关键词:玉米; 需水量; 水分盈亏指数; 旱涝频率; 年际变化趋势 Temporal-spatial Variation of Crop Water Requirement and Frequency of Drought and Waterlogging Disasters during Maize Growth Stages in Low Hilly Plain Area of Hubei Province in Last 35 Years HE Jun-Ou1, LING Xiao-Xia1, ZHANG Jian-She3, ZHANG Meng1, MA Di1,2, SUN Meng1, LIU Yong-Zhong1, ZHAN Ming1,*, ZHAO Ming2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture / College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
2Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
3Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
Fund:This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300308) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2662015PY067). AbstractBased on 35-year (1980-2014) meteorological data from eight benchmark long-term meteorological stations in low hilly plain area of Hubei province, we analyzed the temporal-spatial variation in water requirement and frequency of drought and waterlogging disasters in different growing stages of spring, summer and autumn maize in northern, central and southeastern regions of Hubei province. The water requirement at each growth stage of a certain maize season was similar among the three regions, but much different among maize seasons. The water requirement was obviously lower in autumn maize than in spring and summer maize, and similar between spring maize and summer maize. Maize water requirement in three production regions showed a significant downward trend in the process of year by year, especially in the area of central region, with a climate tendency rate of -18.62 mm (10a)-1. The maize in three planting seasons could easily encounter waterlogging during the period from sowing to jointing in each production region, with a higher occurrence frequency of heavy waterlogging. Light drought mainly occurred during the period from jointing to maturity in maize in three planting seasons in northern and central Hubei, whereas heavy drought occurred during maize grain filling period. In the region of southeastern Hubei, waterlogging occurrence frequency was higher than that of drought from jointing to silking in spring and summer maize. However, drought easily came up during grain filling period of maize in three planting seasons, especially summer maize and autumn maize met more frequent drought than spring maize in this period. The interannual variation of drought and waterlogging at different maize growth stages of three planting seasons in each region was not significant. Considering the mitigation in drought and waterlogging impact, it is recommended to preferentially develop summer maize in northern region, and spring maize in central and southeastern regions of Hubei province. Meanwhile, our study suggests that in production we should prevent waterlogging before maize jointing and drought after maize jointing in low hilly plain area of Hubei province.
Keyword:Maize; Water requirement; Crop water surplus deficit index; Drought and waterlogging frequency; Interannual variation tendency Show Figures Show Figures
图1 研究区气象站点的分布(经度° E, 纬度° N, 海拔高度m) Laohekou: 老河口; Zaoyang: 枣阳; Zhongxiang: 钟祥; Tianmen: 天门; Jingzhou: 荆州; Jiayu: 嘉鱼; Huangshi: 黄石; Yingshan: 英山。Fig 1 Distribution of meteorological stations (Longitude° E, Latitude° N, Altitude m) in the studied area
表2 35年来不同种植季玉米各生育阶段的平均需水量(WR, mm)及其气候倾向率[Tr, mm (10a)-1] Table 2 Water requirement (WR, mm) and climate tendency rate [Tr, mm (10a)-1] at each growth stage of maize planted in different seasons during 35 years
种植季 Planting season
播种-拔节SJ
拔节-吐丝JS
吐丝-乳熟SM
乳熟-完熟MM
全生育期WP
需水量 WR
倾向率 Tr
需水量 WR
倾向率 Tr
需水量 WR
倾向率 Tr
需水量 WR
倾向率 Tr
需水量 WR
倾向率 Tr
鄂北 Northern Hubei
春玉米 Spring maize
50.6± 6.0 a
-4.22*
105.0± 7.7 a
-3.17*
176.8± 10.0 bc
-3.15ns
103.6± 10.3 a
-4.26*
436.1± 22.8 a
-14.81*
夏玉米 Summer maize
33.9± 2.4 c
-1.46*
102.8± 8.0 a
-3.92*
183.9± 17.1 ab
-6.47*
94.3± 6.4 a
-2.73*
414.9± 27.5 a
-14.59*
秋玉米 Autumn maize
37.0± 3.5 bc
-1.12ns
71.7± 7.6 b
-2.42ns
117.6± 9.2 d
-5.76*
92.5± 21.3 a
-12.11*
318.8± 29.8 b
-21.41*
鄂中 Central Hubei
春玉米 Spring maize
47.1± 5.3 a
-3.54*
99.7± 8.2 a
-3.50*
170.0± 12.1 c
-6.28*
105.9± 10.5 a
-5.19*
422.8± 26.8 a
-18.52*
夏玉米 Summer maize
32.0± 2.7 c
-1.72*
103.6± 9.2 a
-4.35*
193.6± 16.5 a
-6.08*
96.3± 7.0 a
-3.02*
425.6± 27.8 a
-15.18*
秋玉米 Autumn maize
39.0± 3.7 b
-1.28*
74.2± 7.1 b
-2.00ns
116.1± 10.1 d
-7.63*
74.0± 16.6 b
-11.23*
303.3± 28.2 b
-22.15*
鄂东南 Southeastern Hubei
春玉米 Spring maize
45.6± 4.4 a
-2.19*
100.2± 7.4 a
-0.66ns
173.1± 10.2 bc
0.16ns
106.3± 9.9 a
-1.32ns
425.2± 19.8 a
-4.01ns
夏玉米 Summer m
32.5± 2.2 c
-0.37ns
104.6± 8.6 a
-0.95ns
194.5± 13.3 a
-0.89ns
95.7± 6.9 a
-2.57*
427.3± 22.8 a
-4.77ns
秋玉米 Autumn maize
39.4± 2.9 b
0.05ns
73.7± 6.7 b
-2.35*
115.6± 7.6 d
-2.97*
67.8± 10.2 b
-4.50*
296.5± 18.5 b
-9.77*
Data are shown in mean± SD of three replicates. In each column, values followed by different letters are significantly different among treatments at P < 0.05. SJ: Sowing to Jointing; JS: Jointing to Silking; SM: Silking to Milking; MM: Milking to Maturity; WP: whole growth period; WR: water requirement; Tr: climate tendency rate [mm (10a)-1]. * and * * indicate significance at P< 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively. ns: no significance. 数据为3次重复的平均值± 标准差。同一列内数据后不同字母表示处理间有显著差异(P< 0.05)。SJ: 播种-拔节; JS: 拔节-吐丝; SM: 吐丝-乳熟; MM: 乳熟-完熟; WP: 全生育期; WR: 需水量; Tr: 气候倾向率[mm (10a)-1]。* 和* * 分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平上差异显著, ns表示不显著。
表2 35年来不同种植季玉米各生育阶段的平均需水量(WR, mm)及其气候倾向率[Tr, mm (10a)-1] Table 2 Water requirement (WR, mm) and climate tendency rate [Tr, mm (10a)-1] at each growth stage of maize planted in different seasons during 35 years
表3 玉米需水量与气象因子的相关系数 Table 3 Correlation coefficients between maize water requirement and meteorological factors
种植季 Planting season
生育时期 Growth stage
气温 Air temperature
降水 Precipitation
风速 Wind speed
相对湿度 Relative humidity
春玉米 Spring maize
播种-拔节SJ
-0.913* *
0.294
0.349*
0.344
拔节-吐丝JS
-0.208
-0.062
0.427* *
-0.203
吐丝-乳熟SM
-0.139
-0.233
0.253
-0.018
乳熟-完熟MM
0.645* *
-0.735* *
0.641* *
-0.624* *
夏玉米 Summer maize
播种-拔节SJ
-0.498* *
0.069
0.448* *
0.178
拔节-吐丝JS
0.386*
-0.533* *
0.581* *
-0.367*
吐丝-乳熟SM
0.495* *
-0.715* *
0.427*
-0.535*
乳熟-完熟MM
0.282
-0.364*
0.521* *
-0.398*
秋玉米 Autumn maize
播种-拔节SJ
0.543* *
-0.656* *
0.411*
-0.546* *
拔节-吐丝JS
0.443* *
-0.537* *
0.316
-0.557* *
吐丝-乳熟SM
-0.536* *
0.013
0.305
-0.119
乳熟-完熟MM
-0.950* *
0.416*
0.591* *
0.234
* and * * indicate significance at P< 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 2. * 和* * 分别表示在P< 0.05和P < 0.01水平上显著。缩写同表2。
表3 玉米需水量与气象因子的相关系数 Table 3 Correlation coefficients between maize water requirement and meteorological factors
表4 35年不同区域玉米各生育期气象要素的气候倾向率(Tr) Table 4 Climate tendency rate (Tr) of meteorological factors at each growth stage of maize during 35 years
种植季 Planting season
生育时期 Growth stage
气温 Air temperature [° C (10a)-1]
降水 Precipitation [mm (10a)-1]
风速 Wind speed [m s-1 (10a)-1]
相对湿度 Relative humidity [% (10a)-1]
鄂北NH
鄂中CH
鄂东南 SH
鄂北 NH
鄂中 CH
鄂东南SH
鄂北NH
鄂中CH
鄂东南SH
鄂北 NH
鄂中CH
鄂东南SH
春玉米 Spring maize
播种-拔节SJ
0.60*
0.56*
0.52*
-3.61
-3.85
-20.83*
-0.02
-0.19*
-0.09*
-3.01*
-2.63*
-2.47*
拔节-吐丝JS
-0.16
-0.26
-0.29
-3.51
0.30
5.69
-0.05
-0.18*
-0.10*
-1.67
-1.57
-0.22
吐丝-乳熟SM
0.35*
0.42*
0.09
-8.89
-15.66
-30.67
-0.02
-0.18*
-0.10*
-3.23*
-3.46*
-1.20
乳熟-完熟MM
0.25
0.20
0.04
4.95
-3.55
15.22
-0.03
-0.14
-0.09*
-1.43*
-1.51*
-0.21
夏玉米 Summer maize
播种-拔节SJ
0.51*
0.50*
0.21
-7.82
-3.40
-9.42
-0.05
-0.21*
-0.11*
-2.45*
-2.57*
-0.47
拔节-吐丝JS
0.49*
0.53*
0.34
3.07
-12.17
-14.51
-0.02
-0.09
-0.08*
-1.62*
-2.30*
-1.11
吐丝-乳熟SM
0.35
0.33
0.27
-1.50
-5.49
-2.62
0.02
-0.08
-0.03
-1.60*
-1.71*
-0.65
乳熟-完熟MM
0.48*
0.52*
0.27
2.66
-2.56
-3.83
0.00
-0.08
-0.06
-1.23
-1.49*
-0.28
秋玉米 Autumn maize
播种-拔节SJ
0.28
0.30
0.29
-7.84
-7.27
-7.68
0.00
-0.08
-0.02
-1.59*
-1.81*
-0.97
拔节-吐丝JS
0.28
0.34
0.16
7.77
-1.06
-1.72
0.02
-0.10*
-0.05
-1.63
-1.89*
-0.18
吐丝-乳熟SM
0.45
0.66*
0.60*
-1.81
-6.79
-7.58
-0.02
-0.10*
-0.06
-0.76
-1.40
-0.96
乳熟-完熟MM
1.76*
1.63*
1.06*
-7.27
-13.71
-15.11*
-0.09*
-0.14*
-0.01
-0.89
-2.18*
-1.82*
* indicates significance at P< 0.05. NH: northern Hubei; CH: central Hubei; SH: southeastern Hubei. Other abbreviations are the same as these given in Table 2. * 表示0.05水平差异显著。NH: 鄂北; CH; 鄂中; SH: 鄂东南。其他缩写同表2。
表4 35年不同区域玉米各生育期气象要素的气候倾向率(Tr) Table 4 Climate tendency rate (Tr) of meteorological factors at each growth stage of maize during 35 years
表5 35年来不同区域玉米各生育期平均水分盈亏指数(CWSDI, %)及其气候倾向率[Tr, % (10a)-1] Table 5 Crop water surplus deficit index (CWSDI) and climate tendency rate (Tr, % [10a]-1) at each growth stage of maize in different regions during 35 years
种植季 Planting season
地区 Region
播种-拔节SJ
拔节-吐丝JS
吐丝-乳熟SM
乳熟-完熟MM
CWSDI
Tr
CWSDI
Tr
CWSDI
Tr
CWSDI
Tr
春玉米 Spring maize
鄂北NH
2.0 e
1.6ns
-41.0 c
-1.9ns
-58.2 b
-4.8ns
-13.7 bc
8.2ns
鄂中CH
84.6 cd
1.6ns
-15.7 bc
3.8ns
-30.4 b
-7.3ns
3.6 b
2.4ns
鄂东南SH
195.0 b
-31.4ns
14.7 b
5.8ns
5.0 a
-17.6ns
30.7 a
16.6ns
夏玉米 Summer maize
鄂北NH
61.4 de
-17.9ns
-13.4 bc
6.4ns
-44.5 b
0.7ns
-33.9 bc
5.0ns
鄂中CH
144.5 bc
1.6ns
17.4 b
-8.0ns
-42.6 b
-1.6ns
-31.7 bc
-1.7ns
鄂东南SH
264.2 a
-26.1ns
70.3 a
-12.4ns
-37.5 b
-2.0ns
-21.4 bc
-2.7ns
秋玉米 Autumn maize
鄂北NH
118.7 cd
-15.5ns
-22.6 bc
12.0ns
-57.8 b
0.8ns
-53.1 c
-4.0ns
鄂中CH
117.6 cd
-12.6ns
-13.7 bc
-0.5ns
-67.7 b
-3.7ns
-28.7 bc
-7.4ns
鄂东南SH
124.2 cd
-22.2ns
-7.4 bc
-0.5ns
-62.0 b
-5.7ns
-36.5 bc
-16.3ns
In each column, values followed by different letters are significantly different among treatments at P < 0.05. ns: no significance. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 2 and Table 3. 同一列内数据后不同字母表示处理间有显著差异(P< 0.05)。ns表示不显著。缩写同表2与表3。
表5 35年来不同区域玉米各生育期平均水分盈亏指数(CWSDI, %)及其气候倾向率[Tr, % (10a)-1] Table 5 Crop water surplus deficit index (CWSDI) and climate tendency rate (Tr, % [10a]-1) at each growth stage of maize in different regions during 35 years
图3 不同区域种植季玉米各时期旱涝频率分布 HW: 重涝; LW: 轻涝; LD: 轻旱; HD: 重旱。其他缩写同表2。Fig. 3 Drought and waterlogging frequency distribution at each growth stage of maize planted in different seasons in different regions HW: heavy waterlogging; LW: light waterlogging; LD: light drought; HD: heavy drought. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 2.
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