): 1633-1638 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04633


油菜、大豆、花生、棉花是食用油、饲料蛋白和纺织原料的重要来源, 是我国主要的大田经济作物。但目前, 我国食用植物油、大豆及棉花的自给率均处于较低水平, 产需矛盾尤为突出[1,2,3]; 且其关键品质也低于其他主产国, 市场竞争力不强。此外, 这些经济作物在各主产区还常常遭遇干旱、洪涝、高温、低温、盐碱等不良环境, 严重影响了作物的优质高效生产。“十三五”国家重点研发计划项目“大田经济作物优质丰产的生理基础与调控”针对各主产区的生态特点和生产中的主要问题, 围绕油菜、大豆、花生、棉花的光温水肥高效利用; 栽培措施与资源配置的互作及调控、抗逆稳产及反馈机制等科学问题展开研究, 旨在创新优质高产、提质增效的理论和方法, 提升我国主要经济作物科技创新能力和国际竞争力, 保持可持续发展和农民增收。《作物学报》以专辑形式集中刊发该项目支持的17篇论文, 方便相关研究工作者了解最新研究动态。

适宜的品种、合理的栽培措施不仅是作物高产与稳产的重要保证, 还可以提高肥料利用率, 减少化肥用量, 平衡高产、优质与环境友好间的关系[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]。作物产量既取决于光合源同化物的生产能力, 又取决于库的大小和库容能力, 协调的源库关系, 扩源增库才能保证作物的高产[11,12,13]。“北方主栽花生品种的源库特征及其分类”一文[13]以中国北方主栽的13个花生品种为材料, 对单株叶面积等18个源库性状进行分析, 对比不同品种的源库性状差异和产量差异。研究指出在花生品种培育和高产栽培上, 应该控制叶源大小, 防止源冗余现象限制产量; 通过提高有效果比例和荚果饱满度, 增加荚果产量, 获得高产。不同栽培措施间常通过互作方式影响作物的生长发育[14,15]。“种植密度对油菜正反交组合产量与倒伏相关性状的影响”一文[16]研究种植密度对亲本及正、反交组合产量与倒伏相关性状的影响。研究指出在当前油菜高密度直播生产模式下, 杂交油菜亲本选配推荐方案以高产品种为父本, 抗倒性强的品种为母本进行组配, 可以获得高产、抗倒性强且更适宜密植的杂交油菜品种。当前我国主推花生品种多为直立紧凑型, 适宜密植栽培, 但因其主茎较高, 易倒伏, 农业生产中需喷施外源生长调节剂调控株高[17]。“利用WGCNA鉴定花生主茎生长基因共表达模块”一文[18]以不同主茎高花生品种为材料, 利用转录组测序揭示出细胞壁及次生细胞壁纤维素和木质素生物合成基因的表达差异, 并鉴定到关联模块内核心调控因子, 对花生品种选育以及栽培调控具有重要参考意义。“行距、氮肥和甲哌鎓化控对黄河流域棉区棉花冠层结构及微环境的影响”一文[19]采用黄河流域棉区机采棉的适宜种植密度, 在等密度下鉴别行距间的差异及行距与氮肥和甲哌鎓化控的互作, 从而为黄河流域棉区机采棉配套栽培措施的制定提供依据。研究指出, 黄河流域棉区机采棉采用92 cm等行距种植, 施氮量可在105~210 kg hm-2之间进一步优化, 而DPC剂量以140~280 g hm-2为宜。饲料玉米与大豆间作模式下, 耐荫大豆品种的选用尤为重要。“饲用大豆品种耐荫性鉴定指标筛选及综合评价”一文[20]独辟蹊径, 采用结荚期遮光处理来模拟间作模式下的遮阴效果, 结果表明该技术完全可以用于玉米间作大豆模式下耐荫材料的快速评价与筛选。钙肥和氮肥的施用是影响花生生长发育和产量形成的重要栽培措施[21,22,23,24]。“钙与氮肥互作对花生干物质和氮素积累分配及产量的影响”一文[25]采用单粒播种方式, 在不同试验样地设置不同的施钙量和施氮量, 分析钙肥和氮肥及其互作对花生干物质和氮素积累分配及荚果产量的影响。研究指出钙肥增施是提高氮肥利用效率, 增加花生结果数和百果重、促进稳产高产的重要途径。该结果为花生减氮协同增效栽培提供了重要理论依据。磷是作物必需的营养元素之一, 但土壤中能被作物吸收利用的有效磷仅占土壤全磷的1%; 且有研究表明, 磷铁2个营养元素间存在着拮抗效应, 土壤中磷含量与植物铁吸收密切相关[26]。探索植物体内磷铁平衡规律, 将会为磷铁肥的合理施用提供理论证据。“不同磷效率大豆农艺性状与磷/铁利用率对磷素的响应”一文[27]以磷高效和磷低效大豆品种为试验材料, 采用沙培方式和裂区设计研究不同P︰Fe比对大豆生物学性状的影响及基因型差异。结果发现在铁供应充足情况下, 无论是磷高效还是磷低效基因型施P︰Fe比达到1︰1时整体表现最好。与传统的栽培领域研究相比, 上述研究在试验思路上具有一定的新意, 研究结果为实现大田经济作物优质丰产、资源高效利用提供了品种选用依据及便于操作的栽培新技术。

作物的生长发育要求一定的温度范围。在适宜的温度下, 作物不仅生命活动旺盛, 而且生长发育迅速。温度过高或过低都会影响作物的正常生长[28,29,30,31,32]。低温胁迫是影响我国花生发芽出苗的重要因素, 不论是北方地区的“倒春寒”, 还是华南地区的“秋季冷害”等常引起花生低温烂种, 导致严重减产[33]。“花生耐冷综合评价体系构建及耐冷种质筛选”一文[34]对68个东北地区主栽的花生品种进行了耐冷性评价, 鉴定出适合东北地区种植的在萌发期和幼苗期均耐冷的农花5号及冷敏感型品种阜花18号, 为高寒地区的花生栽培及耐冷机制研究提供了宝贵资源。高油酸花生由于种子亚油酸含量显著降低, 具有更好的加工与储藏品质, 已逐渐成为我国当前的主推品种。通常认为高油酸花生对低温敏感, 耐冷性差, 因此不适宜在高纬度与高海拔等寒冷地区种植[33]。花生高油酸性状由2对Δ12脂肪酸脱氢酶(fatty acid desaturase 2, FAD2)基因(AhFAD2-1AAhFAD2-1B)发生隐性突变导致[35]。“花生AhFAD2-1基因启动子及5°-UTR内含子功能验证及其低温胁迫应答”一文[36]发现, 在低温胁迫条件下, AhFAD2-1A/B基因调控区启动活性明显受到抑制, 导致下游基因表达受限, 这可能是花生对冷胁迫敏感的一个因素。但是, “低温胁迫对普通和高油酸花生种子萌发的影响研究”一文 [37]则发现, 种子高油酸并非决定其萌发期耐寒性的关键因素, 而遗传背景对花生耐寒性的影响更大, 可能与Δ12脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的其他拷贝在低温诱导下上调表达有关。上述研究结果为培育耐寒能力强的高油酸花生品种提供了理论依据。“过氧化氢浸种对花生种子发芽及生理代谢的影响”一文[38]则发现利用过氧化氢(H2O2)浸种可以显著提高低温下花生的发芽能力, 这可能与其介导的抗氧化酶、ABA和GA以及贮藏物质的分解来促进种子萌发有关。不同于花生, 棉花生产中常常受到高温的胁迫。高温胁迫导致的源能力不足被认为是高温条件下棉花减产降质的重要原因之一[39,40,41]。“棉花叶片响应高温的差异与夜间淀粉降解密切相关”一文[42]利用13C标记技术, 从光合产物暂时储存和转运能力入手, 系统研究胁迫下和胁迫解除后不同热敏感性棉花叶片源能力响应花铃期短期高温胁迫的差异。结果表明, 耐热型棉花品种的叶片在高温胁迫发生时及胁迫恢复后表现出更强的抵御高温逆境能力及更好的恢复能力, 且与其夜间淀粉降解能力即叶片最小(夜间)淀粉含量增加幅度较小密切相关。这些结果初步揭示了花生耐低温和棉花耐高温的生理机制, 为选育和筛选适宜品种、提出合理的栽培调控技术提出了新的参考依据。

受全球气候变暖的影响, 各主产区极端天气发生频率增多, 降水年际间和季节间分布不均匀, 干旱已成为严重影响大田经济作物优质高效生产的主要非生物逆境胁迫[43,44,45,46]。褪黑素(melatonin, MT)是内源性的自由基清除剂和抗氧化剂, 能够有效清除过量的活性氧物质, 有效缓解作物逆境胁迫损伤[47]。“外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下春大豆品种绥农26形态、光合生理及产量的影响”[48]与“外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下绥农26大豆鼓粒期叶片碳氮代谢调控的途径分析”[49]2篇文章分别聚焦外施褪黑素对干旱条件下苗期与鼓粒期大豆生长的影响。研究指出, 施用褪黑素可以显著提高干旱胁迫下大豆气体交换参数、苗期各器官干物质积累量、叶片中抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量, 从而缓解大豆苗期的干旱胁迫; 而对于鼓粒期大豆来说, 外源褪黑素可以促进干旱胁迫下β-葡萄糖苷酶基因表达, 提高了L-天冬酰胺和6-磷酸葡萄糖代谢物的含量, 最终也提高了大豆的抗旱性。植物与其生长环境中的微生物关系密切, 两者形成了植物—微生物共生体系统。植物影响着其周围及体内微生物的群落结构, 这些微生物又通过其生命活动影响植物的生长发育, 对植物的生长和适逆性至关重要[50]。“干旱条件下棉花根际真菌多样性分析”[51]与“涝害对不同大豆品种根际微生物群落结构特征的影响”[52]分别对干旱条件下棉花根际真菌群落及淹水条件下2个大豆品种根际细菌群落进行了多样性、群落组成和网络特征行分析。结果表明, 干旱的发生对土壤中真菌的丰度、多样性和群落结构产生显著影响, 棉花根际表现出丰富的真菌群落; 而在淹水条件下, 耐涝基因型与敏感型大豆根际微生物丰度及富集种类存在显著差异。这些结果为利用微生物提高棉花水分利用率与耐旱性、大豆耐涝栽培及育种提供了新的思路。

随着生活水平的逐步提高, 人们的饮食结构也发生了很大变化, 对肉、蛋、奶的需求增加; 消费者对农产品质量安全, 食品多样化和高品质, 食物营养与健康也提出了更高要求。而随着畜牧业的大力发展, 蛋白饲料的紧缺越发突出。中国工程院院士华中农业大学傅廷栋教授创新性提出, 利用麦(及其他早熟作物)收获后的空闲耕地, 复种饲料油菜, 不仅可解决牲畜青饲料缺乏的问题[53,54], 而且可提高油菜生产效益。“无人机多角度成像方式的饲料油菜生物量估算研究”一文[55]探索并评估一种通过无人机平台搭载可见光相机提取饲料油菜生物量的新方法, 为大田作物地上生物量信息的无损高效监测提供了易于实施的解决方案和技术参考。

优质农产品的生产, 不仅需要高产优质品种, 更缺乏配套的栽培调控理论和技术。希望这些论文的发表, 能为我国不同区域主要大田经济作物的丰产、稳产与提质、增效研究提供借鉴, 为提出各作物优质丰产生理基础及栽培调控技术, 创新栽培理论与关键技术, 突破制约各作物产业发展面临的技术瓶颈, 解决产量、品质协同提升的矛盾, 提高种植效益提供新的思路和技术, 为落实党的十九大提出的乡村振兴战略提供有力支撑。

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