) 中国人民大学商学院, 北京 100872
收稿日期:2018-08-28出版日期:2020-02-25发布日期:2019-12-24通讯作者:钟嘉琦E-mail:jiaqizhong@ruc.edu.cn基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金资助项目(71872173)The effect of social crowding on individual preference for self-improvement products
DING Ying, ZHONG Jiaqi() School of Business, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
Received:2018-08-28Online:2020-02-25Published:2019-12-24Contact:ZHONG Jiaqi E-mail:jiaqizhong@ruc.edu.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 本文通过3个实验和对中国综合社会调查数据的系统分析, 研究了社会拥挤如何影响个体的认知和行为。结果发现社会拥挤能够显著增强个体对自我提升类产品的偏好, 自我提升需求在其中发挥中介作用。此外, 社会公平感知和地区就业率对社会拥挤的这一偏好增强效应起到调节作用, 即当个体感知社会公平性高或身处低就业率地区时, 社会拥挤对自我提升类产品偏好的促进作用会被强化; 反之, 主效应会被削弱。
图/表 4
图1理论模型框架图
图1理论模型框架图表1CGSS 2015分析：回归系数表
| 自变量 | model_1 | model_2 | model_3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ln (density) | 0.18*** [0.1584, 0.1991] | 0.17*** [0.1507, 0.1892] | 0.11*** [0.0875, 0.1256] |
| ln (age) | -0.93*** [-0.9833, -0.8794] | -0.85*** [-0.9038, -0.8034] | |
| sex (0 = female) | 0.16*** [0.1222, 0.2010] | 0.19** [0.1538, 0.2295] | |
| ln (wage) | 0.03*** [0.0261, 0.0367] | 0.02*** [0.0103, 0.0207] | |
| 幸福感 | 0.10*** [0.0765, 0.1232] | ||
| 个人经济地位 | -0.23*** [-0.2608, -0.1906] | ||
| 所处区域 (城市 vs. 农村) | 0.47*** [0.4333, 0.5125] |
表1CGSS 2015分析：回归系数表
| 自变量 | model_1 | model_2 | model_3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ln (density) | 0.18*** [0.1584, 0.1991] | 0.17*** [0.1507, 0.1892] | 0.11*** [0.0875, 0.1256] |
| ln (age) | -0.93*** [-0.9833, -0.8794] | -0.85*** [-0.9038, -0.8034] | |
| sex (0 = female) | 0.16*** [0.1222, 0.2010] | 0.19** [0.1538, 0.2295] | |
| ln (wage) | 0.03*** [0.0261, 0.0367] | 0.02*** [0.0103, 0.0207] | |
| 幸福感 | 0.10*** [0.0765, 0.1232] | ||
| 个人经济地位 | -0.23*** [-0.2608, -0.1906] | ||
| 所处区域 (城市 vs. 农村) | 0.47*** [0.4333, 0.5125] |
图2社会公平感知的调节作用 注：点横线为Johnson-Neyman点, 具体指为1.6292。
图2社会公平感知的调节作用 注：点横线为Johnson-Neyman点, 具体指为1.6292。
图3地区就业率的调节作用 注：点横线为Johnson-Neyman点, 具体指为0.6661。
图3地区就业率的调节作用 注：点横线为Johnson-Neyman点, 具体指为0.6661。参考文献 47
| [1] | Adams J. S . (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 267-299). New York: Academic Press. |
| [2] | Adorno G., Fields N., Cronley C., Parekh R., & Magruder K . (2018). Ageing in a low-density urban city: Transportation mobility as a social equity issue. Ageing and Society, 38(2), 296-320. |
| [3] | Allard T., & White K . (2015). Cross-domain effects of guilt on desire for self-improvement products. Journal of Consumer Research, 42(3), 401-419. |
| [4] | Armenta C. N., Fritz M. M., & Lyubomirsky S . (2017). Functions of positive emotions: Gratitude as a motivator of self-improvement and positive change. Emotion Review, 9(3), 183-190. |
| [5] | Baker J., & Wakefield K . (2012). How consumer shopping orientation influences perceived crowding, excitement, and stress at the mall. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(6), 791-806. |
| [6] | Boots B. N . (1979). Population density, crowding and human behaviour. Progress in Human Geography, 3(1), 13-63. |
| [7] | Breines J. G., & Chen S . (2012). Self-compassion increases self-improvement motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(9), 1133-1143. |
| [8] | Chabowski B. R., & Mena J. A . (2017). A review of global competitiveness research: Past advances and future directions. Journal of International Marketing, 25(4), 1-24. |
| [9] | Chen S. Y., Cai X . (2017). Social equity and Chinese economics. Theory and Reform, 5, 187-194. |
| [ 陈社英, 蔡想 . (2017). 社会公平与经济学研究. 理论与改革, 5, 187-194.] | |
| [10] | Edney J. J . (1974). Human territoriality. Psychological Bulletin, 81(12), 959-975. |
| [11] | Epstein Y. M . (1981). Crowding stress and human behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 37(1), 126-144. |
| [12] | Eroglu S. A., & Machleit K. M . (1990). An empirical study of retail crowding: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Retailing, 66(2), 201-221. |
| [13] | Eroglu S. A., Machleit K., & Barr T. F . (2005). Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction: The role of shopping values. Journal of Business Research, 58(8), 1146-1153. |
| [14] | Esses V. M., Jackson L. M., & Armstrong T. L . (1998). Intergroup competition and attitudes toward immigrants and immigration: An instrumental model of group conflict. Journal of social issues, 54(4), 699-724. |
| [15] | Goeckner D. J., Greenough W. T., & Mead W. R . (1973). Deficits in learning tasks following chronic overcrowding in rats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28(2), 256-261. |
| [16] | Green J. D., Sedikides C., Pinter B., & Van Tongeren D. R . (2009). Two sides to self-protection: Self-improvement strivings and feedback from close relationships eliminate mnemic neglect. Self and Identity, 8(2), 233-250. |
| [17] | Hayes A. F . (Ed).(2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression- based approach. New York: Guilford Press. |
| [18] | Hegtvedt K. A . (1988). Social determinants of perception: Power, equity, and status effects in an exchange situation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(2), 141-153. |
| [19] | Hock S. J., & Bagchi R . (2018). The impact of crowding on calorie consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 44(5), 1123-1140. |
| [20] | Hong Y. -Y., Levy S. R., & Chiu C. -Y . (2001). The contribution of the lay theories approach to the study of groups. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(2), 98-106. |
| [21] | Huang X., Huang Z. Q., & Wyer R. S . (2018). The influence of social crowding on brand attachment. Journal of Consumer Research, 44(5), 1068-1084. |
| [22] | Hui C. M., & Bond M. H . (2009). To please or to neglect your partner? Attachment avoidance and relationship- driven self-improvement. Personal Relationships, 16(1), 129-145. |
| [23] | Hui C. M., Bond M. H., & Molden D. C . (2012). Why do (n't) your partner's efforts at self-improvement make you happy? An implicit theories perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(1), 101-113. |
| [24] | Hui M. K., & Bateson J. E . (1991). Perceived control and the effects of crowding and consumer choice on the service experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 18(2), 174-184. |
| [25] | Hwang J., Yoon S. Y., & Bendle L. J . (2012). Desired privacy and the impact of crowding on customer emotions and approach-avoidance responses: Waiting in a virtual reality restaurant. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(2), 224-250. |
| [26] | Inesi M. E., Gruenfeld D. H., & Galinsky A. D . (2012). How power corrupts relationships: Cynical attributions for others’ generous acts. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(4), 795-803. |
| [27] | Jiang J. C., & Guo Y. L . (2003). Goal theory on motivation. Advance in Psychological Science, 11(6), 635-641. |
| [ 蒋京川, 郭永玉 . (2003). 动机的目标理论. 心理科学进展, 11(6), 635-641.] | |
| [28] | Jin X. T., Zhao T.Y., Cui H. J., Xu W., & Li G. Z . (2017). The influence of the perceived status change on status consumption. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 49(2), 273-284. |
| [ 金晓彤, 赵太阳, 崔宏静, 徐尉, 李广政 . (2017). 地位感知变化对消费者地位消费行为的影响. 心理学报, 49(2), 273-284.] | |
| [29] | Lu F. W., Liu G. E., & Li H. W . (2017). The gender of children and parents’ happiness. Economic Research Journal, 52(10), 49-51. |
| [ 陆方文, 刘国恩, 李辉文 . (2017). 子女性别与父母幸福感. 经济研究, 52(10), 49-51.] | |
| [30] | Maeng A., Tanner R. J., & Soman D . (2013). Conservative when crowded: Social crowding and consumer choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 50(6), 739-752. |
| [31] | McCallum R., Rusbult C. E., Hong G. K., Walden T. A., & Schopler J . (1979). Effects of resource availability and importance of behavior on the experience of crowding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(8), 1304-1313. |
| [32] | National Survey Research Center at Renmin University of China. (2018. Chinese general social survey (2015). Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://cnsda.ruc.edu.cn. |
| [ 中国人民大学中国调查与数据中心. (2018. 中国综合社会调查(2015). 2018-01-21取自 http://cnsda.ruc.edu.cn] | |
| [33] | O’Guinn T. C., Tanner R. J., & Maeng A . (2015). Turning to space: Social density, social class, and the value of things in stores. Journal of Consumer Research, 42(2), 196-213. |
| [34] | O’Leary J . (1997). Developing a new mindset: The “career ambitious” individual. Women in Management Review, 12(3), 91-99. |
| [35] | Rucker, D. D. & Galinsky, A. D . (2008). Desire to acquire: Powerlessness and compensatory consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(2), 257-267. |
| [36] | Sedikides C., & Strube M. J . (1997). Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 29(8), 209-269. |
| [37] | Sedikides C . (1999). A multiplicity of motives: The case of self-improvement. Psychological Inquiry, 10(1), 64-65. |
| [38] | Shah J., & Higgins E. T . (1997). Expectancy × value effects: Regulatory focus as determinant of magnitude and direction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3), 447-458. |
| [39] | Sivanathan N., & Pettit N. C . (2010). Protecting the self through consumption: Status goods as affirmational commodities. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(3), 564-570. |
| [40] | Sng O., Neuberg S. L., Varnum M. E. W., & Kenrick D. T . (2017). The crowded life is a slow life: Population density and life history strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(5), 736-754. |
| [41] | Spiller S. A., Fitzsimons G. J., Lynch J. G. Jr., & McClelland G. H . (2013). Spotlights, floodlights, and the magic number zero: Simple effects tests in moderated regression. Journal of Marketing Research, 50(2), 277-288. |
| [42] | Stokols D . (1972). On the distinction between density and crowding: Some implications for future research. Psychological Review, 79(3), 275-277. |
| [43] | Sun X. L., & Li X. W . (2012). Self-enhancement or self-improvement: A temporal construal approach. Journal of Psychological Science, 35(2), 264-269. |
| [ 孙晓玲, 李晓文 . (2012). 自我提高还是自我增强? 解释水平理论的观点. 心理科学, 35(2), 264-269.] | |
| [44] | Worchel S., & Teddlie C . (1976). The experience of crowding: A two-factor theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(1), 30-40. |
| [45] | Zhang, Zhang Y., & Huang Szu-chi . (2010). How endowed versus earned progress impacts consumer goal commitment and motivation. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(4), 641-654. |
| [46] | Zhao F., Wang W., & Liu L. S . (1989). Effect of SHR come on after stress and mechanisms of action. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 21(4), 436-440. |
| [ 赵峰, 王文, 刘力生 . (1989). 拥挤、抢食对自发性高血压大鼠发病的影响及作用机制的探讨. 心理学报, 21(4), 436-440.] | |
| [47] | Zheng X. Y., & Peng S. Q . (2014). Consumption as psychological compensation: A review of compensatory consumption. Advance in Psychological Science, 22(9), 1513-1520. |
| [ 郑晓莹, 彭泗清 . (2014). 补偿性消费行为:概念、类型与心理机制. 心理科学进展, 22(9), 1513-1520.] |
相关文章 1
| [1] | 柳武妹, 马增光, 卫旭华. 拥挤影响消费者情绪和购物反应的元分析[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(10): 1237-1252. |
PDF全文下载地址:
http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=4634
