关键词:控释复合肥; 麦套花生; 光合特性; 产量品质 Effect of Controlled-release Compound Fertilized on Photosystem II Performance, Yield and Quality of Intercropped Peanut with Wheat LIU Zhao-Xin, LIU Yan, LIU Ting-Ru, HE Mei-Juan, YAO Yuan, YANG Jian-Qun, ZHEN Xiao-Yu, LI Xin-Xin, YANG Dong-Qing, LI Xiang-Dong* College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, China Fund:This study was supported by the National Key Technology Support Program of China (2014BAD11B04-2), the National Nature Science Foundation of China (30840056, 31171496), and Shandong Modern Agricultural Technology & Industry System (SDAIT-04-01) AbstractPeanut variety 606 was used to investigate photosynthetic characteristics, yield and quality of intercropped peanut with wheat, and to explore the mechanism of physiological responses of photosystem II to controlled-released compound fertilizer, which was 35% for base fertilizer, 35% applied at jointing stage and 30% applied at initial flower stage. The leaf area index (LAR), chlorophyll content (Chl) and net photosynthetic rate ( Pn) were gradually reduced at the late growth stage of peanut. Application of the controlled-released compound fertilizer increased Chl, decreased LAR and Pn, compared with that of common compound fertilizer. In JIP-test analyzing, the OJIP fluorescence induction curve was affected significantly by fertilization, and the fluorescence intensity of K, J, and I steps was significantly decreased. The probability of a trapped exciton moving an electron into the electron transport chain beyond QA( Ψo) and the performance index on absorption basis (PIabs) were significantly increased under applying controlled-released compound fertilization, while the relative variable fluorescence intensity at the K-step ( Wk) and at the J-step ( Vj) was reduced. The comprehensive performance of electron transport chain in PSII reaction center and the electron transport capacity both in the donor side and the receptor side were increased obviously, and the performance of the receptor side was greater than that of the donor side. Applying controlled-release compound fertilizers increased the pod yield and kernel yield by 11.3% and 15.2% respectively as compared with those of applying common compound fertilizers. While the controlled-released compound fertilizer treatment also increased the contents of protein, fat and soluble sugar in kernel, and increased the O/L ratio significantly. Therefore, Under the same application rates of N-P2O5-K2O, applying the controlled-released compound fertilizer can significantly improve the photosynthetic performance for improving yield and quality of peanut compared with applying the common compound fertilizer.
Keyword:Controlled-release compound fertilized; Intercropped peanut with wheat; Photosynthetic characteristics; Yield and quality Show Figures Show Figures
近年来, 花生早衰在农业生产中频繁发生, 尤其是在花生结荚后期叶片早衰脱落是限制荚果充实和产量进一步提高的重要因素[1]。叶片衰老主要表现为叶绿体超微结构破坏, 叶绿素降解加剧, 导致叶片光合能力受到抑制[2]。前人研究表明, 在光合原初反应过程中, 有活性的PSII反应中心将捕获的光能用于光化学反应, 通过电子传递和耦联的光合磷酸化形成同化力, 推动碳同化反应, 叶片光合受抑时激发能上升, 当过剩的激发能不能被及时耗散掉时, 就会发生能量过剩, 产生过量的活性氧和膜脂过氧化物, 伤害光系统I与光系统II之间的电子传递以及PSII反应中心供体侧和受体侧, 从而造成活性氧代谢失调、生物膜的结构受破坏, 最终致使光合能力降低[3, 4]。氮素作为植物体内叶绿素、蛋白质、核酸和部分激素的重要组分, 直接或间接影响着作物的光合作用[5]; 合理施用氮肥, 能够增大光合叶面积, 提高叶绿素含量, 延缓叶片衰老, 增强PSI和PSII的电子传递能力, 维持较高的光合速率[6, 7, 8]; 适宜的氮磷钾配比及施肥技术可以促进生育后期干物质从营养体向籽粒的转移, 从而获得较高的籽粒产量和收获指数[9]。麦套花生能够延长花生的生育期, 有效利用土地、光热资源, 是解决粮油争地矛盾的重要途径[10], 但前茬小麦在整个生育期内消耗了大量养分, 麦收后地块肥力不足导致花生中后期土壤中的养分缺乏, 叶片早衰和产量降低。因而, 通过调整施肥时期, 改变肥料类型以及肥料在两种作物上的分配比例等措施, 确保花生后期养分供应是防止麦套花生叶片早衰和提高产量的基础。前人研究认为控释肥能够在设定的控释时间内持续不断地释放养分, 其养分释放模式与作物需肥规律同步, 具有肥效期长且稳定的特点[11], 王艳华等[12]研究表明施用控释复合肥可使土壤保持花生结荚期后期还有充足的养分供应, 满足花生生长发育养分需求。在等N-P2O5-K2O比例和等养分量处理下, 施用控释肥料能够显著提高花生生育后期叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率, 增加根瘤重、荚果产量和总生物量[13, 14, 15]。张翔等通过调整氮磷钾在小麦-花生上的分配比例、改变施肥时期等优化施肥措施, 发现减少周年氮肥用量、追施氮肥前移, 增加钾肥用量能显著提高花生仁中花生酸和山嵛酸等人体必需脂肪酸含量[16], 周录英等[17]研究认为氮肥对增加花生籽仁蛋白质含量作用较大, 磷肥对提高蛋白质和脂肪含量效果明显, 钾肥主要提高了籽仁中可溶性糖含量。 前人多从氮、磷、钾、有机肥等单种肥料对花生植株生长、产量和肥料利用效率等方面进行研究[1, 18, 19], 然而, 关于控释肥对麦套花生叶片光合特性和产量品质的调控机制, 尤其是光合电子传递链中各个电子传递位点对控释肥的响应还有待深入研究。本试验通过不同普通复合肥和控释复合肥处理的比较, 分析了不同肥料类型对麦套花生叶片光合性能和产量品质的调控效应, 以期为麦套花生高产优质生产提供技术指导和理论依据。 1 材料与方法1.1 试验设计本试验于2015— 2016年在山东农业大学农学试验站栽培池内进行, 池子面积2.5 m × 2.5 m, 土壤为沙壤土。池内0~20 cm土壤有机质含量为12.3 g kg-1, 碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别为65.72、30. 03和60.73 mg kg-1。 选用N-P2O5-K2O含量分别为20%、15%、10%的普通复合肥(CF)和控释复合肥(CRF), 根据每生产100 kg冬小麦籽粒和花生荚果从土壤中所吸取的N、P、K量, 两季作物设计施肥总量为1500 kg hm-2(折合纯氮300 kg hm-2, P2O5225 kg hm-2, K2O 150 kg hm-2), 冬小麦季施肥占总量的70%, 即纯氮210 kg hm-2, P2O5157.5 kg hm-2, K2O 105 kg hm-2, 分底施和拔节期追施2次施用, 花生季施肥占总量的30%, 即纯氮90 kg hm-2, P2O5 67.5 kg hm-2, K2O 45 kg hm-2, 于始花前一次施用(表1), 2种复合肥料均由山东农大肥业公司研制, 其中控释复合肥的释放周期为90 d。2014年冬小麦播种时间为10月10日, 2015年6月10日收获, 花生于2015年5月25日(小麦收获前15 d)套种于小麦行间, 10月5日收获; 2015年冬小麦播种时间为10月13日, 2016年6月10日收获, 花生于2016年5月25日套种于小麦行间, 10月5日收获。冬小麦行距30 cm, 供试品种为济麦22; 花生穴距20 cm, 每穴播2粒, 供试品种为606。随机区组排列, 重复3次, 田间管理同一般高产田。 表1 Table 1 表1(Table 1)
图1 不同肥料处理对花生叶面积指数和叶片叶绿素(a+b)含量的影响 CF:普通复合肥; CRF:控释复合肥。Fig. 1 Effects of different fertilization treatments on leaf area index and content of Chl a+b in peanut CF:common compound fertilizer; CRF:controlled-released compound fertilizer.
图3 控释肥料对饱果期叶片光系统相对可变荧光强度(Vt)和相对可变荧光强度差值(∆ Vt)的影响(2016年)Fig. 3 Effects of controlled release fertilizer on chlorophyll a relative variable fluorescence intensity (Vt) and the difference of relative variable fluorescence intensity (∆ Vt) of leaf at pod filling stage (2016)
图4 控释肥对饱果期叶片叶绿素可变荧光Fk占Fo-Fj振幅的比例(Wk)与可变荧光Fj占Fo-Fp振幅比例(Vj)的影响(2016年) 柱上不同字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。Fig. 4 Effects of controlled release fertilizer on ratio of a variable fluorescence (Wk) atFk to the amplitude Fo-Fj and the ratio of variable fluorescence (Vj) at Fj to the amplitude Fo-Fp of leaf at pod filling stage (2016) Different letters above the bars indicate a significant difference among different treatments at the 0.05 level.
图5 控释肥对饱果期叶片电子由QA传递到QB的概率(Ψ o)与以吸收光能为基础的性能指数(PIabs)的影响(2016年) 柱上不同字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。Fig. 5 Effects of controlled-release fertilizer treatments on probability of an electron moving from QA to QB (Ψ o) and performance index on absorption basis (PIabs) of leaf at pod filling stage (2016) Different letters above the bars indicate a significant difference among different treatments at the 0.05 level.
表2 不同肥料处理对花生产量及产量构成因素的影响 Table 2 Effects of different fertilization treatments on yield and yield components of peanut
年份 Year
处理 Treatment
荚果产量 Pod yield (kg hm-2)
籽仁产量 Kernel yield (kg hm-2)
千克果数 Pods per kg
千克仁数 Kernels per kg
单株结果数 Pods per plant
出仁率 Shelling rate (%)
2015
CK
5288.3± 78.5 c
3098.7± 63.7 c
502± 6 a
1453± 9 a
9.1± 0.91 c
59.8± 0.50 c
CF
7862.4± 42.1 b
5313.9± 92.5 b
481± 4 b
1301± 7 b
11.3± 1.20 b
66.7± 0.47 b
CRF
8798.5± 38.2 a
6098.7± 46.8 a
470± 3 a
1236± 4 b
12.7± 0.81 a
68.9± 0.21 a
2016
CK
5512.1± 90.1 c
3551.1± 102.3 c
490± 2 a
1259± 4 a
10.3± 0.72 c
63.2± 1.31 c
CF
8205.0± 65.2 b
5511.9± 78.9 b
471± 8 b
1209± 6 b
13.7± 0.65 b
67.9± 0.84 b
CRF
9135.7± 49.5 a
6347.5± 67.2 a
458± 5 c
1054± 8 c
15.3± 1.01 a
69.9± 1.10 a
年份 Year
NS
NS
NS
*
NS
NS
肥料类型 Fertilizer type
* *
* *
* *
*
*
* *
互作 Year × fertilizer type
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Values within a column followed by different letters are significantly different at P< 0.05, on the basis of LSD test. * * :significant at the 0.01 probability level; * :significant at the 0.05 probability level; NS:not significant at the 0.05 probability level. 同一参数中标以不同字母的值处理间在P< 0.05水平上差异显著, LSD 数据统计。* * 代表0.01显著水平, * 代表0.05显著水平, NS代表0.05水平不显著。
表2 不同肥料处理对花生产量及产量构成因素的影响 Table 2 Effects of different fertilization treatments on yield and yield components of peanut
表3 不同肥料处理对花生籽仁品质的影响 Table 3 Effects of different fertilization treatments on the kernel quality of peanut
年份 Year
处理 Treatment
可溶性糖 Soluble sugar (%)
蛋白质 Protein (%)
粗脂肪 Fat (%)
油酸 Oleic (%)
亚油酸 Linoeic (%)
油酸/亚油酸 Oleic/linoeic
2015
CK
3.89± 0.20 c
21.93± 0.24 c
53.3± 0.09 b
36.90± 0.10 c
41.59± 0.11 a
0.91± 0.005 c
CF
5.01± 0.51 b
23.10± 0.19 b
57.1± 0.02 a
38.12± 0.01 b
40.89± 0.27 b
0.92± 0.003 b
CRF
6.01± 0.06 a
25.12± 0.31 a
56.1± 0.06 a
39.76± 0.09 a
39.21± 0.15 c
0.97± 0.002 a
2016
CK
4.33± 0.16 c
22.81± 0.18 c
54.9± 0.10 b
38.70± 0.02 c
40.77± 0.09 a
0.93± 0.001 c
CF
5.77± 0.48 b
23.90± 0.28 b
57.5± 0.13 a
39.44± 0.11 b
39.83± 0.12 b
1.01± 0.006 b
CRF
6.13± 0.12 a
26.26± 0.11 a
57.1± 0.21 a
40.42± 0.16 a
39.59± 0.40 b
1.06± 0.007 a
年份 Year
*
NS
NS
NS
*
*
肥料类型 Fertilizer type
* *
* *
*
*
*
* *
互作 Year× type
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Values within a column followed by different letters are significantly different at P< 0.05, on the basis of LSD test. * * :significant at the 0.01 probability level; * :significant at the 0.05 probability level; NS:not significant at the 0.05 probability level. 同一参数中标以不同字母的值处理间在P< 0.05水平上差异显著, LSD 数据统计。* * 代表0.01显著水平, * 代表0.05显著水平, NS代表0.05水平不显著。
表3 不同肥料处理对花生籽仁品质的影响 Table 3 Effects of different fertilization treatments on the kernel quality of peanut
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