关键词:油菜; 机械化收获; 损失率; 籽粒品质 Effects of Harvesting Date on Yield Loss Percentage of Mechanical Harvest and Seed Quality in Rapeseed ZUO Qing-Song12, HUANG Hai-Dong1, CAO Shi1, YANG Shi-Fen1, LIAO Qing-Xi1, LENG Suo-Hu2, WU Jiang-Sheng1, ZHOU Guang-Sheng1* 1College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
2Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
Fund: AbstractA field experiment on mechanical harvest date of Huayouza 62 was conducted in the 2012-2013 rapeseed season with harvesting stages ranging from 70% pod yellow to pod shattering significantly. The yield loss, moisture content, and seed quality were measured. The results showed that the percentage of total yield loss ranged from 7.00% to 15.80% in different treatments of harvest date, showing the trend of decreasing first and increasing later. The total yield loss in mechanical harvest was composed of shattering loss (SL), harvest loss by combine header (CHL), and cleaning and threshing loss (CTL), in which CTL accounted for the largest proportion of total yield loss (56.87%-92.90%), followed by CHL (7.80%-31.0%). The CTL percentage decreased with harvest date, whereas the CHL percentage was greater in later harvest treatment. Total yield loss percentage had positive correlations with moisture contents of seed, shell, main inflorescence and branches (P < 0.01). The highest 1000-seed weight and oil content were obtained when the seed moisture content was 16.23%. Further reduction of seed moisture content resulted in slight decreases of 1000-seed weight, oil content, carbon content, and C/N ratio. Our results indicate that seed or pod shell moisture content of 11%-13% was the optimal stage for mechanical harvest in rapeseed, when the final harvest yield, 1000-seed weight, oil content, and oil yield are considerably high.
Keyword:Rapeseed; Mechanical harvesting; Yield loss percentage; Seed quality Show Figures Show Figures
我国是油菜生产大国, 面积和总产均占世界的30%左右[1], 菜籽油也是我国自产的第一大食用植物油[2]。油酸可降低人体血液中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量, 阻止血管硬化, “双低”油菜因油酸含量高, 具有较高的营养价值[3]。随着植物油脂人均摄入量的增加[4], 油菜生产的重要性亦随之增加。但传统的油菜生产方式用工多、效益低, 农户种植油菜积极性不高, 只有采用机械化生产才能提高油菜生产效益。目前, 油菜机械播种的研究及应用较多[5,6,7], 而机械收获研究及应用仍较缓慢。2011年全国油菜机收面积仅有52.1万公顷[8], 尚不及全国油菜种植面积的10%。因此加速我国油菜机械化收获进程势在必行。 近几年关于适合油菜机械化收获的农艺性状[9,10,11,12,13,14]及农机设备的改进方面[15,16]有较多报道, 但有关油菜不同机械收获时期对产量损失率及菜籽品质的研究尚未见报道。各地的油菜机械化收获现场均表明, 掌握适宜的收获时期对降低产量损失率有着极其重要的作用, 如收获过早, 种子不能完全充实而影响产量和品质; 如收获过迟, 由于成熟种子的自然脱落及收获时的碰撞损失显著降低产量, 如遇大风阴雨, 损失则更为严重。本研究采用机械直播的高产种植模式, 研究不同收获时期的油菜机械化收获的损失率、产量及品质差异, 为确定适宜的油菜机械化收获时期提供理论依据。 1 材料与方法1.1 试验材料及地点于2012—2013年度在华中农业大学试验场种植油菜杂交种华油杂62。试验地前茬为水稻, 9月中旬收获。油菜播种前取土壤样品测定表明含碱解氮108.32 mg kg-1、速效磷14.61 mg kg-1、速效钾 152.76 mg kg-1。 1.2 试验设计2012年9月23日以2BFQ-6型油菜联合播种机直播。田间小区厢宽2 m, 每厢播6行。油菜出苗后及时间丛子苗, 一叶期间苗, 三叶期定苗, 留苗45万株 hm-2。播种时施用N、P、K (15%-15%-15%)复合肥900 kg hm-2、硼沙7.5 kg hm-2作底肥。越冬期施用纯氮135 kg hm-2, 以尿素为氮源。其他管理同常规。在角果发育成熟期, 根据天气状况设置6个机械收获时期, 分别是5月5日、5月10日、5月12日、5月14日、5月17日和5月19日, 采用随机区组设计, 3次重复。 1.3 测定内容与方法1.3.1 机械收获时小区实际产量 各部分损失产量与机收产量之和。 1.3.2 水分含量测定 机械收获时从每小区连续取样10株, 将主茎基部(距地表30 cm)、主茎上部、主花序和分枝、角果壳和籽粒部分分开称鲜重, 然后转至80℃恒温, 烘至恒重(72 h), 称取各部分干重。 1.3.3 机械收获损失测定 每小区收获长度为 36 m, 收获面积为72 m2。收割机型号为4LL-2.0D (星光至尊), 收割时留茬高度为30 cm。 全田角果2/3变黄时(人工收获时期)开始在田间摆放盒子(25 cm×15 cm×5 cm), 每小区摆放10个, 机械收获前收取盒子测量籽粒重即为自然脱粒损失(yield loss caused by shattering, SL)。 割台损失(yield loss caused by combine header, CHL)分为两部分, 一是割台引起的田间脱落籽粒损失(yield loss from seeds in the field caused by combine header, CHL1), 这部分通过收割前在每小区机械收获的前8 m摆放10个塑料盒子收取; 二是割台引起的分枝损失(yield loss from branches in the field caused by combine header, CHL2), 这部分通过捡拾28 m田间脱落分枝脱粒计算。 清选和脱粒损失(yield loss caused by cleaning and threshing, CTL)分为两部分, 夹带损失(yield loss caused by mixed straw and shell, ML)和未脱粒角果损失(yield loss caused by non-threshing pod, NTPL)。 1.3.4 绿籽率的测定 从机械收获的籽粒中随机取20 g籽粒, 调查绿色的籽粒占总籽粒数的比例。 1.3.5 碳和氮元素含量 采用元素分析仪(Vario MAX CN, Elementar Co., Germany)测定籽粒全碳和全氮含量。 1.4 数据处理小区产量和机械收获产量均以水分含量换算成干重。用SPSS 10.0软件统计分析数据, Microsoft Excel绘制图表。用最小显著差法(LSD)比较处理间差异显著性。
表2 不同收获期不同部分损失率 Table 2 Proportions of yield loss percentage in different parts at different harvesting dates (%)
收获时期 Harvesting date (month/day)
自然脱落 损失 SL
割台损失 CHL
割台籽粒损失 CHL1
割台分枝损失 CHL2
清选和脱粒 损失 CTL
夹带损失 ML
未脱粒损失 NTPL
5/5
—
1.23±0.06 d
0.41±0.03 e
0.82±0.05 ab
14.57±0.08 a
7.26±0.20 a
7.31±0.13 a
5/10
—
1.43±0.07 c
0.52±0.03 de
0.91±0.06 a
11.26±0.15 b
6.66±0.31 b
4.56±0.19 b
5/12
0.14±0.01 c
1.41±0.09 cd
0.63±0.04 cd
0.78±0.05 ab
8.38±0.32 c
6.43±0.15 b
1.95±0.16 c
5/14
0.21±0.01 bc
1.47±0.07 c
0.73±0.05 c
0.73±0.09 b
6.03±0.21 d
5.31±0.18 c
0.72±0.03 d
5/17
0.27±0.01 b
1.70±0.09 b
0.93±0.04 b
0.77±0.05 ab
5.03±0.21 e
4.59±0.20 d
0.45±0.02 de
5/19
0.93±0.05 a
2.37±0.07 a
1.61±0.05 a
0.76±0.05 ab
4.36±0.19 f
4.28±0.19 d
0.08±0.01 e
采用LSD法比较类型间差异, 表中数值后不同字母表示差异达0.05显著水平。“—”表示未测定。 Values followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05 according to LSD test. — stands for no determination. SL: shattering loss; CHL: harvest loss by combine header; CHL1: seed loss by combine header; CHL2: branch loss by combine header; CTL: cleaning and threshing loss; ML: mixture in straw and shell loss; NTPL: non-threshing pod loss.
表2 不同收获期不同部分损失率 Table 2 Proportions of yield loss percentage in different parts at different harvesting dates (%)
图1 不同收获期不同部分产量损失占总产量损失的比例Fig. 1 Ratio of yield loss in different parts to total yield loss at different harvesting datesSL: shattering loss; CHL: harvest loss by combine header; CHL1: seed loss by combine header; CHL2: branch loss by combine header; CTL: cleaning and threshing loss; ML: mixture in straw and shell loss; NTPL: non-threshing pod loss.
表4 不同收获期油菜千粒重和籽粒品质 Table 4 1000-seed weight and seed quality at different harvesting dates
收获期 Harvesting date (month/day)
千粒重 1000-seed weight (g)
绿籽率 Green seed percentage (%)
含油率 Oil content (%)
氮含量 Nitrogen content (%)
碳含量 Carbon content (%)
碳氮比 C /N
5/5
3.38±0.04 b
35.33±0.52 a
39.59±0.26 b
3.84±0.06 a
56.53±0.38 b
14.74±0.30 a
5/10
3.57±0.08 a
13.75±1.89 b
41.86±0.54 a
3.76±0.05 a
58.07±0.58 ab
15.47±0.36 a
5/12
3.67±0.06 a
3.31±0.38 c
42.44±0.25 a
3.78±0.03 a
58.77±0.65 a
15.55±0.30 a
5/14
3.64±0.05 a
—
42.23±0.32 a
3.80±0.05 a
58.13±0.50 a
15.31±0.31 a
5/17
3.61±0.04 a
—
42.17±0.43 a
3.81±0.05 a
57.93±0.63 ab
15.20±0.13 a
5/19
3.61±0.05 a
—
42.19±0.33 a
3.82±0.05 a
58.10±0.44 a
15.22±0.30 a
采用LSD法比较类型间差异, 表中数值后不同字母表示差异达0.05显著水平。“—”表示未测定。 Values followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05 according to LSD test. — stands for no determination.
表4 不同收获期油菜千粒重和籽粒品质 Table 4 1000-seed weight and seed quality at different harvesting dates
表5 Table 5 表5(Table 5)
表5 2011-2012年度不同收获期籽粒水分含量、产量和机械收获损失率 Table 5 Moisture content in seed, grain yield, and percentage of total yield loss at different harvesting dates in 2011-2012 experiment
收获期 Harvesting date (month/day)
籽粒水份含量 Moisture content in seed (%)
小区产量 Plot yield (kg hm-2)
机收产量 Yield of mechanical harvest (kg hm-2)
总损失率 Percentage of total yield loss (%)
5/3
20.65±0.25 a
3178.80±64.76 a
2812.47±48.22 b
11.52±0.32 a
5/5
15.62±0.52 b
3206.41±59.65 a
2889.32±58.91 ab
9.89±0.26 b
5/7
12.84±0.24 c
3118.44±52.47 a
2874.31±52.38 ab
7.83±0.22 c
5/11
10.71±0.34 d
3211.77±36.73 a
2979.52±35.67 a
7.23±0.19 c
采用LSD法比较类型间差异, 表中数值后不同字母表示差异达0.05显著水平。 Values followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05 according to LSD test.
表5 2011-2012年度不同收获期籽粒水分含量、产量和机械收获损失率 Table 5 Moisture content in seed, grain yield, and percentage of total yield loss at different harvesting dates in 2011-2012 experiment
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