关键词:四川盆地; 小麦; 粒重; 灌浆参数; Logistic方程 Characteristics of Grain Filling in Wheat Growing in Sichuan Basin WU Xiao-Li1, TANG Yong-Lu1,2,*, LI Chao-Su1, WU Chun1, HUANG Gang1, MA Rong3 1Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
2Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Water-Saving Agriculture in the South of China, Chengdu 610066, China
3 Dayan Service Centre of Agricultural Technology of Jiangyou City, Jiangyou 621707, China
AbstractThe growing condition for winter wheat is relatively unfavourable in Sichuan Basin due to less radiation in wheat growing season, drought stress at mid growing stage, and high temperature at late growing stage. Wheat cultivars in this area are commonly characterized with large grain weight and long filling period. Therefore, quality of grain filling is critical to final yield. The objective of this study was to understand the effects of genotypes and environments on characteristics of grain filling of wheat in Sichuan Basin. Ten representative cultivars were grown in three locations in 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 wheat growing seasons, and the dynamics of grain filling were observed. The average grain weight was 48.25 g over two years. There were three phases during grain filling, namely grain-filling pyramid period (T1), grain-filling fast increase period (T2), and grain-filling slowly increase period (T3). The durations were sequenced as T3 (16.30 d) > T1 (13.41 d) > T2 (12.98 d), and the grain-filling rates were 0.618, 0.772, and 2.205 mg grain-1 d-1, respectively. The contributions of biomass to grain were 21.21% in T1, 58.27% in T2, and 20.53% in T3. Clearly, about 80% of dry matter has been accumulated before T3 phase. In the same growing season, grain weight and grain-filling rates including maximum, (Rmax), mean (Rmean), and phase (R1,R2, andR3) rates of grain filling were mainly influenced by genotype, whereas other parameters for grain filling were mainly influenced by locations. Grain weight was significantly correlated withRmean,Rmax,R2, andR3. Chuanmai 42, Chuanyu 23, and Chuanmai 56 were characterized with early anthesis, high grain filling speed, long time of grain filling, and large grain weight.
Keyword:Sichuan Basin; Wheat; Grain weight; Parameters of grain filling; Logistic equation Show Figures Show Figures
表2 不同基因型和环境下小麦籽粒灌浆进程的Logistic方程参数估计值 Table 2 Parameters of Logistic equation of grain filling process in different locations and genotypes
品种 Cultivar
地点 Location
2010-2011
2011-2012
Y = K/(1+eA+Bx)
决定系数 R2
Y = K/(1+eA+Bx)
决定系数 R2
K
A
B
K
A
B
川麦42
广汉 Guanghan
53.06
4.08
0.20
0.9981
51.11
4.16
0.18
0.9997
Chuanmai 42
江油 Jiangyou
51.26
3.94
0.18
0.9977
49.17
4.47
0.22
0.9993
简阳 Jianyang
—
—
—
—
51.62
4.10
0.18
0.9985
川麦51
广汉 Guanghan
46.81
3.90
0.20
0.9966
44.48
4.15
0.16
0.9966
Chuanmai 51
江油 Jiangyou
44.59
3.83
0.20
0.9982
44.11
4.48
0.24
0.9967
简阳 Jianyang
—
—
—
—
46.43
4.51
0.18
0.9988
川麦55
广汉 Guanghan
43.33
3.68
0.23
0.9952
40.91
4.28
0.19
0.9960
Chuanmai 55
江油 Jiangyou
46.06
3.32
0.12
0.9999
40.20
4.05
0.22
0.9916
简阳 Jianyang
—
—
—
—
43.31
4.65
0.20
0.9996
川麦56
广汉Guanghan
49.09
3.99
0.37
0.9980
59.18
4.98
0.19
0.9991
Chuanmai 56
江油 Jiangyou
54.51
5.46
0.22
0.9995
55.93
4.90
0.26
0.9989
简阳 Jianyang
—
—
—
—
55.57
4.37
0.18
0.9983
内麦836
广汉 Guanghan
49.60
3.83
0.19
0.9967
43.84
3.97
0.19
0.9990
Neimai 836
江油 Jiangyou
48.23
3.62
0.16
0.9988
44.34
4.30
0.23
0.9971
简阳 Jianyang
—
—
—
—
47.01
4.17
0.19
0.9989
绵麦37
广汉 Guanghan
55.05
3.57
0.23
0.9986
40.78
4.14
0.20
0.9967
Mianmai 37
江油 Jiangyou
53.67
3.52
0.16
0.9971
47.95
4.15
0.24
0.9993
简阳 Jianyang
—
—
—
—
43.79
4.40
0.21
0.9987
川育23
广汉 Guanghan
53.70
4.03
0.20
0.9988
53.23
4.36
0.19
0.9988
Chuanyu 23
江油 Jiangyou
54.06
4.12
0.19
0.9992
45.94
4.91
0.28
0.9964
简阳 Jianyang
—
—
—
—
56.16
4.42
0.18
0.9986
西科麦5
广汉 Guanghan
48.48
4.89
0.22
0.9893
39.78
4.27
0.19
0.9942
Xikemai 5
江油 Jiangyou
48.61
3.52
0.19
0.9983
43.87
4.41
0.23
0.9963
简阳 Jianyang
—
—
—
—
42.67
4.12
0.18
0.9979
绵麦367
广汉 Guanghan
51.81
3.59
0.24
0.9994
35.63
4.30
0.22
0.9966
Mianmai 367
江油 Jiangyou
50.35
3.36
0.16
0.9986
42.42
3.95
0.23
0.9988
简阳 Jianyang
—
—
—
—
43.00
3.82
0.18
0.9992
川麦104
广汉Guanghan
53.91
3.71
0.22
0.9981
43.63
4.15
0.19
0.9983
Chuanmai 104
江油 Jiangyou
46.62
3.77
0.20
0.9993
43.24
4.11
0.23
0.9981
简阳 Jianyang
—
—
—
—
51.36
4.13
0.17
0.9993
K: 理论粒重(mg 粒-1); A和 B: Logistic方程 Y = K/(1+eA+Bx)的回归参数。—表示数据不存在。 K: Theoretical grain weight (mg grain-1); A and B: Parameters in logistic equation Y = K/(1+eA+Bx). —: no experimental data.
表2 不同基因型和环境下小麦籽粒灌浆进程的Logistic方程参数估计值 Table 2 Parameters of Logistic equation of grain filling process in different locations and genotypes
图2 不同基因型小麦的灌浆速率的动态变化数据为各品种不同地点处理的平均值。Fig. 2 Dynamic changes of grain filling rate in different genotypesData are the average of cultivars in all locations.
表4 Table 4 表4(Table 4)
表4 年份和地点对冬小麦籽粒灌浆参数的影响 Table 4 Effects of year and location on filling parameters of winter wheat
环境因素 Environmental factor
K (mg grain-1)
C0
Rmax (mg grain-1 d-1)
Rmean (mg grain-1 d-1)
Tmax (d)
T99 (d)
D (d)
年份 Year
2010-2011
50.14±0.20 a
1.13±0.02 a
2.49±0.02 a
1.16±0.01 a
18.72±0.17 b
43.45±0.19 b
39.44±0.52 b
2011-2012
46.35±0.11 b
0.63±0.01 b
2.26±0.05 b
1.12±0.00 b
20.09±0.23 a
45.66±0.18 a
41.18±0.17 a
地点Location
广汉Guanghan
47.87±0.27 a
0.88±0.01 a
2.67±0.06 a
1.12±0.00 a
18.60±0.15 b
42.04±0.42 b
37.99±0.13 b
江油 Jiangyou
47.66±0.16 a
0.87±0.02 a
2.65±0.10 a
1.12±0.00 a
19.00±0.22 b
42.83±0.48 b
38.33±0.22 b
简阳 Jianyang
46.94±0.31 a
0.69±0.00 b
2.23±0.05 b
0.99±0.02 b
22.99±0.37 a
47.81±0.67 a
45.98±0.21 a
数据为平均值±标准误。相同环境因素的同类指标数据后不同字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。灌浆参数定义同表3。 Data are in form of mean±standard error. In each environmental factor, values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. Parameters of grain filling are the same as defined in Table 3.
表4 年份和地点对冬小麦籽粒灌浆参数的影响 Table 4 Effects of year and location on filling parameters of winter wheat
表5 不同小麦品种的籽粒灌浆参数差异 Table 5 Variations of filling parameters in different winter wheat cultivars
品种 Cultivar
K (mg grain-1)
C0
Rmax (mg grain-1 d-1)
Rmean (mg grain-1 d-1)
Tmax (d)
T99 (d)
D (d)
川麦42 Chuanmai 42
51.40±0.39 b
0.83±0.03 cd
2.54±0.047 abc
1.25±0.01 a
20.96±0.12 ab
44.40±0.47 ab
41.92±0.13 ab
川麦51 Chuanmai 51
45.35±0.31 e
0.84±0.04 cd
2.39±0.051 bc
1.09±0.01 bc
19.74±0.10 abc
41.79±0.35 bc
41.10±0.20 ab
川麦55 Chuanmai 55
43.08±0.20 f
0.95±0.02 ab
2.19±0.002 c
1.02±0.00 c
19.16±0.13 c
41.85±0.21 bc
37.84±0.37 c
川麦56 Chuanmai 56
54.35±0.99 a
0.54±0.02 e
3.02±0.027 a
1.26±0.03 a
21.99±0.25 a
46.09±0.24 a
43.42±0.42 a
内麦836 Neimai 836
47.00±0.36 de
0.93±0.01 bc
2.37±0.011 bc
1.08±0.01 bc
20.50±1.20 ab
44.58±0.22 ab
41.01±0.25 abc
绵麦37 Mianmai 37
49.27±0.68 c
1.08±0.02 ab
2.48±0.023 bc
1.19±0.01 ab
19.31±0.32 bc
42.36±0.56 b
38.66±0.74 bc
川育23 Chuanyu 23
52.83±0.48 ab
0.73±0.01 d
2.77±0.019 ab
1.25±0.05 a
21.36±0.23 a
44.19±0.55 ab
41.44±0.35 ab
西科麦5 Xikemai 5
45.32±0.83 e
0.89±0.01 c
2.52±0.220 abc
1.11±0.06 abc
19.37±0.34 bc
39.35±1.26 c
38.73±0.20 bc
绵麦367 Mianmai 367
45.72±0.10 e
1.14±0.02 a
2.18±0.015 c
1.03±0.00 c
19.66±0.16 abc
44.06±0.29 ab
39.32±0.75 bc
川麦104 Chuanmai 104
48.17±0.38 cd
0.95±0.01 ab
2.49±0.025 bc
1.20±0.01 ab
20.32±0.27 ab
44.08±0.64 ab
39.65±0.42 bc
平均 Mean
48.25
0.89
2.50
1.15
20.24
43.28
40.51
数据为两年三地的平均值±标准误。同一列数据后不同字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。灌浆参数定义同表3。 Data are means ± standard errors of three locations and two years. Values followed by different letters with in a column are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. Parameters of grain filling are the same as defined in Table 3.
表5 不同小麦品种的籽粒灌浆参数差异 Table 5 Variations of filling parameters in different winter wheat cultivars
表6 Table 6 表6(Table 6)
表6 年份、基因型及地点对小麦籽粒灌浆阶段特征的影响 Table 6 Effects of year, genotype, and location on filling parameters in each phase of wheat
变异来源 Source of variation
T1
T2
T3
持续期 Duration (d)
R1 (mg grain-1 d-1)
贡献率 RGC (%)
持续期 Duration (d)
R2 (mg grain-1 d-1)
贡献率 RGC (%)
持续期 Duration (d)
R3 (mg grain-1 d-1)
贡献率 RGC (%)
年份 Year
2010-2011
12.92
0.830
21.13
12.36
2.182
58.48
15.88
0.611
20.39
2011-2012
14.91
0.714
23.88
13.60
2.028
56.22
16.93
0.559
19.91
地点Location
广汉Guanghan
12.55
0.811
21.06
12.10
2.330
58.33
15.05
0.662
20.61
江油 Jiangyou
13.25
0.780
21.36
12.83
2.200
58.33
15.96
0.616
20.32
简阳 Jianyang
15.87
0.640
21.32
14.23
1.953
58.34
17.71
0.547
20.34
品种 Cultivar
Chuanmai 42
14.24
0.766
21.27
13.43
2.229
58.36
16.72
0.625
20.37
Chuanmai 51
13.42
0.728
21.50
12.64
2.093
58.22
15.73
0.586
20.28
Chuanmai 55
12.66
0.733
21.56
13.01
1.924
58.16
16.19
0.539
20.28
Chuanmai 56
14.72
0.823
20.53
11.52
2.914
56.90
16.32
0.816
22.57
Neimai 836
13.60
0.733
21.37
13.80
1.987
58.78
16.62
0.557
19.85
Mianmai 37
12.70
0.829
21.38
13.21
2.172
58.28
16.44
0.609
20.34
Chuanyu 23
14.36
0.784
21.29
12.72
2.426
58.35
15.83
0.680
20.36
Xikemai 5
13.03
0.744
20.41
12.68
2.211
59.03
15.78
0.619
20.56
Mianmai 367
12.66
0.767
21.25
13.99
1.908
58.41
17.41
0.534
20.34
Chuanmai 104
12.74
0.811
21.49
12.82
2.183
58.20
15.96
0.612
20.31
平均 Mean
13.41
0.772
21.21
12.98
2.205
58.27
16.30
0.618
20.53
T1、T2、T3, R1、 R2、 R3定义同表3。 T1, T2, T3, R1, R2, and R3 are the same as defined in Table 3. RGC: ratio of the grain-filling contributed to the final grain weight.
表6 年份、基因型及地点对小麦籽粒灌浆阶段特征的影响 Table 6 Effects of year, genotype, and location on filling parameters in each phase of wheat
表7 灌浆参数与粒重相关系数 Table 7 Correlation coefficients between grain filling parameters and grain weight
粒重 Grain weight
C0
Rmax
Tmax
T99
D
Rmean
T1
T2
T3
R1
R2
R3
K
理论值Theoretical
-0.601
0.841**
0.691*
0.445
0.691*
0.888**
0.806**
0.124
0.124
0.687*
0.841**
0.841**
—
实际值Observed
-0.534
0.831**
0.689*
0.443
0.689*
0.883**
0.738*
0.110
0.110
0.740*
0.831**
0.831**
0.980**
灌浆参数定义同表3。*在 P< 0.05水平显著;**在 P< 0.01水平显著。 Parameters of grain filling are the same as defined in Table 3.* Significant at P< 0.05;** Significant at P< 0.01.
表7 灌浆参数与粒重相关系数 Table 7 Correlation coefficients between grain filling parameters and grain weight
4 结论不同小麦品种的所有灌浆参数(除理论粒重)在年份、基因型、地点上的差异均达到极显著水平, 且灌浆参数的互作效应表现为基因型×年份>基因型×地点>基因型×地点×年份>地点×年份。相同年份中, 粒重及灌浆速率主要受遗传特性的影响。2011—2012年比2010—2011年小麦开花早, 灌浆持续期长, 但灌浆起始生长势低、灌浆速率低, 因此粒重较低。粒重与灌浆速率呈显著正相关, 尤其与快增期及缓增期的灌浆速率相关程度较高, 其次与灌浆持续时间呈正相关。川麦42、川育23和川麦56开花期早、灌浆速率高、灌浆持续时间长, 具有较大的灌浆潜力。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
MotzoR, GiuntaF, PrunedduG. The response of rate and duration of grain filling to long-term selection for yield in Italian durum wheats. , 2010, 61: 162-169[本文引用:4][JCR: 1.133]
2
Pireivatlou A G S, AliyevR T, LalehlooB S. Grain filling rate and duration in bread wheat under irrigated and drought stressed conditions. , 2011, 1: 69-86[本文引用:4]
3
CossaniC M, SlaferG A, SavinR. Do barley and wheat (bread and durum) differ in grain weight stability through seasons and water-nitrogen treatments in a Mediterranean location?, 2011, 121: 240-247[本文引用:1][JCR: 2.474]
4
李世清, 邵明安, 李紫燕, 伍维模, 张兴昌. 小麦籽粒灌浆特性及影响因素的研究进展. , 2003, 23: 2031-2039LiS Q, ShaoM A, LiZ Y, WuW M, ZhangX C. Review of characteristics of wheat grain fill and to influence it. , 2003, 23: 2031-2039 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 1.321]
5
裴雪霞, 王姣爱, 党建友, 张定一. 播期对优质小麦籽粒灌浆特性及旗叶光合特性的影响. , 2008, 16: 121-128PeiX X, WangJ A, DangJ Y, ZhangD Y. Characteristics of grain filling and flag leaf photosynthesis of high 15 quality wheat under different planting date. , 2008, 16: 121-128 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:2][CJCR: 0.795]
6
王晨阳, 郭天财, 马冬云, 朱云集, 贺德先, 王永华. 环境、基因型及其互作对小麦主要品质性状的影响. , 2008, 32: 1397-1406WangC Y, GuoT C, MaD Y, ZhuY J, HeD X, WangY H. Effect of genotypes and environments and their interactions on main quality traits in winter wheat. , 2008, 32: 1397-1406 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 1.989]
7
张定一, 张永清, 闫翠萍, 裴雪霞. 基因型、播期和密度对不同成穗型小麦籽粒产量和灌浆特性的影响. , 2009, 15: 28-34ZhangD Y, ZhangY Q, YanC P, PeiX X. Effects of genotype, sowing date and planting density on grain filling and yield of wheat varieties with different ears forming characteristics. , 2009, 15: 28-34 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:2][CJCR: 0.867]
8
郭天财, 彭羽, 朱云集, 刘万代, 崔金梅. 播期对不同穗型、筋型优质冬小麦影响效应研究. , 2001, (2): 19-20GuoT C, PengY, ZhuY J, LiuW D, CuiJ M. Study on effect of sow date on different spike and gluten of wheat. , 2001, (2): 19-20 (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
9
WheelerT R, HongT D, EllisR H, BattsG R, Morison J I L, HadleyP. The duration and rate of grain growth, and harvest index of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) in response to temperature and CO2. , 1996, 47: 623-630[本文引用:1][JCR: 5.242]
10
DiasA S, LidonF C. Evaluation of grain filling rate and duration in bread and durum wheat, under heat stress after anthesis. , 2009, 195: 137-147[本文引用:1][JCR: 2.151]
11
AochenC, PrakashP. Responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) genotypes to heat stress on account of delayed sowing. , 2011, 29: 1794-1797[本文引用:2][JCR: 7.615]
12
王姣爱, 裴雪霞, 张定一, 党建友, 卫云宗, 丁锐钦. 灌水处理对不同筋型小麦籽粒灌浆特性及品质的影响. , 2011, 31: 708-713WangJ A, PeiX X, ZhangD Y, DangJ Y, WeiY Z, DingR Q. Effects of irrigation on grain filling characteristics and quality of wheat varieties with different gluten content. , 2011, 31: 708-713 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
13
Mouna E L F, SaidM, MounsifB, NasserelhaqN. Grain filling and stem accumulation effects on durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. ) yield under drought. , 2012, 7: 67-73[本文引用:1]
14
LiuK, MaB L, LuanL M, LiC H. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient effects on grain filling and yield of high- yielding summer corn. , 2011, 34: 1516-1531[本文引用:2][JCR: 0.526]
15
高翔, 董剑, 庞红喜. 小麦高产品种籽粒灌浆与粒重的关系. , 2002, 11: 33-35GaoX, DongJ, PangH X. Relationship of grain-filling and grain weight in high-yield wheat varieties. , 2002, 11: 33-35 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:2]
16
翟利剑. 春小麦群体库的形成及其特性分析. , 2003, 23: 60-64ZhaiL J. Formation and characteristics of population sink in spring wheat. , 2003, 23: 60-64 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:2]
17
莫惠栋. 农业试验统计(第2版). 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1992. pp467-602MoH D. Agricultural Experimentation, 2nd edn. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, 1992. pp467-602(in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
18
Wiegand C L, CuellarJ A. Duration of grain filling and kernel weight of wheat as affected by temperature. , 1981, 21: 95-101[本文引用:1][JCR: 1.513]
19
王瑞霞, 张秀英, 伍玲, 王瑞, 海林, 闫长生, 游光霞, 肖世和. 不同生态环境条件下小麦籽粒灌浆速率及千粒重QTL分析. , 2008, 34: 1750-1756WangR X, ZhangX Y, WuL, WangR, HaiL, YanC S, YouG X, XiaoS H. QTL mapping for grain filling rate and thousand -grain weight in different ecological environments in wheat. , 2008, 34: 1750-1756 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:3][CJCR: 1.667]
20
崔金梅, 朱云集, 郭天财, 詹克慧, 鲁文锁, 罗毅. 冬小麦粒重形成与生育中期气象条件关系的研究. , 2000, 20: 28-34CuiJ M, ZhuY J, GuoT C, ZhanK H, LuW S, LuoY. The relationship between the grain weight formation and the meteorological conditions in the middle growth period of winter wheat. , 2000, 20: 28-34 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
21
武建华, 刘常青, 房稳静, 陈彦旭, 陈爱琴, 梅建新, 王淑琴. 气象条件对两个不同属性冬小麦品种灌浆速度影响的研究. , 2008, 36: 13074-13076WuJ H, LiuC Q, FangW J, ChenY X, ChenA Q, MeiJ X, WangS Q. Effect of the weather condition on the winter wheat grouting rate. , 2008, 36: 13074-13076 (in Chi-nese with English abstract)[本文引用:1][CJCR: 0.687]
22
霍仕平, 许明陆, 晏庆九. 纬度和海拔对西南地区中熟玉米品种生育期和粒重及株高的效应. , 1997, 18(4): 24-28HuoS P, XuM L, YanQ J. The effect of latitude and altitude on grain-filling period, 1000-kernel weight and plant height. , 1997, 18(4): 24-28 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
23
冯素伟, 胡铁柱, 李淦, 董娜, 李笑慧, 茹振钢, 程自华. 不同小麦品种籽粒灌浆特性分析. , 2009, 29: 643-646FengS W, HuT Z, LiG, DongN, LiX H, RuZ G, ChengZ H. Analysis on grain filling characteristics of different wheat varieties. , 2009, 29: 643-646 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]
24
张耀兰, 曹承富, 杜世州, 赵竹, 乔玉强, 刘永华, 张四华. 淮北地区高产小麦籽粒灌浆特性分析. , 2010, 25(增刊): 84-87ZhangY L, CaoC F, DuS Z, ZhaoZ, QiaoY Q, LiuY H, ZhangS H. Analysis on grain filling characteristics of high-yielding wheat in Huaibei Area. , 2010, 25(suppl): 84-87 (in Chinese with English abstract)[本文引用:1]