关键词:中籼水稻; 品种改良; 氮肥; 产量; 品质 Grain Quality and Its Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in Mid-season Indica Rice Varieties Planted in Different Decades from 1950s to 2010s TAO Jin, QIAN Xi-Yang, JU Cheng-Xin, LIU Li-Jun, ZHANG Hao, GU Jun-Fei, WANG Zhi-Qin, YANG Jian-Chang* Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, YangzhouUniversity, Yangzhou 225009, China Fund:The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271641, 31461143015, 31471438), the National Key Technology Support Program of China (2014AA10A605, 2013BAD07B09), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), Innovation Research Program for Graduate Students for Higher Education of Jiangsu Province (KYZZ15_0364), and the Top Talent Supporting Program of Yangzhou University (2015-01) AbstractUnderstanding the changes in grain quality and its response to nitrogen (N) fertilizer during the improvement of crop varieties has great significance in both crop breeding and cultivation. This study aimed to investigate the changes in grain yield and quality during the improvement of mid-season indica rice varieties and the effect of N fertilizer application on the quality. Twelve representative mid-season indicarice varieties (including hybrid combinations) grown in Jiangsu Province during the last 70 years were used with three N application treatments: 0 kg N ha-1 (zero N, 0N), 210 kg N ha-1 (medium amount of N, MN), and 300 kg N ha-1 (high amount of N, HN). These varieties were divided into four groups, including 1940-1950s, 1960-1970s, 1980-1990s, and 2000-2010s (super rice), according to their application times. With the variety improvement, grain yield was significantly increased, and the head rice percentage, chalkiness, ratio of length to width, amylose content, gel consistency, protein components, and rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA) pasting properties were all significantly improved. However, chalkiness for modern varieties was still high. Grain yield was the highest in HN for super rice varieties, and in MN, for other varieties or no significant difference between MN and HN. With the increase in N application, protein content and chalkiness increased, taste quality decreased which was evidenced by the reduction in breakdown values and the increase in setback values. The contents of K, P, S, Ca, and Mg in the head rice decreased in HN compared with those in 0N or MN. The results demonstrate that the improvement of mid-season indicarice varieties markedly improves both grain yield and quality. Generally, increasing N fertilizer application especially up to the HN level could decrease rice quality. How to increase both grain yield and quality through optimizing N management is still a question to be studied.
Keyword:Mid-season indica rice; Variety improvement; Nitrogen fertilizer; Grain yield; Rice quality Show Figures Show Figures
表2 不同氮水平下各中籼水稻品种的加工品质 Table 2 Milling quality of mid-season indica rice cultivars under different N application levels (%)
品种/年代 Cultivar/decade
糙米率Brown rice percentage
精米率Milled rice percentage
整精米率Head rice percentage
0N
MN
HN
0N
MN
HN
0N
MN
HN
黄瓜籼 HGX
80.05 abc
81.25 bc
79.92 cd
61.39 d
62.94 b
62.60 b
41.06 c
46.57 c
46.84 c
银条籼 YTX
79.33 abc
80.40 cde
79.98 cd
54.38 f
58.05 bc
56.97 c
20.96 d
27.55 d
23.28 e
南京1号 NJ1
78.32 bc
80.47 cde
80.62 bcd
56.40 ef
55.55 c
57.37 c
26.06 d
29.58 d
29.89 d
1940-1950s
79.23
80.71
80.17
57.39
58.85
58.98
29.36
34.57
33.33
台中籼 TZX
78.17 c
80.09 e
81.15 bc
66.44 c
69.77 a
68.34 a
48.74 bc
54.83 abc
47.07 c
南京11 NJ11
79.23 abc
80.77 cde
79.89 d
58.23 de
60.86 bc
57.22 c
22.01 d
23.05 d
23.21 e
珍珠矮 ZZA
81.07 a
82.35 a
83.26 a
65.88 c
68.39 a
72.65 a
41.23 c
47.37 bc
48.65 c
1960-1970s
79.49
81.07
81.33
63.51
66.34
66.07
37.32
41.75
39.64
扬稻2号 YD2
80.32 ab
80.20 de
80.83 bcd
71.07 ab
72.36 a
72.99 a
58.46 a
64.22 a
64.16 a
扬稻6号 YD6
79.59 abc
80.17 de
79.66 d
65.90 c
68.39 a
70.90 a
51.48 ab
55.41 abc
57.70 b
汕优63 SY63
80.84 a
81.11 bcd
81.30 bc
71.45 ab
69.72 a
69.34 a
58.04 a
56.67 ab
58.14 b
1980-1990s
80.25
80.50
80.60
69.47
70.16
71.08
55.99
58.77
60.00
扬两优6号 YLY6
80.61 a
80.42 cde
80.43 bcd
72.14 a
68.49 a
69.06 a
57.64 a
55.17 abc
57.50 b
两优培九 LYP9
80.93 a
81.92 ab
81.86 b
68.55 bc
71.68 a
72.07 a
56.78 ab
57.78 a
60.84 ab
II优084 IIY084
81.06 a
82.00 ab
81.57 b
71.69 ab
69.09 a
69.62 a
57.13 ab
55.68 abc
58.87 b
2000-2010s
80.87
81.44
81.29
70.79
69.75
70.25
57.19
56.21
59.07
HHX: Huangguaxian; YTX: Yintiaoxian; NJ1: Nanjing 1; TZX: Taizhongxian; NJ11: Nanjing 11; ZZA: Zhenzhu’ ai; YD2: Yangdao 2; YD6: Yangdao 6; SY63: Shanyou 63; YLY6: Yangliangyou 6; LYP9: Liangyoupeijiu; IIY084: II you 084. 0N: applied no nitrogen; MN: applied 210 kg hm-2 nitrogen; HN: applied 300 kg hm-2 nitrogen; values marked different letters in the same column are significantly different at P = 0.05. 0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮210 kg hm-2; HN: 全生育期施氮300 kg hm-2。同一栏内标记不同字母的值在P= 0.05水平差异显著。
表2 不同氮水平下各中籼水稻品种的加工品质 Table 2 Milling quality of mid-season indica rice cultivars under different N application levels (%)
表3 不同氮水平下各中籼水稻品种的外观品质 Table 3 Appearance quality of mid-season indica rice cultivars under different N application levels
品种/年代 Cultivar/decade
垩白粒率Chalky kernel percentage (%)
垩白度Chalkiness (%)
粒长/粒宽Length/width ratio
0N
MN
HN
0N
MN
HN
0N
MN
HN
黄瓜籼HGX
72.9 ab
73.2 ab
75.8 ab
16.3 ab
17.1 bc
22.1 a
2.35 e
2.47 e
2.54 c
银条籼YTX
68.9 ab
69.4 ab
69.6 b
18.3 a
19.5 ab
19.8 a
2.34 e
2.36 ef
2.40 cd
南京1号NJ1
78.3 a
78.5 a
83.6 a
17.7 ab
19.8 ab
20.7 a
2.31 e
2.35 ef
2.43 cd
1940-1950s
73.4
73.7
76.3
17.4
18.8
20.9
2.33
2.39
2.46
台中籼TZX
65.7 b
66.2 b
68.1 b
12.5 c
13.3 d
13.7 b
2.71 d
2.83 cd
2.76 b
南京11 NJ11
78.3 a
80.1 a
84.4 a
19.4 a
21.7 a
22.4 a
2.29 e
2.26 f
2.31 d
珍珠矮ZZA
73.2 ab
75.9 ab
82.3 a
14.6 bc
15.2 cd
19.4 a
2.04 f
1.98 g
2.02 e
1960-1970s
72.4
74.1
78.3
15.5
16.7
18.5
2.35
2.36
2.36
扬稻2号YD2
34.9 cd
46.1 c
54.3 c
5.3 d
8.2 e
10.3 c
2.99 c
3.03 ab
2.98 ab
扬稻6号YD6
35.8 cd
46.6 c
51.7 c
4.9 d
7.0 e
8.7 cd
3.02 bc
2.96 bc
2.95 ab
汕优63 SY63
40.2 c
44.5 c
46.1 c
6.6 d
7.4 e
8.3 cd
2.70 d
2.73 d
2.77 b
1980-1990s
37.0
45.7
50.7
5.6
7.5
9.1
2.90
2.91
2.90
扬两优6号YLY6
17.0 e
24.1 d
29.4 d
3.4 d
5.3 e
7.3 cd
3.11 a
3.14 a
3.07 a
两优培九LYP9
25.1 de
28.3 d
32.4 d
3.5 d
5.2 e
6.1 d
3.15 ab
3.12 a
3.03 a
II优084 IIY084
24.3 de
26.5 d
31.2 d
3.7 d
4.6 e
5.6 d
2.95 c
2.91 bc
2.92 ab
2000-2010s
22.1
26.3
31.0
3.5
5.0
6.3
3.07
3.06
3.01
HHX: Huangguaxian; YTX: Yintiaoxian; NJ1: Nanjing 1; TZX: Taizhongxian; NJ11: Nanjing 11; ZZA: Zhenzhu’ ai; YD2: Yangdao 2; YD6: Yangdao 6; SY63: Shanyou 63; YLY6: Yangliangyou 6; LYP9: Liangyoupeijiu; IIY084: II you 084. 0N: applied no nitrogen; MN: applied 210 kg hm-2 nitrogen; HN: applied 300 kg hm-2 nitrogen; values marked different letters in the same column are significantly different at P = 0.05. 0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮210 kg hm-2; HN: 全生育期施氮300 kg hm-2; 同一栏内标记不同字母的值在P=0.05水平差异显著。
表3 不同氮水平下各中籼水稻品种的外观品质 Table 3 Appearance quality of mid-season indica rice cultivars under different N application levels
表4 不同氮水平下各中籼水稻品种的蒸煮食味及营养品质 Table 4 Cooking quality and nutritional quality of mid-season indica rice cultivars under different N application levels
品种/年代 Cultivar/decade
蛋白质含量 Protein content (%)
直链淀粉含量 Amylose content (%)
胶稠度 Gel consistency (mm)
糊化温度 Gelatinization temperature (℃)
0N
MN
HN
0N
MN
HN
0N
MN
HN
0N
MN
HN
黄瓜籼HGX
7.3 de
9.4 bc
10.2 d
40.9 c
37.3 c
33.7 b
53.2 d
45.6 de
41.3 d
78.35 cd
78.35 cd
79.20 b
银条籼YTX
7.5 cd
8.8 de
10.5 cd
50.7 a
46.9 a
33.9 b
55.5 d
39.8 e
38.5 d
80.05 b
79.90 b
79.10 b
南京1号NJ1
7.1 e
9.7 b
10.7 c
46.7 b
40.9 b
36.8 a
57.6 d
47.3 d
39.6 d
79.20 bc
81.45 a
79.90 b
1940-1950s
7.3
9.3
10.4
46.1
41.7
34.8
55.4
44.2
39. 8
79.20
79.90
79.40
台中籼TZX
7.3 de
8.4 ef
8.8 f
16.8 f
15.5 h
16.2 f
75.5 b
78.1 a
77.6 a
77.60 de
74.35 f
79.95 d
南京11 NJ11
7.9 b
12.2 a
12.2 a
44.9 b
32.7 d
36.5 a
58.4 d
60.4 c
42.5 d
82.35 a
79.10 bc
79.85 b
珍珠矮ZZA
7.1 e
9.1 cd
11.2 b
36.7 d
32.7 d
28.0 c
66.5 c
62.2 c
54.8 c
79.95 fg
81.45 a
83.05 a
1960-1970s
7.4
9.9
10.7
32.8
26.9
26.9
66.8
66.9
58.3
78.63
78.30
79.62
扬稻2号YD2
7.7 bc
9.2 bcd
10.3 cd
24.1 e
21.7 ef
18.0 ef
80.8 ab
71.5 ab
66.4 b
78.35 cd
76.65 e
78.20 c
扬稻6号YD6
8.4 a
9.4 bc
9.3 e
19.1 f
18.0 gh
16.9 f
82.2 a
75.5 ab
77.6 a
75.20 g
73.60 f
73.60 e
汕优63 SY63
6.8 f
8.1fg
9.2 ef
23.2 e
22.9 e
20.1 de
78.6 ab
71.4 ab
67.7 b
76.80 ef
77.55 de
76.70 d
1980-1990s
7.6
8.9
9.6
22.1
20.8
18.3
80.5
72.8
70.6
76.78
75.93
76.17
扬两优6号YLY6
7.4 cde
7.8 g
9.6 e
18.7 f
19.4 fg
17.0 f
81.5 a
74.4 ab
70.6 ab
71.25 h
70.45 g
73.70 e
两优培九LYP9
6.8 f
7.9 fg
8.3 g
24.5 e
22.6 e
21.6 d
77.5 ab
70.8 b
64.5 b
76.70 ef
77.60 de
75.95 d
II优084 IIY084
6.6 f
8.7 de
10.2 cd
22.3 e
22.1 ef
18.3 ef
78.2 ab
73.3 ab
67.2 b
77.55 de
79.95 b
79.90 b
2000-2010s
6.9
8.1
9.4
21.8
21.0
19.0
79.1
72.8
67.4
75.17
76.00
76.52
HHX: Huangguaxian; YTX: Yintiaoxian; NJ1: Nanjing 1; TZX: Taizhongxian; NJ11: Nanjing 11; ZZA: Zhenzhu’ ai; YD2: Yangdao 2; YD6: Yangdao 6; SY63: Shanyou 63; YLY6: Yangliangyou 6; LYP9: Liangyoupeijiu; IIY084: II you 084. 0N: applied no nitrogen; MN: applied 210 kg hm-2 nitrogen; HN: applied 300 kg hm-2 nitrogen; values marked different letters in the same column are significantly different at P = 0.05. 0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮210 kg hm-2; HN: 全生育期施氮300 kg hm-2; 同一栏内标记不同字母的值在P=0.05水平差异显著。
表4 不同氮水平下各中籼水稻品种的蒸煮食味及营养品质 Table 4 Cooking quality and nutritional quality of mid-season indica rice cultivars under different N application levels
表5 不同氮肥水平下各中籼水稻品种蛋白质含量与蛋白组分(%)的变化 Table 5 Changes in protein content and its components (%) of mid-season indica rice cultivars under different N application levels
类型 Type
年代 Decade
总蛋白含量 Protein concent
清蛋白 Albumin
球蛋白 Globulin
醇溶蛋白 Prolamin
谷蛋白 Glutelin
0N
1940-1950s
7.30 e
0.39 e
0.64 f
0.91 d
4.89 f
1960-1970s
7.43 e
0.42 e
0.66 f
0.89 d
4.96 f
1980-1990s
7.63 e
0.46 de
0.76 e
0.78 e
5.74 e
2000-2010s
6.91 f
0.49 d
0.66 f
0.75 e
5.51 e
MN
1940-1950s
9.30 bc
0.48 d
0.82 d
1.14 b
6.23 d
1960-1970s
9.91 b
0.55 c
0.89 c
1.18 b
6.64 bc
1980-1990s
8.89 c
0.54 c
0.89 c
0.91 d
6.72 bc
2000-2010s
8.12 d
0.59 b
0.75 e
0.89 d
6.45 c
HN
1940-1950s
10.41 a
0.55 c
0.91 b
1.29 a
6.97 b
1960-1970s
10.71 a
0.61 ab
0.95 a
1.28 a
7.18 ab
1980-1990s
9.58 b
0.58 b
0.96 a
0.98 c
7.25 ab
2000-2010s
9.43 b
0.67 a
0.87 c
1.02 c
7.49 a
0N: applied no nitrogen; MN: applied 210 kg hm-2 nitrogen; HN: applied 300 kg hm-2 nitrogen; values marked different letters in the same column are significantly different atP = 0.05. 0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮210 kg hm-2; HN: 全生育期施氮300 kg hm-2; 同一栏内标记不同字母的值在P=0.05水平差异显著。
表5 不同氮肥水平下各中籼水稻品种蛋白质含量与蛋白组分(%)的变化 Table 5 Changes in protein content and its components (%) of mid-season indica rice cultivars under different N application levels
图2 不同氮肥水平下中籼水稻品种精米矿质元素含量 0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮210 kg hm-2; HN: 全生育期施氮300 kg hm-2。Fig. 2 Mineral element content in milled rice of mid-seasonindica rice cultivars under different N application levels 0N: applied no nitrogen; MN: applied 210 kg hm-2 nitrogen; HN: applied 300 kg hm-2 nitrogen.
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