基于问题解决式的类比推理的老化：表面相似性和结构相似性的作用

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李美佳¹, 庄丹琪²^,¹, 彭华茂¹(

)

1 北京师范大学发展心理研究院, 北京 100875
2 前锦网络信息技术(上海)有限公司北京分公司, 北京 100016

收稿日期:2017-10-16出版日期:2018-11-25发布日期:2018-09-25
通讯作者:彭华茂E-mail:penghuamao@bnu.edu.cn

基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金资助(31000466)

The role of surface and structural similarity in analogical reasoning aging: Based on the problem-solving paradigm

LI Meijia¹, ZHUANG Danqi²^,¹, PENG Huamao¹(

)

1 Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2 Qianjin Network Information Technology (Shanghai) Co., LTD. Beijing branch, Beijing 100016, China

Received:2017-10-16Online:2018-11-25Published:2018-09-25
Contact:PENG Huamao E-mail:penghuamao@bnu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 采用2年龄(老年/年轻)×2表面相似性(高/低)×2结构相似性(高/低)三因素混合设计, 考察表面信息和结构信息在基于问题解决范式的类比推理老化中的作用。结果发现, 老年人的类比推理成绩显著差于年轻人。源问题和靶问题的表面相似性和结构相似性的提高, 会促进个体检索源问题, 并提高推理质量。对于老年人而言, 表面相似性更重要; 对于年轻人而言, 结构相似性更重要。

图/表 5

表1目标源问题与靶问题举例(杯水车薪)

问题		内容
源问题		李老头是个樵夫, 他正推了一车的柴下山。正好他有些渴了, 就停下来休息, 掏出随身携带的水壶准备喝水。不料这时柴车着火了, 火势凶猛。周围没有水源, 李老头情急之下赶紧把水壶中的水泼在柴车上。但由于水太少了, 火势依旧凶猛。他只能眼看着自己的柴车被大火烧尽了。
靶问题		结构信息相似性
靶问题		F1	F3
表面信息相似性	E1	老张是个面朝黄土背朝天的农民, 这天他买了一车的冰糖准备运回家。老张有些热了, 就停下来休息, 拿出一些冰块。不料这时围上来一群孩子, 偷偷的拿冰糖吃。手里也没有其他的东西, 老张情急之下赶紧把手中的冰块倒在孩子身上, 想赶走他们。 ________________________。农民老张只能眼看着车里的冰糖全被孩子吃光了。	老张是个面朝黄土背朝天的农民, 这天他买了一车的冰糖准备运回家。老张有些热了, 就停下来休息, 拿出一些冰块。不料天气太热, 老张发现冰糖正在被太阳晒化。离树荫太远了, 老张情急之下赶紧把手中的冰块倒在冰糖上。 ________________________。老张只能眼看着车里的冰糖全被太阳晒化了。
表面信息相似性	E3	老张是个面朝黄土背朝天的农民, 这天他摘了一车的草准备运回家喂牲口。老张有些饿了, 就停下来休息, 拿出一碗汤。不料这时一群兔子围拢上来, 偷吃他摘的草。手里也没有其他的东西, 老张情急之下赶紧把手中的汤洒在手上喂兔子。 _______________________。老张只能眼看着车里的草全被吃光了。	老张是个面朝黄土背朝天的农民, 这天他摘了一车的草准备运回家喂牲口。老张有些饿了, 就停下来休息, 拿出一碗汤。不料天气太热, 老张发现草正在被烤焦, 发出刺鼻的味道。离小溪太远了, 老张情急之下赶紧把手中的汤洒在草上。 ________________________。老张只能眼看着车里的草全被烤干了。

表1目标源问题与靶问题举例(杯水车薪)

问题		内容
源问题		李老头是个樵夫, 他正推了一车的柴下山。正好他有些渴了, 就停下来休息, 掏出随身携带的水壶准备喝水。不料这时柴车着火了, 火势凶猛。周围没有水源, 李老头情急之下赶紧把水壶中的水泼在柴车上。但由于水太少了, 火势依旧凶猛。他只能眼看着自己的柴车被大火烧尽了。
靶问题		结构信息相似性
靶问题		F1	F3
表面信息相似性	E1	老张是个面朝黄土背朝天的农民, 这天他买了一车的冰糖准备运回家。老张有些热了, 就停下来休息, 拿出一些冰块。不料这时围上来一群孩子, 偷偷的拿冰糖吃。手里也没有其他的东西, 老张情急之下赶紧把手中的冰块倒在孩子身上, 想赶走他们。 ________________________。农民老张只能眼看着车里的冰糖全被孩子吃光了。	老张是个面朝黄土背朝天的农民, 这天他买了一车的冰糖准备运回家。老张有些热了, 就停下来休息, 拿出一些冰块。不料天气太热, 老张发现冰糖正在被太阳晒化。离树荫太远了, 老张情急之下赶紧把手中的冰块倒在冰糖上。 ________________________。老张只能眼看着车里的冰糖全被太阳晒化了。
表面信息相似性	E3	老张是个面朝黄土背朝天的农民, 这天他摘了一车的草准备运回家喂牲口。老张有些饿了, 就停下来休息, 拿出一碗汤。不料这时一群兔子围拢上来, 偷吃他摘的草。手里也没有其他的东西, 老张情急之下赶紧把手中的汤洒在手上喂兔子。 _______________________。老张只能眼看着车里的草全被吃光了。	老张是个面朝黄土背朝天的农民, 这天他摘了一车的草准备运回家喂牲口。老张有些饿了, 就停下来休息, 拿出一碗汤。不料天气太热, 老张发现草正在被烤焦, 发出刺鼻的味道。离小溪太远了, 老张情急之下赶紧把手中的汤洒在草上。 ________________________。老张只能眼看着车里的草全被烤干了。

表2表面特征与结构特征的相似性情况(如：杯水车薪)

相似性情况	类比推理故事
相似性情况	源问题	E3F3	E1F3	E3F1	E1F1
	樵夫	农民	农民	农民	农民
表面信息	柴	草	(冰糖)	草	(冰糖)
	水	汤	(冰块)	汤	(冰块)
	着火	烤焦	晒化	(偷吃)	(偷吃)
结构信息	泼	洒	倒	洒	倒
	烧尽	烤干	晒化	(吃光)	(吃光)

表2表面特征与结构特征的相似性情况(如：杯水车薪)

相似性情况	类比推理故事
相似性情况	源问题	E3F3	E1F3	E3F1	E1F1
	樵夫	农民	农民	农民	农民
表面信息	柴	草	(冰糖)	草	(冰糖)
	水	汤	(冰块)	汤	(冰块)
	着火	烤焦	晒化	(偷吃)	(偷吃)
结构信息	泼	洒	倒	洒	倒
	烧尽	烤干	晒化	(吃光)	(吃光)

表3不同相似性条件下的推理质量(M ± SD)

组别	表面信息相似性	结构信息相似性		总分
组别	表面信息相似性	F1	F3	总分
	E1	0.28 ± 0.46	0.76 ± 0.44	0.52 ± 0.28
年轻组	E3	0.69 ± 0.47	0.76 ± 0.44	0.72 ± 0.39
	总分	0.48 ± 0.28	0.76 ± 0.37	0.62 ± 0.28
	E1	0.22 ± 0.42	0.31 ± 0.47	0.27 ± 0.28
老年组	E3	0.38 ± 0.49	0.59 ± 0.50	0.48 ± 0.35
	总分	0.30 ± 0.31	0.45 ± 0.37	0.38 ± 0.25

表3不同相似性条件下的推理质量(M ± SD)

组别	表面信息相似性	结构信息相似性		总分
组别	表面信息相似性	F1	F3	总分
	E1	0.28 ± 0.46	0.76 ± 0.44	0.52 ± 0.28
年轻组	E3	0.69 ± 0.47	0.76 ± 0.44	0.72 ± 0.39
	总分	0.48 ± 0.28	0.76 ± 0.37	0.62 ± 0.28
	E1	0.22 ± 0.42	0.31 ± 0.47	0.27 ± 0.28
老年组	E3	0.38 ± 0.49	0.59 ± 0.50	0.48 ± 0.35
	总分	0.30 ± 0.31	0.45 ± 0.37	0.38 ± 0.25

图1年轻人-老年人在不同相似性条件下的推理质量

图1年轻人-老年人在不同相似性条件下的推理质量

表4不同相似性条件下的对源问题的检索质量(M ± SD)

组别	信息类型	表面信息		结构信息
组别	相似性	F1	F3	F1	F3
年轻组	E1	1.21 ± 1.15	1.21 ± 1.01	0.93 ± 1.10	1.34 ± 1.05
年轻组	E3	1.69 ± 1.17	1.83 ± 0.89	1.07 ± 1.03	2.17 ± 0.89
老年组	E1	0.09 ± 0.39	0.44 ± 0.91	0.13 ± 0.42	0.44 ± 0.91
老年组	E3	0.59 ± 0.98	0.59 ± 0.80	0.53 ± 0.92	0.91 ± 1.09

表4不同相似性条件下的对源问题的检索质量(M ± SD)

组别	信息类型	表面信息		结构信息
组别	相似性	F1	F3	F1	F3
年轻组	E1	1.21 ± 1.15	1.21 ± 1.01	0.93 ± 1.10	1.34 ± 1.05
年轻组	E3	1.69 ± 1.17	1.83 ± 0.89	1.07 ± 1.03	2.17 ± 0.89
老年组	E1	0.09 ± 0.39	0.44 ± 0.91	0.13 ± 0.42	0.44 ± 0.91
老年组	E3	0.59 ± 0.98	0.59 ± 0.80	0.53 ± 0.92	0.91 ± 1.09

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