摘要:为加快畜禽养殖行业粪污资源化利用，促进畜牧业可持续发展，及时掌握畜禽粪便的特征分布，对有效防控养殖区域环境的污染尤为重要。目前多数畜禽粪便污染研究都是基于省市区域尺度，而进行全国尺度的研究相对较少。本文运用排污系数法，以中国畜牧年鉴数据为计算基础，估算出2016年全国31个省份畜禽粪便的产生量、污染物产生量及污染物流失量。在此基础上，分析全国2016年畜禽粪便的排放分布特征，并将不同畜种的粪尿产生量统一换算为猪粪当量，计算出单位耕地面积猪粪当量承载负荷及预警值，参照相关标准得到2016年全国各省所对应的预警级别。结果表明：2016年全国畜禽粪便总产生量为246 836万t，其中牛粪产量最多，家禽粪产生量最少；所研究的31个省份中四川省、河南省、山东省的粪便产生量较多。假设产生的粪便可以利用当年的有效耕地消纳，则2016年31个省份畜禽粪便平均单位耕地面积猪粪当量承载力负荷为19.55，单位耕地面积猪粪当量预警均值为0.49。本文所测算的31个省份中大部分省份预警值处于无环境威胁预警级别（Ⅰ级），但北京市处于有环境威胁预警级别（Ⅲ级），西藏自治区处于很严重环境威胁预警级别（Ⅵ级），青海处于严重环境威胁预警级别（Ⅴ级）。根据计算得出的预警级别，各省应根据自身情况充分利用畜禽粪便资源，尤其是在预警值较高地区应及时做好畜禽养殖总量控制及污染防控。
关键词:畜禽粪污/
猪粪当量/
排污系数法/
耕地负荷/
负荷预警
Abstract:In order to speed up the utilization of excrement and waste resources in the livestock and poultry breeding industry, and to promote the sustainable development of animal husbandry, it is particularly important to timely grasp the characteristic distribution of excrement and waste for effectively preventing and controlling environmental pollution in the breeding area. At present, most of the researches focus on livestock and poultry feces pollution, based on the level of provinces and cities, while the researches on the national scale are relatively few. In this paper, manure production, pollutant production and pollutant loss in the livestock and poultry industry in 2016 were estimated with the pollution factor method and based on the calculation of China Animal Husbandry Yearbook data. The pig feces equivalent bearing load and early warning, and the value per unit cultivated land area were calculated on the basis of the above analysis and by converting feces and urine produced by different kinds of livestock into pig feces equivalent. Furthermore, the corresponding early warning level of 31 provinces in 2016 was obtained by referring to relevant standards. The results showed that in 2016, the total amount of livestock and poultry manure was 2 468 million tons, of which cattle manure was the most and poultry manure was the least; among the 31 provinces studied, Sichuan Province, Henan Province and Shandong Province had relatively more manure. Assuming that the manure could be effectively consumed by the farmland in the same year, the bearing capacity load of pig feces equivalent per unit cultivated area in 2016 was 19.55; and the early warning value of pig feces equivalent per unit cultivated area was 0.49. Most of the 31 provinces measured in this paper were at level Ⅰ, among which Beijing was at level Ⅲ, Tibet was at level Ⅵ, and Qinghai was at level Ⅴ. According to the result of early warning level, each province should make full use of the livestock and poultry manure according to its own situation. Timely control of the total amount of livestock and poultry breeding, and pollution prevention and control measures should be taken in areas with high early warning value.
Key words:Livestock and poultry manure/
Pig manure equivalent/
Emission coefficient method/
Cultivated land load/
Load warning
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