), 赵源1 1 河海大学公共管理学院暨应用心理研究所, 南京 211100
2 河海大学商学院, 南京 211100
3 荷兰莱顿大学社会与行为科学学部, 莱顿, 2333 AK
收稿日期:2017-06-28出版日期:2018-10-15发布日期:2018-08-27通讯作者:沈汪兵E-mail:wbshenhhu@126.com基金资助:*国家自然科学基金(31500870);中央高校基本科研业务费项目(2017B14514);中国博士后基金(2017M6216 03);国家留学基金(201706715037);江苏高校哲学社会科学基金的阶段性成果(2017SJB0649)The effect of ZEN on creative thinking
SHU Chenye1, SHEN Wangbing1,2,3(), ZHAO Yuan1 1 School of Public Administration and Institute of Applied Psychology, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
2 Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
3 Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
Received:2017-06-28Online:2018-10-15Published:2018-08-27Contact:SHEN Wangbing E-mail:wbshenhhu@126.com摘要/Abstract
摘要： 禅修是一种能够对人类心理有广泛影响的训练工具。作为两种重要、相似但又不同的禅修方式, 冥想和正念对创造性思维中的发散思维和聚合思维产生了不同影响。在发散思维方面, 冥想主要通过对注意调控和无意识激活影响以及对解题动机和情绪的有效调控两方面显著增强了发散思维, 尤其是认知灵活性; 在聚合思维方面, 正念和冥想的影响相当复杂, 主要是通过聚合思维所需的执行功能和可能涉及表征重构来促进定势转移或功能固着的消除。就机制而言, 禅修对创造性思维的影响总体上不仅得益于走神时的无意识关联加工, 而且受禅修中诱发的情绪效应的调节。基于这些, 对未来研究的趋势进行了展望。
图/表 2
表1不同禅修方式对创造性思维的影响方式 (↑为正向作用, ↓为负向作用)
| 类型 | 发散思维 | 聚合思维 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 效果 | 机制 | 效果 | 机制 | |
| 冥想 | 促进 | 注意瞬脱↓( | 促进 | 内省机制↑( |
| 注意分配↑( | 深度加工↑( | |||
| 自上而下加工↓( | 认知重构↑( | |||
| 发散思维独特性↑( | 元认知↑( | |||
| 表征转换↑( | 注意、警觉↑( | |||
| 认知灵活性↑( | 无意识的关联处理↑( | |||
| 积极情绪↑( | 积极情绪↑( | |||
| 注意切换↑( | 损害 | 认知策略↓( | ||
| 弥散注意↑( | ||||
| 酝酿效应↑( | ||||
| 正念 | 促进 | 惯性思维↓( | 促进 | 知觉↑( |
| 功能固着↓( | 元认知↑( | |||
| 流体智力↑( | 线索搜索↑( | |||
| 类别转换↑( | 认知重构↑( | |||
| 兴趣↑( | 注意监控↑( | |||
| 坚持性↑( | 工作记忆↑( | |||
| 注意控制↑( | 思维僵局↓( | |||
| 积极情绪↑( | “啊哈”时刻↑( | |||
| 认知敏感↑( | 不确定 | 积极情绪↑( | ||
| 思维工作效率↑( | ||||
表1不同禅修方式对创造性思维的影响方式 (↑为正向作用, ↓为负向作用)
| 类型 | 发散思维 | 聚合思维 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 效果 | 机制 | 效果 | 机制 | |
| 冥想 | 促进 | 注意瞬脱↓( | 促进 | 内省机制↑( |
| 注意分配↑( | 深度加工↑( | |||
| 自上而下加工↓( | 认知重构↑( | |||
| 发散思维独特性↑( | 元认知↑( | |||
| 表征转换↑( | 注意、警觉↑( | |||
| 认知灵活性↑( | 无意识的关联处理↑( | |||
| 积极情绪↑( | 积极情绪↑( | |||
| 注意切换↑( | 损害 | 认知策略↓( | ||
| 弥散注意↑( | ||||
| 酝酿效应↑( | ||||
| 正念 | 促进 | 惯性思维↓( | 促进 | 知觉↑( |
| 功能固着↓( | 元认知↑( | |||
| 流体智力↑( | 线索搜索↑( | |||
| 类别转换↑( | 认知重构↑( | |||
| 兴趣↑( | 注意监控↑( | |||
| 坚持性↑( | 工作记忆↑( | |||
| 注意控制↑( | 思维僵局↓( | |||
| 积极情绪↑( | “啊哈”时刻↑( | |||
| 认知敏感↑( | 不确定 | 积极情绪↑( | ||
| 思维工作效率↑( | ||||
图1禅修影响创造性思维的潜在机制图注：箭头代表作用的方向
图1禅修影响创造性思维的潜在机制图注：箭头代表作用的方向参考文献 68
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