摘要以江苏26个水稻高产创建示范县为对象, 对水稻田产量及群体结构的典型田块进行调查。将水稻生产要素(种植地点、品种、播期、种植方式)类型相近或相同的田块按产量分成高产田(I, > 10.5 t hm-2)、中产田(II, 9.0~10.5 t hm-2)、低产田(III, < 9.0 t hm-2) 3个等级, 比较其产量结构、空间分布均衡性等群体指标。结果表明: (1)高产田的颖花数、穗数、穗粒数均有显著优势; 不同类型田块在行距、穴距、单位面积穴数等空间配置上差异未达显著水平。(2)不同产量水平田块单穴穗数整齐度差异显著; 产量与单穴穗数整齐度呈极显著正相关(r=0.436**, 2009;r=0.441**, 2010)。(3)顶部叶片长度增加有利于总粒数的增加, 但易降低结实率, 尤其是下位叶。表明提高单穴穗数整齐度和穗粒数整齐度, 是协调水稻穗数、穗粒数和粒重三者矛盾的有效途径; 也是江苏大面积均衡增产的有效途径。
关键词:水稻; 机插; 产量; 均衡性 Common Characteristics of Balanced Yield Increase in a Large Area of Mechanical Transplanted Rice in Jiangsu Province DU Yong-Lin1,2, MIAO Xue-Kuan1, LI Gang-Hua1,*, ZHANG Jun1, WANG Shao-Hua1, LIU Zheng-Hui1, TANG She1, DING Yan-Feng1,* 1 National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
2 Jiangsu Agriculture Commission, Nanjing 210036, China
AbstractAn experiment was conducted in a large area of representative fields in 26 high-yielding rice demonstration counties of Jiangsu Province with mechanical transplanting in 2009 and 2010. Fields planted with the same site, cultivar, sowing date and management were divided into three types based on the grain yield, including high grain yield fields (I, > 10.5 t ha-1), middle grain yield fields (II, 9.0-10.5 t ha-1) and low grain yield fields (III, < 9.0 t ha-1). Characteristics of yield components and the balance of plants space distribution were compared among the three types. The result showed that high-yielding fields had significantly higher spikelets per m2, panicles per m2, spikelets per panicle than the other types. There were no significant differences in spacing characteristics, which mainly includes row spacing, holes spacing and panicles per hole. There was significant difference in the uniformity of panicles per hole among different types. There was significantly positive correlation between the uniformity of panicles per hole and grain yield (r=0.436**, 2009;r=0.441**, 2010). Lengths of the top leaves were beneficial to the spikelets per panicle, but could decrease the grain-filling. These results suggested that it is an effective way to resolve the contradiction among rice yield components by improving the uniformity of panicle per m2 and spikelets per panicle. It is also a right way to improve grain yield of rice transplanted by machine in a large area of Jiangsu Province.
表2 不同类型田块产量及穗粒结构 Table 2 Comparison of the components of yield in the field with different yield levels
年份 Year
产量分类 Yield grade
产量 Yield (t hm-2)
穗数 Panicles per m2
穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle
颖花数 Spikelets per m2 (×103)
结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)
粒重 Grain weight (mg)
2009
I ( n=51)
11.1 a
341.4 a
128.1 a
43.7 a
91.1 a
28.5 a
II ( n=74)
10.0 b
326.7 a
123.6 ab
40.4 b
91.4 a
28.2 a
III ( n=37)
8.7 c
303.8 b
118.4 b
36.0 c
92.6 a
28.9 a
2010
I ( n=70)
11.0 a
360.8 a
124.9 a
45.1 a
92.0 a
27.5 a
II ( n=27)
9.4 b
347.1 a
118.6 a
41.1 a
89.7 a
27.3 a
III ( n=63)
7.9 c
315.6 b
105.3 b
33.2 b
92.5 a
28.2 a
F-value
年份Year
4.6*
3.1NS
2.9NS
1.6NS
0.7NS
1.3NS
产量等级Yield grade
12.7**
8.1**
3.9*
5.7*
1.7NS
0.4NS
年份×产量等级 Year× Yield grade
6.3**
2.7NS
1.4NS
2.5NS
0.3NS
0.6NS
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at 0.05 probability level.* and** denote significantly different at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. NS denote no significan differencet at 0.05 probability level. 数据后不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。*和**表示达0.05和0.01差异水平。NS表示0.05水平差异不显著。
表2 不同类型田块产量及穗粒结构 Table 2 Comparison of the components of yield in the field with different yield levels
表3 Table 3 表3(Table 3)
表3 产量与各构成因素的相关系数 Table 3 Correlation coefficients between yield and its components
产量构成 Yield components
产量 Yield (t hm-2)
穗数 Panicles per m2
总粒数 Spikelets per panicle
结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)
粒重 Grain weight (mg)
产量Yield (t hm-2)
0.682**
0.269
0.177
0.410**
穗数Panicles per m2
0.211
-0.491**
0.021
0.371**
穗粒数Spikelets per panicle
0.439*
-0.668**
-0.513**
-0.492**
结实率Seed-setting rate (%)
0.020
0.392*
-0.501**
0.356**
粒重Grain weight (mg)
0.385*
-0.107
0.081
-0.025
* and** denote significant different at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. The data of 2009 in the top right of the table ( n=162), The data of 2010 in the lower left of the table ( n=162). *和**表示达0.05和0.01差异水平。表中右上为2009年数据( n=162), 左下为2010年数据( n=162)。
表3 产量与各构成因素的相关系数 Table 3 Correlation coefficients between yield and its components
表4 不同类型田块水稻空间配置平均值及整齐度比较 Table 4 Comparison of average values and uniformity of space allocation in the field with different yield levels
年份 Year
田块类型 Type
行距 RS
穴距 HS
穴数HPM
单穴穗数 PPS
均值 Mean (cm)
整齐度 Uniformity (%)
均值 Mean (cm)
整齐度 Uniformity (%)
均值 Mean (m-2)
整齐度 Uniformity (%)
均值 Mean
整齐度 Uniformity (%)
2009
I
28.4 a
99.3 a
14.3 a
96.2 a
24.6 a
96.5 a
13.9 a
84.2 a
II
28.3 a
98.7 a
14.7 a
97.7 a
24.0 a
96.8 a
13.6 ab
79.5 a
III
28.6 a
99.0 a
14.4 a
96.5 a
24.3 a
95.4 a
12.5 b
74.1 b
2010
I
28.2 a
98.9 a
14.0 a
97.4 a
25.3 a
96.9 a
14.2 a
75.8 a
II
28.9 a
98.2 a
14.2 a
97.0 a
24.4 a
96.6 a
14.0 a
66.7 b
III
29.2 a
99.0 a
14.5 a
97.3 a
23.6 a
95.5 a
13.2 b
62.5 b
F-value
年份Year
1.7NS
0.9NS
0.1NS
2.3NS
0.3NS
1.0NS
4.7*
8.3**
产量等级Yield grade
0.2NS
1.5NS
0.8NS
1.8NS
0NS
0.9NS
3.3*
6.0**
年份×产量等级Year × yield grade
0.8NS
0.1NS
0.1NS
1.2NS
0NS
0.4NS
3.8*
6.4**
RS: row spacing, HS: hole spacing, HPM: holes per m2, PPS: panicles per hole. Values followed by different letters are significantly different at 0.05 probability level. NS denote no significant difference at 0.05 probability level. 数值后面的不同字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。NS表示0.05水平差异不显著。
表4 不同类型田块水稻空间配置平均值及整齐度比较 Table 4 Comparison of average values and uniformity of space allocation in the field with different yield levels
表5 Table 5 表5(Table 5)
表5 各性状指标与产量和产量构成因素的相关性分析 Table 5 Correlations coefficients of some traits and its uniformity with yield and yield components
指标 Item
产量 Yield (t hm-2)
穗数 Panicles per m2
粒数 Spikelets per panicle
结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)
粒重 Grain weight (mg)
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
行距RS
0.293*
-0.194
0.342*
-0.257
-0.010
0.172
0.008
-0.138
0.104
-0.320*
穴距HS
-0.365**
-0.110
-0.526**
-0.736**
0.304*
0.702**
-0.177
-0.385*
-0.281*
-0.049
穴数HMP
0.450**
-0.206
0.716**
0.582**
-0.371*
-0.462**
-0.037
0.297
0.214
-0.494**
单穴穗数PPS
0.007
0.494**
-0.184
-0.142
0.046
0.247
0.152
-0.158
-0.051
0.371*
穗长PL
0.234
0.497**
0.702**
-0.436*
0.106
一次枝梗数PB
0.158
-0.054
-0.351*
-0.016
0.702**
0.051
-0.397*
-0.202
-0.101
0.147
二次枝梗数SB
0.177
0.274
0.359*
0.726**
0.737**
0.981**
0.391*
0.515**
0.402*
0.103
叶长Leaf length
剑叶D1
0.179
-0.083
0.121
-0.541**
0.024
0.703**
0.205
-0.567**
-0.142
-0.101
倒二叶D2
-0.022
-0.014
-0.197
-0.573**
0.662**
0.721**
-0.245
-0.542**
-0.190
-0.037
倒三叶D3
-0.153
-0.137
-0.249
-0.641**
0.581**
0.647**
-0.684**
-0.566**
-0.125
0.135
倒四叶D4
-0.02
-0.107
-0.055
-0.724**
0.436*
0.709**
-0.572**
-0.497**
0.011
0.042
整齐度 Uniformity
行距RS
0.359**
-0.054
0.408**
0.026
-0.212
0.093
0.116
-0.165
0.293*
-0.601**
穴距HS
0.257*
-0.011
0.141
0.483**
0.045
-0.489**
-0.102
0.453*
0.195
-0.322
穴数HMP
0.367**
0.179
0.183
0.207
0.021
-0.099
-0.101
0.359*
0.244
-0.287
单穴穗数PPS
0.436**
0.441**
0.231
0.117
0.175
0.496**
0.180
-0.138
0.094
0.486**
穗长PL
0.234
0.104
0.152
0.224
-0.186
一次枝梗数PB
0.353*
0.114
0.252
0.024
-0.241
0.049
0.043
0.063
0.529**
0.169
二次枝梗数SB
0.007
0.494**
-0.184
-0.142
0.046
0.247
0.152
-0.158
-0.051
0.371*
RS: row spacing; HS: hole spacing; HPM: holes per m2; PPS: panicles per hole; PL: panicle length; PB: number of the primary branches; SB: number of the secondary branches. D1: flag leaf; D2-D4: the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th leaf from the top.* and** denote significant difference at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. *和**表示达0.05和0.01差异水平。
表5 各性状指标与产量和产量构成因素的相关性分析 Table 5 Correlations coefficients of some traits and its uniformity with yield and yield components
表6 不同类型田块穗型比较 Table 6 Comparison of parameters of panicle types in the field with different yield levels
年份 Year
田块类型 Type
穗长 Panicle length (cm)
一次枝梗数 Number of primary branches
二次枝梗数 Number of secondary branches
穗长整齐度 Uniformity of panicle length (%)
一次枝梗整齐度 Uniformity of the primary branches (%)
二次枝梗整齐度 Uniformity of the secondary branches (%)
2009
I
—
11.3 a
20.2 a
—
82.0 a
63.9 a
II
—
11.0 a
19.7 a
—
81.6 a
62.1 a
III
—
10.6 a
18.2 b
—
80.3 a
55.6 b
2010
I
18.5 a
11.6 a
20.3 a
88.7 a
81.9 a
57.9 a
II
15.4 b
11.2 a
18.9 ab
86.0 a
80.6 a
52.2 ab
III
15.2 b
10.8 a
17.5 b
85.7 a
80.5 a
50.8 b
F-value
年份Year
—
1.7NS
2.1NS
—
0.8NS
5.2**
产量等级Yield grade
4.1*
1.2NS
3.9*
1.0NS
0.7NS
3.7*
年份×产量等级Year × yield grade
—
0.8NS
2.4NS
—
0.3NS
3.9*
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at 0.05 probability level.* and** denote significantly different at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. NS denote no significant difference at 0.05 probability level. 数据后不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。*和**表示达0.05和0.01差异水平。NS表示0.05水平差异不显著。
表6 不同类型田块穗型比较 Table 6 Comparison of parameters of panicle types in the field with different yield levels
图1 不同产量水平田块抽穗期顶部叶片长度比较D1: 剑叶; D2: 倒二叶; D3:倒三叶; D4: 倒四叶。Fig. 1 Comparison of leaf length of different leaf position at heading stage in the field with different yield levelsD1: flag leaf; D2: the 2nd leaf from the top; D3: the 3rd leaf from the top; D4: the 4th leaf from the top.
4 结论高产田在穗数、穗粒数和粒重均有优势, 尤其穗粒数和粒重的优势达显著水平。穗粒数的差异主要来自二次枝梗数及其整齐度的差异。单穴穗数整齐度和穗粒数整齐度与粒重正相关。提高单穴穗数整齐度和穗粒数整齐度, 有利于协调水稻穗数、穗粒数和粒重三者矛盾, 提高群体均衡性对于实现江苏粳稻区大面积增产至关重要。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。
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