) 1清华大学心理学系
2清华大学学生心理发展指导中心, 北京 100084
收稿日期:2018-03-19出版日期:2019-02-15发布日期:2018-12-25通讯作者:李虹E-mail:lhong@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn基金资助:* 清华大学自主科研计划项目(2015THZWYY10)The relationship of death anxiety defense mechanisms in terror management theory
LU Kexin1, WANG Xu2, LI Hong1() 1 Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University of China, Beijing 100084, China
2 Center for Student Psychological Development, Tsinghua University of China, Beijing 100084, China
Received:2018-03-19Online:2019-02-15Published:2018-12-25Contact:LI Hong E-mail:lhong@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 根据恐惧管理理论, 个体主要通过世界观、自尊和亲密关系三种防御机制来应对必死性意识引发的死亡焦虑。主流观点认为三种防御机制在防御死亡焦虑时的地位是平等的, 符合“流动补偿机制”。本文讨论了流动补偿机制的局限性, 提出三种防御机制之间关系的新观点: 优先级假设, 认为三种防御机制地位并非平等, 而是存在优先级: 亲密关系优先于世界观和自尊, 世界观优先于自尊。在梳理了支持证据后, 本文尝试从发展性视角对优先级假设提出可能的解释, 认为这种优先级来源于防御机制的发展顺序和衍生关系。
图/表 2
图1流动补偿机制所描述的TMT三种主要防御机制间的关系
图1流动补偿机制所描述的TMT三种主要防御机制间的关系
图2新的TMT防御机制关系模型
图2新的TMT防御机制关系模型参考文献 83
| 1 | 陆可心, 沈可汗, 李虹 . ( 2017). 恐惧管理理论中情绪的作用. 心理科学进展, 25(1), 76-85. |
| 2 | 韦庆旺, 周雪梅, 俞国良 . ( 2015). 死亡心理: 外部防御还是内在成长? 心理科学进展, 23( 2), 338-348. |
| 3 | 于冬青 . ( 2010). 灾后儿童的创伤后应激障碍研究. 东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版) ( 4), 142-146. |
| 4 | Abeyta A. A., Juhl J., & Routledge C . ( 2014). Exploring the effects of self-esteem and mortality salience on proximal and distally measured death anxiety: A further test of the dual process model of terror management. Motivation and Emotion, 38(4), 523-528. doi: 10.1007/s11031-014-9400-yURL |
| 5 | Allport G. W., Vernon P. E., & Lindzey G . ( 1960). Study of values. Oxford, England:Houghton Mifflin. |
| 6 | Arndt J., &Greenberg J. ( 1999). The effects of a self- esteem boost and mortality salience on responses to boost relevant and irrelevant worldview threats. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25( 11), 1331-1341. doi: 10.1177/0146167299259001URL |
| 7 | Bassett J.F., &Connelly J.N . ( 2011). Terror management and reactions to undocumented immigrants: Mortality salience increases aversion to culturally dissimilar others. The Journal of Social Psychology, 151(2), 117-120. doi: 10.1080/00224540903365562URL |
| 8 | Baumeister, R.F., &Leary M.R . ( 1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497URL |
| 9 | Ben-Ari O. T., Florian V., & Mikulincer M . ( 1999). The impact of mortality salience on reckless driving: A test of terror management mechanisms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 35-45. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.35URL |
| 10 | Bowlby J. ( 1969). Attachment and Loss: Attachment. New York:Basic Books. |
| 11 | Boyd P., Morris K. L., & Goldenberg J. L . ( 2017). Open to death: A moderating role of openness to experience in terror management. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 71, 117-127. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.03.003URL |
| 12 | Bradley G.W . ( 1978). Self-serving biases in the attribution process: A reexamination of the fact or fiction question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(1), 56-71. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.36.1.56URL |
| 13 | Chatard A., Selimbegović L., Konan P. N., Arndt J., Pyszczynski T., & Lorenzi-Cioldi F., Linden M. V . ( 2011). Terror management in times of war: Mortality salience effects on self-esteem and governmental and army support. Journal of Peace Research, 48(2), 225-234. doi: 10.1177/0022343310397435URL |
| 14 | Chittaro L., Sioni R., Crescentini C., & Fabbro F . ( 2017). Mortality salience in virtual reality experiences and its effects on users’ attitudes towards risk. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 101, 10-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.01.002URL |
| 15 | Cox C.R., &Arndt J. ( 2012). How sweet it is to be loved by you: The role of perceived regard in the terror management of close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(3), 616-632. doi: 10.1037/a0025947URL |
| 16 | Cox C. R., Goldenberg J. L., Pyszczynski T., & Weise D . ( 2007). Disgust, creatureliness and the accessibility of death-related thoughts. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(3), 494-507. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.v37:3URL |
| 17 | Dar-Nimrod I. ( 2012). Viewing death on television increases the appeal of advertised products. The Journal of Social Psychology, 152(2), 199-211. doi: 10.1080/00224545.2011.588273URL |
| 18 | Dechesne M., Greenberg J., Arndt J., & Schimel J . ( 2000). Terror management and the vicissitudes of sports fan affiliation: The effects of mortality salience on optimism and fan identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(6), 813-835. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0992URL |
| 19 | Dechesne M., Janssen J., & van Knippenberg A . ( 2000). Derogation and distancing as terror management strategies: The moderating role of need for closure and permeability of group boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 923-932. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.923URL |
| 20 | Emde R. N., Biringen Z., Clyman R. B., & Oppenheim D . ( 1991). The moral self of infancy: Affective core and procedural knowledge. Developmental Review, 11(3), 251-270. doi: 10.1016/0273-2297(91)90013-EURL |
| 21 | Florian V. &Mikulincer M. ( 1998). Terror management in childhood: Does death conceptualization moderate the effects of mortality salience on acceptance of similar and different others?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(10), 1104-1112. doi: 10.1177/01461672982410007URL |
| 22 | Florian V., Mikulincer M., & Hirschberger G . ( 2002). The anxiety-buffering function of close relationships: Evidence that relationship commitment acts as a terror management mechanism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(4), 527-542. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.527URL |
| 23 | Goldenberg J.L., &Arndt J. ( 2008). The implications of death for health: A terror management health model for behavioral health promotion. Psychological Review,115(4), 1032-1053. doi: 10.1037/a0013326URL |
| 24 | Green J., &Merle P. ( 2013). Terror management and civic engagement: An experimental investigation of effects of mortality salience on civic engagement intentions. Journal of Media Psychology,25(3), 142-151. doi: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000095URL |
| 25 | Greenberg J., Pyszczynski T., Solomon S., Simon L., & Breus M . ( 1994). Role of consciousness and accessibility of death-related thoughts in mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67( 4), 527-637. |
| 26 | Greenberg J., Vail K., & Pyszczynski T . ( 2014). Chapter three-terror management theory and research: How the desire for death transcendence drives our strivings for meaning and significance. Advances in Motivation Science, 1, 85-134. doi: 10.1016/bs.adms.2014.08.003URL |
| 27 | Harmon-Jones E., Simon L., Greenberg J., Pyszczynski T., Solomon S., & McGregor H . ( 1997). Terror management theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased self-esteem reduces Mortality Salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,72(1), 24-36. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.24URL |
| 28 | Hart J . ( 2014). Toward an integrative theory of psychological defense. Perspectives on Psychological Science A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science,9(1), 19-39. doi: 10.1177/1745691613506018URL |
| 29 | Hart J., Shaver P. R., & Goldenberg J. L . ( 2005). Attachment, self-esteem, worldviews, and terror management: Evidence for a tripartite security system. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,88(6), 999-1013. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.999URL |
| 30 | Hayes J., Schimel J., Arndt J., & Faucher E. H . ( 2010). A theoretical and empirical review of the death-thought accessibility concept in terror management research. Psychological Bulletin,136(5), 699-739 doi: 10.1037/a0020524URL |
| 31 | Hayes J., Schimel J., Faucher E. H., & Williams T. J . ( 2008). Evidence for the DTA hypothesis ii: Threatening self-esteem increases death-thought accessibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,44(3), 600-613. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.01.004URL |
| 32 | Heine S. J., Proulx T., & Vohs K. D . ( 2006). The meaning maintenance model: On the coherence of social motivations. Personality and Social Psychology Review,10(2), 88-110. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_1URL |
| 33 | Henrie J., &Patrick J.H . ( 2014). Religiousness, religious doubt, and death anxiety. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development,78(3), 203-227. doi: 10.2190/AG.78.3.aURL |
| 34 | Hirschberger G., Florian V., & Mikulincer M . ( 2002). The anxiety buffering function of close relationships: Mortality salience effects on the readiness to compromise mate selection standards. European Journal of Social Psychology,32(5), 609-625. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0992URL |
| 35 | Hirschberger G., Florian V., & Mikulincer M . ( 2003). Strivings for romantic intimacy following partner complaint or partner criticism: A terror management perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,20(5), 675-687. doi: 10.1177/02654075030205006URL |
| 36 | Ivanov I., &Vogel T. ( 2016). Mortality salience effects on reckless driving intentions in a motorcyclist sample: The moderating role of group riding. European Journal of Social Psychology,47(1), 92-96. |
| 37 | Jonas E., &Fritsche I. ( 2012). Follow the norm!: Terror management theory and the influence of descriptive norms. Social Psychology,43(1), 28-32. doi: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000077URL |
| 38 | Jonas E., Sullivan D., & Greenberg J . ( 2013). Generosity, greed, norms, and death - Differential effects of mortality salience on charitable behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 35, 47-57. doi: 10.1016/j.joep.2012.12.005URL |
| 39 | Kasser T., &Sheldon K.M . ( 2000). Of wealth and death: Materialism, mortality salience, and consumption behavior. Psychological Science,11(4), 348-351. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00269URL |
| 40 | Kastenmüller A., Greitemeyer T., Hindocha N., Tattersall A. J., & Fischer P . ( 2013). Disaster threat and justice sensitivity: A terror management perspective. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,43(10), 2100-2106. doi: 10.1111/jasp.2013.43.issue-10URL |
| 41 | Kawakami N., Miura E., & Nagai M . ( 2018). When you become a superman: Subliminal exposure to death-related stimuli enhances men’s physical force. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 221. |
| 42 | Kesebir P. ( 2014). A quiet ego quiets death anxiety: Humility as an existential anxiety buffer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,106(4), 610-623. doi: 10.1037/a0035814URL |
| 43 | Klein M. ( 1946). Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis,27(3-4), 99-110. |
| 44 | Koole S. L., Tjew-A-Sin M., & Schneider I. K . ( 2014). Embodied terror management: Interpersonal touch alleviates existential concerns among individuals with low self-esteem. Psychological Science,25(1), 30-37. doi: 10.1177/0956797613483478URL |
| 45 | Landau M. J., Greenberg J., & Sullivan D . ( 2009). Managing terror when self-worth and worldviews collide: Evidence that mortality salience increases reluctance to self-enhance beyond authorities. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(1), 68-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.007URL |
| 46 | Lifshin U., Greenberg J., Zestcott C. A., & Sullivan D . ( 2017). The evil animal: A terror management theory perspective on the human tendency to kill animals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,43(6), 743-757. doi: 10.1177/0146167217697092URL |
| 47 | Martin, I.M., & Kamins M. A . ( 2010). An application of terror management theory in the design of social and health-related anti-smoking appeals. Journal of Consumer Behaviour,9(3), 172-190. |
| 48 | McCabe S., Carpenter R. W., & Arndt J . ( 2015). The role of mortality awareness in heroic enactment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 61, 104-109. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.08.001URL |
| 49 | Mikulincer M., &Florian V. ( 2000). Exploring individual differences in reactions to mortality salience: Does attachment style regulate terror management mechanisms? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(2), 260-273. |
| 50 | Mikulincer M., &Florian V. ( 2002). The effect of mortality salience on self-serving attributions—Evidence for the function of self-esteem as a terror management mechanism. Basic and Applied Social Psychology,24(4), 261-271. doi: 10.1207/S15324834BASP2404_2URL |
| 51 | Mikulincer M., Florian V., & Hirschberger G . ( 2003). The existential function of close relationships: Introducing death into the science of love. Personality and Social Psychology Review An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Inc,7(1), 20-40. doi: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0701_2URL |
| 52 | Ogilvie D. M., Cohen F., & Solomon S . ( 2008). The undesired self: Deadly connotations. Journal of Research in Personality,42(3), 564-576. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.07.012URL |
| 53 | Pyszczynski T., Greenberg J., & Solomon S . ( 1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106(4), 835-845. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.835URL |
| 54 | Pyszczynski T., Greenberg J., Solomon S., Arndt J., & Schimel J . ( 2004). Why do people need self-esteem? a theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin,130(3), 435-468. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.435URL |
| 55 | Pyszczynski T., Solomon S., & Greenberg J . ( 2015). Thirty years of terror management theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 1-70. |
| 56 | Quirin M., Loktyushin A., Arndt J., Küstermann E., Lo Y Y., Kuhl J., & Eggert L . ( 2012). Existential neuroscience: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of neural responses to reminders of one’s mortality. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Advance,7(2), 193-198. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsq106URL |
| 57 | Rd V. K., Juhl J., Arndt J., Vess M., Routledge C., & Rutjens B. T . ( 2012). When death is good for life: Considering the positive trajectories of terror management. Personality and Social Psychology Review An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Inc,16(4), 303-329. doi: 10.1177/1088868312440046URL |
| 58 | Rizzolatti G., Fadiga L., Gallese V., & Fogassi L . ( 1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain Research,3(2), 131-141. doi: 10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0URL |
| 59 | Rosenberg M. ( 1965). The measurement of self-esteem, society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, 16-36 |
| 60 | Rosenblatt A., Greenberg J., Solomon S., Pyszczynski T., & Lyon D . ( 1989). Evidence for terror management theory: I. the effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57(4), 681-690 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.681URL |
| 61 | Routledge C., Arndt J., & Goldenberg J. L . ( 2004). A time to tan: Proximal and distal effects of mortality salience on sun exposure intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,30(10), 1347-1358. doi: 10.1177/0146167204264056URL |
| 62 | Rudert S. C., Reutner L., Walker M., & Greifeneder R . ( 2015). An unscathed past in the face of death: Mortality salience reduces individuals' regrets. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 58, 34-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.12.006URL |
| 63 | Rutjens B. T., Pligt V. J., & Harreveld F. V . ( 2009). Things will get better: The anxiety-buffering qualities of progressive hope. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,35(5), 535-543. doi: 10.1177/0146167208331252URL |
| 64 | Schindler S., &Reinhard M.A . ( 2015). Catching the liar as a matter of justice: Effects of belief in a just world on deception detection accuracy and the moderating role of mortality salience. Personality and Individual Differences, 73, 105-109. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.034URL |
| 65 | Schindler S., Reinhard M. A., & Stahlberg D . ( 2013). Tit for tat in the face of death: The effect of mortality salience on reciprocal behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,49(1), 87-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.06.002URL |
| 66 | Sinkman E. ( 2010). Battling the life and death forces of sadomasochism. International Journal of Psychoanalysis,91(4), 969-972. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-8315.2010.00313.xURL |
| 67 | Solomon S., Greenberg J., & Pyszczynski T . ( 1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 93-159. |
| 68 | Steinman C.T., &Updegraff J.A . ( 2015). Delay and death-thought accessibility: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,41(12), 1682-1696. doi: 10.1177/0146167215607843URL |
| 69 | Tam K.P . ( 2013). Existential motive underlying cosmetic surgery: A terror management analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,43(5), 947-955. doi: 10.1111/jasp.2013.43.issue-5URL |
| 70 | Taubman-Ben-Ari O., Findler L., & Mikulincer M . ( 2002). The effects of mortality salience on relationship strivings and beliefs: The moderating role of attachment style. British Journal of Social Psychology,41(3), 419-441. doi: 10.1348/014466602760344296URL |
| 71 | Taylor L.D . ( 2012). Death and television: Terror management theory and themes of law and justice on television. Death Studies,36(4), 340-359. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2011.553343URL |
| 72 | Tongeren D. R. V., Green J. D., Davis D. E., Worthington E. L., & Reid C. A . ( 2013). Till death do us part: Terror management and forgiveness in close relationships. Personal Relationships,20(4), 755-768. doi: 10.1111/pere.2013.20.issue-4URL |
| 73 | Tronick E.Z . ( 1989). Emotions and emotional communication in infants. American Psychologist,44(2), 112-119. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.112URL |
| 74 | Vail R. K., Rothschild Z. K., Weise D. R., Solomon S., Pyszczynski T., & Greenberg J . ( 2010). A terror management analysis of the psychological functions of religion. Personality and Social Psychology Review An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Inc,14(1), 84-94. doi: 10.1177/1088868309351165URL |
| 75 | Vicary A.M . ( 2011). Mortality salience and namesaking: Does thinking about death make people want to name their children after themselves? Journal of Research in Personality,45(1), 138-141. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2010.11.016URL |
| 76 | Webber D., Schimel J., Faucher E. H., Hayes J., Zhang R., & Martens A . ( 2015). Emotion as a necessary component of threat-induced death thought accessibility and defensive compensation. Motivation and Emotion,39(1), 142-155. doi: 10.1007/s11031-014-9426-1URL |
| 77 | Weise D. R., Arciszewski T., Verlhiac J. F., Pyszczynski T., & Greenberg J . ( 2012). Terror management and attitudes toward immigrants: Differential effects of mortality salience for low and high right-wing authoritarians. European Psychologist,17(1), 63-72. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000056URL |
| 78 | Wisman A., Heflick N., & Goldenberg J. L . ( 2015). The great escape: The role of self-esteem and self-related cognition in terror management. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 60, 121-132. |
| 79 | Wisman A., &Koole S.L . ( 2003). Hiding in the crowd: Can mortality salience promote affiliation with others who oppose one's worldviews? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84(3), 511-526. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.511URL |
| 80 | Yaakobi E., Mikulincer M., & Shaver P. R . ( 2014). Parenthood as a terror management mechanism: The moderating role of attachment orientations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,40(6), 762-774. doi: 10.1177/0146167214525473URL |
| 81 | Zaleskiewicz T., Gasiorowska A., Kesebir P., Luszczynska A., & Pyszczynski T . ( 2013). Money and the fear of death: The symbolic power of money as an existential anxiety buffer. Journal of Economic Psychology,36, 55-67. doi: 10.1016/j.joep.2013.02.008URL |
| 82 | Zhou X. Y., Lei Q. J., Marley S. C., & Chen J. S . ( 2009). Existential function of babies: Babies as a buffer of death-related anxiety. Asian Journal of Social Psychology,12(1), 40-46. doi: 10.1111/ajsp.2009.12.issue-1URL |
| 83 | Zhou X., Liu J., Chen C., & Yu Z . ( 2008). Do children transcend death? An examination of the terror management function of offspring. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,49(5), 413-418. doi: 10.1111/sjop.2008.49.issue-5URL |
相关文章 4
| [1] | 孟祥寒, 李强, 周彦榜, 王进. 恐惧管理理论的争议及其对死亡心理研究的启示[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(3): 492-504. |
| [2] | 李文岐, 张梦圆, 寇彧. 个体的政治倾向及其变化机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2018, 26(3): 549-559. |
| [3] | 陆可心;沈可汗;李虹. 恐惧管理理论中情绪的作用[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(1): 76-85. |
| [4] | 殷融. 不确定感管理模型视角下的死亡凸显效应：争论与整合[J]. 心理科学进展, 2010, 18(11): 1747-1755. |
PDF全文下载地址:
http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlkxjz/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=4599
