中国林业科学研究院林产化学工业研究所,生物质化学利用国家工程实验室,国家林业和草原局林产化学工程重点实验室,江苏省生物质能源与材料重点实验室,江苏省林业资源高效加工利用协同创新中心,南京 210042
Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key Lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing 210042, China
为满足汽车国六排放标准,以木屑为原料、磷酸为活化剂,制备了碳罐用高丁烷工作容量成型活性炭。在制备过程中通过烘焙提质、粒度调控对原料进行预处理,并采用了真空捏合、模孔设计、高温活化等工艺。考察了烘焙温度、原料粒度、浸渍比、真空捏合时间、活化温度、活化时间等制备条件对活性炭性能的影响。结果表明:原料经250 ℃烘焙、破碎至粒度小于0.2 mm及使用孔径为2.5 mm的模具成型,可明显提高制备活性炭的性能;当磷酸与原料浸渍比为1.5∶1,真空捏合为60 min、活化温度为500 ℃、活化时间为120 min时,制备的活性炭碘吸附值为1 028 mg·g
,性能可达到碳罐用活性炭TGZ1500指标要求。
To meet the requirements of the China’s stage 6 vehicle emission standards, high butane working capacity formed activated carbon was prepared with sawdust as raw material and phosphoric acid as activator. The sawdust was pretreated by torrefaction-upgrading and particle size control. Vacuum kneading, mold hole design, high temperature activation and other processes were used to produce the activated carbon. The effects of torrefaction temperature, particle size of raw materials, impregnation ratio, vacuum kneading time, activation temperature and activation time on the properties of activated carbon were investigated. Results showed that the properties of activated carbon could be significantly improved when the raw materials were torrefied at 250 ℃, crushed to a particle size less than 0.2 mm and molded by a mold with a pore diameter of 2.5 mm. The requirements by the TGZ1500 index of activated carbon for automobile carbon canister can be met with a impregnation ratio of 1.5∶1, vacuum kneading time of 60 min, activation temperature of 500 ℃ and activation time of 120 min. Under these conditions, iodine adsorption value of the prepared activated carbon was 1 028 mg·g
, and the optimized properties were obtained including methylene blue adsorption value of 270 mg·g
.
.
Scanning electron micrograph after torrefaction
X-ray diffraction after torrefaction
Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution curves
and adsorption-desorption times of activated carbon
Effect of torrefaction on the content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in raw materials
Effects of different preparation conditions on the properties of activated carbon
[1] | 中华人民共和国交通运输部. 2019年上半年全国机动车保有量达3.4亿辆[EB/OL]. [2020-04-10]. http://www.mot.gov.cn/guowuyuanxinxi/201907/t20190704_3221036.html, 2019-07-04. |
[2] | 秦昊, 周维, 王雷, 等. 基于国六法规的燃油系统蒸发排放解决方案[J]. 汽车实用技术, 2018, 44(10): 56-58. |
[3] | 中华人民共和国生态环境部. 国务院关于印发打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划的通知[EB/OL]. [2020-04-10]. http://zfs.mee.gov.cn/gz/bmhb/gwygf/201807/t20180705_446146.shtml, 2018-07-04. |
[4] | 中华人民共和国生态环境部, 国家质量监督检验检疫总局. 轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第六阶段): GB 18352.6-2016[S]. [2020-04-10]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2016. |
[5] | TOLLES E D, DIMITRI M S, MATTHEWS C C. High activity, high density activated carbon: U. S. Patent 5204310[P]. 1993-04-20. |
[6] | DIMITRI M S. Preparation for high activity, high density carbon: U. S. Patent 5304527[P]. 1994-04-19. |
[7] | MATTHEWS C C, TOLLES E D. Preparation for high activity, high density carbon: U. S. Patent 5276000[P]. 1994-01-04. |
[8] | YAN Z Q, MCCUE J C, TOLLES E D. Preparation of high activity, high density activated carbon with activatable binder: U. S. Patent 5538932[P]. 1996-07-23. |
[9] | MCCUE J C, YAN Z Q, TOLLES E D. Method of preparation of gasoline vapor adsorptive activated carbon: U. S. Patent 5324703[P]. 1994-06-28. |
[10] | 林鹏. 木质车用活性炭及其制备方法: ZL03125474.8[P]. 2004-09-15. |
[11] | 朱光真, 邓先伦, 刘晓敏. 催化活化法制备高丁烷工作容量颗粒活性炭[J]. 功能材料, 2011, 42(S5): 884-887. |
[12] | 贺德留. 磷酸法活化气氛对活性炭丁烷工作容量的影响[J]. 河南林业科技, 2015, 35(3): 18-20. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2630.2015.03.006 |
[13] | 樊亚娟, 张双全, 姚国富, 等. 吸附汽油蒸气活性炭的制备研究[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2005, 34(6): 817-820. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-1964.2005.06.029 |
[14] | ALLEN J L, GATZ J L, EKLUND P C. Applications for activated carbons from used tires: Butane working capacity[J]. Carbon, 1999, 37(9): 1485-1489. doi: 10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00011-1 |
[15] | 刘晓敏, 邓先伦, 朱光真, 等. 活性炭的物理性质与丁烷工作容量的关系[J]. 东北林业大学学报, 2011, 39(10): 107-109. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2011.10.030 |
[16] | 中华人民共和国国家林业和草原局, 全国林化产品标准化技术委员会. 燃油蒸发排放控制碳罐用颗粒活性炭: LY/T 2864-2017[S]. 北京: 中华人民共和国国家林业和草原局, 2019. |
[17] | 高尚愚, 周建斌, 左宋林, 等. 碘值、亚甲基蓝及焦糖脱色力与活性炭孔隙结构的关系[J]. 南京林业大学学报, 1998, 22(4): 23-26. |
[18] | 徐慧敏, 何国富, 刘伟, 等. H3PO4活化制备喜旱莲子草基活性炭及性能表征[J]. 环境工程学报, 2015, 9(6): 2761-2766. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.20150636 |
[19] | American Society of Testing Materials Standard. Test method for determination of butane working capacity of activated carbon: D5228-2016[S]. London: IHS Markit, 2016. |
[20] | 陈应泉, 杨海平, 朱波, 等. 农业秸秆烘焙特性及对其产物能源特性的影响[J]. 农业机械学报, 2012, 43(4): 75-82. doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2012.04.016 |
[21] | 王洋, 刘守新. 木质素对H3PO4法活性炭孔隙结构的影响[J]. 林产化学与工业, 2011, 31(3): 33-38. |
[22] | 马承愚, 杨超, 古丽戈娜, 等. 磷酸法制备杏核壳活性炭及对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附[J]. 环境工程学报, 2014, 8(8): 3223-3227. |
[23] | 陈青, 周劲松, 刘炳俊, 等. 烘焙预处理对生物质气化工艺的影响[J]. 科学通报, 2010, 55(36): 3437-3443. |
[24] | 龚春晓. 不同粉碎预处理方式对烘焙松木屑的影响[D]. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2016. |
[25] | MA Z, YANG Y, MA Q, et al. Evolution of the chemical composition, functional group, pore structure and crystallographic structure of bio-char from palm kernel shell pyrolysis under different temperatures[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2017, 127: 350-359. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2017.07.015 |
[26] | ZHENG A, ZHAO Z, CHANG S, et al. Comparison of the effect of wet and dry torrefaction on chemical structure and pyrolysis behavior of corncobs[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 176: 15-22. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.157 |
[27] | ARIAS B, PEVIDA C, FERMOSO J, et al. Influence of torrefaction on the grindability and reactivity of woody biomass[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2008, 89(2): 169-175. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.09.002 |
[28] | 田小云, 董寅生, 杨嘉楠, 等. 原料粒径与含水率对磷酸法活性炭性能的影响[J]. 林产化学与工业, 2016, 36(6): 93-99. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2016.06.015 |
[29] | WANG Z, MCDONALD A G, WESTERHOF R J M, et al. Effect of cellulose crystallinity on the formation of a liquid intermediate and on product distribution during pyrolysis[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2013, 100: 56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.11.017 |
[30] | LIU Q S, ZHENG T, WANG P, et al. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from bamboo by microwave-induced phosphoric acid activation[J]. Industrial Crops & Products, 2010, 31(2): 233-238. |
[31] | PRAHAS D, KARTIKA Y, INDRASWATI N, et al. Activated carbon from jackfruit peel waste by H3PO4 chemical activation: Pore structure and surface chemistry characterization[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2008, 140(1/2/3): 32-42. |
[32] | 林冠烽. 磷酸法自成型木质颗粒活性炭的制备过程与机理研究[D]. 北京: 中国林业科学研究院, 2013. |
[33] | ROSAS J M, RUIZ-ROSAS R, RODRíGUEZ-MIRASOL J, et al. Kinetic study of the oxidation resistance of phosphorus-containing activated carbons[J]. Carbon, 2012, 50(4): 1523-1537. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.11.030 |
[34] | YANG R, LIU G, XU X, et al. Surface texture, chemistry and adsorption properties of acidblue 9 of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) bast-based activated carbon fibers prepared by phosphoric acid activation[J]. Biomass Bioenergy, 2011, 35(1): 437-445. |
[35] | 杨丹, 刘永军, 张弛, 等. 长柄扁桃核壳活性炭的制备及表征[J]. 环境工程学报, 2013, 7(12): 415-419. |
[36] | ZUO S, YANG J, LIU J, et al. Significance of the carbonization of volatile pyrolytic products on the properties of activated carbons from phosphoric acid activation of lignocellulosic material[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2009, 90(7/8): 994-1001. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.04.003 |
[37] | ROUQUEROL J, AVNIR D, FAIRBRIDGE C W, et al. Recommendations for the characterization of porous solids[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1994, 66(8): 1739-1758. doi: 10.1351/pac199466081739 |