), 张一杰1, 赵君2 1. 中南大学公共管理学院, 长沙 410083
2. 中南财经政法大学公共管理学院, 武汉 430073
收稿日期:2017-11-09出版日期:2018-12-15发布日期:2018-10-30通讯作者:赵书松E-mail:zhaoshusong306@163.com基金资助:*国家自然科学基金项目(71302067);湖南省自然科学基金项目资助(2018JJ2540)The third-party perspective of organizational justice: Research perspective, content and design
ZHAO Shusong1(), ZHANG Yijie1, ZHAO Jun2 1. School of Public Administration, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
2. School of Public Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
Received:2017-11-09Online:2018-12-15Published:2018-10-30Contact:ZHAO Shusong E-mail:zhaoshusong306@163.com摘要/Abstract
摘要： 第三方组织公平是第三方在了解组织不当行为后, 通过责任归因过程形成的组织公平感知, 这为理解组织公平提供了全新的视角。文章在梳理和评价已有研究成果基础上归纳第三方组织公平的前因后果和作用机制, 总结理论研究进展, 提出未来研究的分析框架和重点方向。未来研究应该基于社会互动理论和趋近规避理论进一步探讨第三方组织公平的形成机制和作用机制以及开展跨文化比较研究。
图/表 4
表1第三方组织公平研究视角对比
| 理论视角 | 代表性理论 | 核心观点 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 自利视角 | 工具视角 | 公平理论, 社会交换理论, 程序公平工具模型 | 第三方追求公平的目的是使自我经济利益最大化 |
| 关系视角 | 关系模型 | 第三方追求公平是为了获取良好的人际关系和社会地位 | |
| 道德视角 | 道义模型 | 第三方追求公平是基于责任、义务和道德 | |
| 演化视角 | 公平偏好理论, 强互惠理论 | 第三方追求公平源自进化过程中所形成的公平偏好 | |
表1第三方组织公平研究视角对比
| 理论视角 | 代表性理论 | 核心观点 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 自利视角 | 工具视角 | 公平理论, 社会交换理论, 程序公平工具模型 | 第三方追求公平的目的是使自我经济利益最大化 |
| 关系视角 | 关系模型 | 第三方追求公平是为了获取良好的人际关系和社会地位 | |
| 道德视角 | 道义模型 | 第三方追求公平是基于责任、义务和道德 | |
| 演化视角 | 公平偏好理论, 强互惠理论 | 第三方追求公平源自进化过程中所形成的公平偏好 | |
表2第三方组织公平的归因研究
| 因素类型 | 组成因素 | 作用 关系 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 事件因素 | 后果的严重性( 违反道德的程度( 人际不公平( | 负向 负向 负向 | |
| 个体 因素 | 侵害方因素 | 有意侵害的行为意图( 违规历史( 良好的声誉( 懊悔和自责情绪( 喜悦情绪( 事后致歉( 对违规行为的解释( | 负向 负向 正向 正向 负向 正向 正向 |
| 受害方因素 | 组织承诺( 工作绩效( 不公平感知( 愤怒情绪( 羞愧情绪( 有意违规的行为意图( 申诉行为( | 负向 负向 负向 负向 正向 正向 负向 | |
| 第三方个体因素 | 自恋型人格( 负面情绪( 权力距离( 道德认同( 公正敏感性( 公平世界信念( 直觉主导的信息处理框架( 组织认同( | 正向 负向 正向 负向 负向 负向 正向 负向 | |
| 其他第三方因素 | 愤怒情绪( 不公平感知( | 负向 负向 | |
| 人际关 系因素 | 第三方与受害方 的关系因素 | 同样的不公平遭遇( 特征相似性( 社会情绪一致性( 利益竞争关系( 对受害方群体的社会认同( | 负向 负向 负向 正向 负向 |
| 第三方与侵害方 的关系因素 | 对侵害方群体的社会认同( 此前受到侵害方侵害的遭遇( 社会距离( | 正向 负向 正向 | |
| 组织情境因素 | 公平的组织气候( | 正向 | |
表2第三方组织公平的归因研究
| 因素类型 | 组成因素 | 作用 关系 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 事件因素 | 后果的严重性( 违反道德的程度( 人际不公平( | 负向 负向 负向 | |
| 个体 因素 | 侵害方因素 | 有意侵害的行为意图( 违规历史( 良好的声誉( 懊悔和自责情绪( 喜悦情绪( 事后致歉( 对违规行为的解释( | 负向 负向 正向 正向 负向 正向 正向 |
| 受害方因素 | 组织承诺( 工作绩效( 不公平感知( 愤怒情绪( 羞愧情绪( 有意违规的行为意图( 申诉行为( | 负向 负向 负向 负向 正向 正向 负向 | |
| 第三方个体因素 | 自恋型人格( 负面情绪( 权力距离( 道德认同( 公正敏感性( 公平世界信念( 直觉主导的信息处理框架( 组织认同( | 正向 负向 正向 负向 负向 负向 正向 负向 | |
| 其他第三方因素 | 愤怒情绪( 不公平感知( | 负向 负向 | |
| 人际关 系因素 | 第三方与受害方 的关系因素 | 同样的不公平遭遇( 特征相似性( 社会情绪一致性( 利益竞争关系( 对受害方群体的社会认同( | 负向 负向 负向 正向 负向 |
| 第三方与侵害方 的关系因素 | 对侵害方群体的社会认同( 此前受到侵害方侵害的遭遇( 社会距离( | 正向 负向 正向 | |
| 组织情境因素 | 公平的组织气候( | 正向 | |
图1第三方组织公平的研究框架
图1第三方组织公平的研究框架
图2第三方组织公平未来研究框架
图2第三方组织公平未来研究框架参考文献 72
| 1 | 董志强 . ( 2011). 我们为何偏好公平: 一个演化视角的解释. 经济研究, ( 8), 65-77. |
| 2 | 董志强, 魏下海, 李伟成 . ( 2015). 再论公平偏好的演化起源:改进的仿真模型. 经济评论, ( 1), 17-25. |
| 3 | 范良聪, 刘璐, 梁捷 . ( 2013). 第三方的惩罚需求:一个实验研究. 经济研究, ( 5), 98-111. |
| 4 | 方学梅 . ( 2009). 基于情绪的公正感研究(博士学位论文). 华东师范大学, 上海. |
| 5 | 李哲 . ( 2016). 感知到的旁观者情绪对公平判断的影响—社会认同和公平信息的双重调节(硕士学位论文). 华中师范大学, 武汉. |
| 6 | 刘东, 刘军 . ( 2017). 事件系统理论原理及其在管理科研与实践中的应用分析. 管理学季刊, ( 2), 64-80. |
| 7 | 刘燕君, 马红宇, 梁娟, 刘喆, 马露露, 杨林川 . ( 2016). 理性-经验加工对不公正情绪和行为反应的影响:公正敏感性的调节作用. 心理科学, 39( 4), 942-948. |
| 8 | 马露露 . ( 2016). 第三方公正:惩罚与补偿及其情绪前因(硕士学位论文). 华中师范大学, 武汉. |
| 9 | 乔治·赫伯特·米德,P . (2012). 心灵、自我和社会 (霍桂恒译). 南京: 译林出版社(原著发表于1934). |
| 10 | 任巍, 王一楠 . ( 2016). 道义公平研究述评与展望. 外国经济与管理, 38( 12), 103-112. |
| 11 | 徐杰, 孙向超, 董悦, 汪祚军, 李伟强, 袁博 . ( 2017). 人情与公正的抉择:社会距离对第三方干预的影响. 心理科学, 40( 5), 1175-1181. |
| 12 | 原珂, 齐亮 . ( 2015). “旁观者”现象: 旁观者介入公共冲突的过程分析及破解策略. 社会主义研究,( 1), 93-100. |
| 13 | Baker, K. ( 1974). Experimental analysis of third-party justice behavior. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 30( 2), 307-316. doi: 10.1037/h0036623URL |
| 14 | Batson C. D., Early S., & Salvarani G . ( 1997). Perspective taking: Imagining how another feels versus imagining how you would feel. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 23( 7), 751-758. doi: 10.1177/0146167297237008URL |
| 15 | Baumeister R. F., Stillwell A. M., & Heatherton T. F . ( 1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115( 2), 243-267. |
| 16 | Bernerth, J., &Walker, H.J . ( 2012). Reexamining the workplace justice to outcome relationship: Does frame of reference matter?. Journal of Management Studies, 49( 5), 945-969. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00977.xURL |
| 17 | Bernhard H., Fischbacher U., & Fehr E . ( 2006). Parochial altruism in humans. Nature, 442( 7105), 912-915. |
| 18 | Blader S. L., Wiesenfeld B. M., Fortin M ., &Wheeler- Smith, S. L. (2013). Fairness lies in the heart of the beholder: How the social emotions of third parties influence reactions to injustice. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 121( 1), 62-80. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.12.004URL |
| 19 | Bowles, S., &Gintis, H . ( 2004). The evolution of strong reciprocity: Cooperation in heterogeneous populations. Theoretical Population Biology, 65( 1), 17-28. doi: 10.1016/j.tpb.2003.07.001URLpmid: 14642341 |
| 20 | Charness G., Cobo-Reyes R., & JimÉnez N . ( 2008). An investment game with third-party intervention. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 68( 1), 18-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2008.02.006URL |
| 21 | Colquitt J. A., Conlon D. E., Wesson M. J., Porter C. O., & Ng K. Y . ( 2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta- analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86( 3), 425-445. |
| 22 | Colquitt, J.A. ( 2004). Does the justice of the one interact with the justice of the many? Reactions to procedural justice in teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89( 4), 633-646. |
| 23 | Cropanzano R., Goldman B., & Folger R . ( 2003). Deontic justice: The role of moral principles in workplace fairness. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24( 8), 1019-1024. doi: 10.1002/job.228URL |
| 24 | Cropanzano R., Rupp D. E., Mohler C. J., & Schminke M . ( 2001). Three roads to organizational justice. Research in Personnel & Human Resources Management, 20( 01), 1-113. |
| 25 | CuguerÓ-Escofet N., Fortin M., & Canela M. A . ( 2014). Righting the wrong for third parties: How monetary compensation, procedure changes and apologies can restore justice for observers of injustice. Journal of Business Ethics, 122( 2), 253-268. doi: 10.1007/s10551-013-1762-7URL |
| 26 | Darby, B.W., &Schlenker, B.R . ( 1989). Children's reactions to transgressions: Effects of the actor's apology, reputation and remorse. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28( 4), 353-364. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00879.xURLpmid: 2611611 |
| 27 | Darley, J.M., &Pittman, T.S . ( 2003). The psychology of compensatory and retributive justice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7( 4), 324-336. |
| 28 | De Cremer D., Wubben M. J. J., & Brebels L . ( 2008). When unfair treatment leads to anger: The effects of other people's emotions and ambiguous unfair procedures. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38( 10), 2518-2549. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00402.xURL |
| 29 | Dunford B. B., Jackson C. L., Boss A. D., Tay L., & Boss R. W . ( 2015). Be fair, your employees are watching: A relational response model of external third‐party justice. Personnel Psychology, 68( 2), 319-352. doi: 10.1111/peps.12081URL |
| 30 | Eder A. B., Elliot A. J., & Harmon-Jones E . ( 2013). Approach and avoidance motivation: Issues and advances. Emotion Review, 5( 3), 227-229. doi: 10.1177/1754073913477990URL |
| 31 | Farh, C. I.C., &Chen, Z.J . ( 2014). Beyond the individual victim: Multilevel consequences of abusive supervision in teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99( 6), 1074-1095. doi: 10.1037/a0037636URLpmid: 25111251 |
| 32 | Feather, N.T. ( 2006). Deservingness and emotions: Applying the structural model of deservingness to the analysis of affective reactions to outcomes. European Review of Social Psychology, 17( 1), 38-73. doi: 10.1080/10463280600662321URL |
| 33 | Fedor D. B., Caldwell S., & Herold D. M . ( 2006). The effects of organizational changes on employee commitment: A multilevel investigation. Personnel Psychology, 59( 1), 1-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2006.00852.xURL |
| 34 | Fehr, E., &Fischbacher, U . ( 2004). Third-party punishment and social norms. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25( 2), 63-87. |
| 35 | Fehr E., Fischbacher U., & Gächter S . ( 2002). Strong reciprocity, human cooperation, and the enforcement of social norms. Human Nature, 13( 1), 1-25. |
| 36 | Fehr, E., &Schmidt, K.M . ( 1999). A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114( 3), 817-868. doi: 10.1162/003355399556151URL |
| 37 | Folger, R. ( 2001). Fairness as deonance. In S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, & D. P. Skarlicki (Eds.), Research in social issues in management( pp. 3-31). Greenwich, CT: Information Age. |
| 38 | Folger R. , & Cropanzano, R.(2001) . Fairness theory: Justice as accountability In J Greenberg & R Cropanzano (Eds), Advances in organization justice (pp 1-55) Stanford University Press Justice as accountability. In J. Greenberg & R. Cropanzano (Eds.), Advances in organization justice (pp. 1-55). Stanford University Press. |
| 39 | Gable, S.L., &Impett, E.A . ( 2012). Approach and avoidance motives and close relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6( 1), 95-108. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00405.xURL |
| 40 | Gordijn E. H., Wigboldus D., & Yzerbyt V . ( 2001). Emotional consequences of categorizing victims of negative outgroup behavior as ingroup or outgroup. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 4( 4), 317-326. doi: 10.1177/1368430201004004002URL |
| 41 | Gordijn E. H., Yzerbyt V., Wigboldus D., & Dumont M . ( 2006). Emotional reactions to harmful intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36( 1), 15-30. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.296URL |
| 42 | Gummerum M., Dillen L. F. V., Dijk E. V., & LÓpez-PÉrez B . ( 2016). Costly third-party interventions: The role of incidental anger and attention focus in punishment of the perpetrator and compensation of the victim. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 65, 94-104. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.04.004URL |
| 43 | Harlos, K.P., &Pinder, C . ( 1999). Patterns of organizational injustice: A taxonomy of what employees regard as unjust. Advances in Qualitative Organizational Research, 2, 97-125. |
| 44 | Hershcovis M. S., Neville L., Reich T. C., Christie A. M., Cortina L. M., & Shan J. V . ( 2017). Witnessing wrongdoing: The effects of observer power on incivility intervention in the workplace. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 142, 45-57. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.07.006URL |
| 45 | Jones E. , & Nisbett, R.(1972) . The Actor and the Observer: Divergent Perceptions of Their Behavior New York: General Learning Press Divergent Perceptions of Their Behavior. New York: General Learning Press. |
| 46 | Kray, L.J., &Lind, E.A . ( 2002). The integration of others' experiences in organizational justice judgments. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 89( 1), 906-924. doi: 10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00035-3URL |
| 47 | Li X., Mcallister D. J., Ilies R ., & Gloor, J. L. (in press). Schadenfreude: A counter -normative observer response to workplace mistreatment.Academy of Management Review. |
| 48 | Lind E. A., Kray L., & Thompson L . ( 1998). The social construction of injustice: Fairness judgments in response to own and others' unfair treatment by authorities. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 75( 1), 1-22. doi: 10.1006/obhd.1998.2785URLpmid: 9719655 |
| 49 | Liu Y. J., Li L., Zheng L., & Guo X Y . ( 2017). Punish the perpetrator or compensate the victim? Gain vs. Loss context modulate third-party altruistic behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2066. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02066URL |
| 50 | Lotz S., Baumert A., Schlösser T., Gresser F., & Fetchenhauer D . ( 2011 a). Individual differences in third- party interventions: How justice sensitivity shapes altruistic punishment. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 4( 4), 297-313. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-4716.2011.00084.xURL |
| 51 | Lotz S., Okimoto T. G., Schlösser T., & Fetchenhauer D . ( 2011 b). Punitive versus compensatory reactions to injustice: Emotional antecedents to third-party interventions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47( 2), 477-480. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.10.004URL |
| 52 | Mitchell M. S., Vogel R. M., & Folger R . ( 2015). Third parties’ reactions to the abusive supervision of coworkers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100( 4), 1040-1055. doi: 10.1037/apl0000002URLpmid: 25243999 |
| 53 | Morgeson F. P., Mitchell T. R., & Liu D . ( 2015). Event system theory: An event-oriented approach to the organizational sciences. Academy of Management Review, 40( 4), 515-537. doi: 10.5465/amr.2012.0099URL |
| 54 | Niehoff B. P., Paul R. J ., & Bunch, J. F. S. ( 1998). The social effects of punishment events: The influence of violator past performance record and severity of the punishment on observers' justice perceptions and attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19( 6)589-602. |
| 55 | Okimoto T. G., Wenzel M., & Feather N. T . ( 2009). Beyond retribution: Conceptualizing restorative justice and exploring its determinants. Social Justice Research, 22( 1), 156-180. doi: 10.1007/s11211-009-0092-5URL |
| 56 | Okimoto T. G., Wenzel M., & Feather N. T . ( 2012). Retribution and restoration as general orientations towards justice. European Journal of Personality, 26( 3), 255-275. doi: 10.1002/per.831URL |
| 57 | O’Reilly, J., &Aquino, K . ( 2011). A model of third parties' morally motivated responses to mistreatment in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 36( 3), 526-543. doi: 10.5465/AMR.2011.61031810URL |
| 58 | O’Reilly J., Aquino K., & Skarlicki D . ( 2016). The lives of others: Third parties’ responses to others’ injustice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101( 2), 171-189. doi: 10.1037/apl0000040URLpmid: 26214088 |
| 59 | Porath, C.L., &Erez, A . ( 2009). Overlooked but not untouched: How rudeness reduces onlookers’ performance on routine and creative tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109(1), 29-44. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.01.003URL |
| 60 | Rupp, D.E., &Bell, C.M . ( 2010). Extending the deontic model of justice: Moral self-regulation in third-party responses to injustice. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20( 1), 89-106. doi: 10.5840/beq20102017URL |
| 61 | Schiller B., Baumgartner T., & Knoch D . ( 2014). Intergroup bias in third-party punishment stems from both ingroup favoritism and outgroup discrimination. Evolution and Human Behavior, 35( 3), 169-175. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.12.006URL |
| 62 | Schwartz, S. ( 1975). The justice of need and the activation of humanitarian norms. Journal of Social Issues, 31( 3), 111-136. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1975.tb00999.xURL |
| 63 | Skarlicki, D.P., &Kulik C.T, . ( 2004). Third-party reactions to employee (mis) treatment: A justice perspective. Research in Organizational Behavior, 26, 183-229. doi: 10.1016/S0191-3085(04)26005-1URL |
| 64 | Skarlicki D. P. , O'Reilly, J., & Kulik, C. T.(2015) . The third-party perspective of (in)justice. In R. S. Cropanzano & M. L. Ambrose (Eds.), Oxford handbook of justice in work organizations (pp. 257-271). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. |
| 65 | Skarlicki, D.P., &Rupp, D.E . ( 2010). Dual processing and organizational justice: The role of rational versus experiential processing in third-party reactions to workplace mistreatment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95( 5), 944-952. doi: 10.1037/a0020468URLpmid: 20836589 |
| 66 | Topa G., Moriano J. A., & Morales J. F . ( 2013). Organizational injustice: Third parties' reactions to mistreatment of employee. Psicothema, 25( 2), 214-221. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2012.237URLpmid: 23628536 |
| 67 | Tyler, T.R., &Lind, E.A . ( 1992). A relational model of authority in groups. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 115-191. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60283-XURL |
| 68 | Umphress E. E., Simmons A. L., Folger R., Ren R., & Bobocel R . ( 2013). Observer reactions to interpersonal injustice: The roles of perpetrator intent and victim perception. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34( 3), 327-349. doi: 10.1002/job.1801URL |
| 69 | van Prooijen, J. W . ( 2010). Retributive versus compensatory justice: Observers' preference for punishing in response to criminal offenses. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40( 1), 72-85. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.611URL |
| 70 | Watson, D., &Clark, L.A . ( 1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96( 3), 465-490. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465URLpmid: 6393179 |
| 71 | Wenzel M., Okimoto T. G., Feather N. T., & Platow M. J . ( 2010). Justice through consensus: Shared identity and the preference for a restorative notion of justice. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 909-930. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.657URL |
| 72 | Zhu L., Martens J. P., & Aquino K . ( 2012). Third party responses to justice failure: An identity-based meaning maintenance model. Organizational Psychology Review, 2( 2), 129-151. |
相关文章 10
| [1] | 程羽慧, 袁祥勇, 蒋毅. 社会互动加工的认知特性及脑机制——第三人称的视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(3): 472-480. |
| [2] | 郭容, 傅鑫媛. 社会阶层信号及其对人际水平社会互动的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(7): 1268-1274. |
| [3] | 严瑜;张振嘉. 组织公平在多层辱虐管理中的角色：基于道德排除理论的多视角分析[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(1): 145-155. |
| [4] | 刘超. 人类的笑：进化论与社会互动论的视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2015, 23(11): 2020-2028. |
| [5] | 赵钰丹;李新旺;田琳;杨钒. 社会互动对青春期啮齿类动物药物成瘾易感性的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2013, 21(12): 2164-2173. |
| [6] | 文鹏;史硕. 团队内非伦理行为的社会互动机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2012, 20(6): 805-814. |
| [7] | 宋新燕;孟祥芝. 婴儿语音感知发展及其机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2012, 20(6): 843-852. |
| [8] | 朱其权;龙立荣. 变革公平研究评述[J]. 心理科学进展, 2011, 19(6): 925-932. |
| [9] | 周浩;龙立荣. 公平敏感性研究述评[J]. 心理科学进展, 2007, 15(4): 702-707. |
| [10] | 李纾. 发展中的行为决策研究[J]. 心理科学进展, 2006, 14(4): 490-496. |
PDF全文下载地址:
http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlkxjz/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=4525
