1.Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China 2.Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFA1200404), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11904231), the Sailing Program of Shanghai, China (Grant No. 19YF1434100), and the National Defense Technology Innovation Special Zone, China.
Received Date:23 September 2021
Accepted Date:27 September 2021
Available Online:28 September 2021
Published Online:20 December 2021
Abstract:Methane hydrate (so-called flammable ice) has many advantages such as wide distribution, large resource reserves, high energy density, being clean and pollution-free, etc. Thus, it has attracted much attention since it was discovered. Unfortunately, its exploration encounters many difficulties, which involve mainly with the dissolution process of caged methane hydrate. Therefore, in this work the specific effect of THz electromagnetic wave on decomposition of the hydrate is explored through molecular dynamics simulations. Analyzing the vibrational spectrum of the hydrogen-bond network in methane hydrate, no specific absorption peak is found in the bulk water. Applying a THz wave at this specific frequency to the methane hydrate, the original hydrogen-bond network is broken, the coordinate number of water molecules for the methane decreases, and ultimately the methane frees from the water cage. The F4 ordered parameters further validate the phase change from the crystal water to liquid water under the same THz field irritation. It is also proved that this peak absorption frequency has a remarkable superiority over other frequencies in decomposing the methane hydrate, hence it has specificity. Our findings support the feasibility of non-thermally dissolving methane hydrate, which promises to promote the exploitation efficiency and development of new energy sources in the future. Keywords:terahertz/ methane/ hydrogen bond/ decomposition/ molecular dynamics
全文HTML
--> --> -->
3.结果与讨论为了研究特定频率THz电磁波对甲烷水合物的影响, 首先计算了甲烷水合物中水的振动吸收谱. 如图2所示, 与体相水中水的吸收峰不同的是, 甲烷水合物在频率为10.3 THz时存在1个明显的吸收峰, 可见该特征频率的电磁波可以被甲烷水合物中的冰水吸收而几乎不能被体相水吸收. 基于这一原理, 对体系分别引入频率为10.3, 5 和40 THz的电磁刺激, 后两种频率作为非特征频率进行对比. 我们知道, 电磁波存在电场分量和磁场分量, 由于磁分量对于热运动的水分子影响微乎其微, 因此电场分量主导着电磁波与水分子的相互作用[14]. 所以在分子动力学模拟中, 仅引入电场分量, 强度均为2 V/nm, 极化方向为x轴正方向, 在温度260 K, NVT系综下对体系进行研究. 作为对比, 在无电场引入时, 分别在260 K正常温度和330 K高温下进行两组模拟. 图 2 水在260 K温度下的振动吸收谱, 其中红线为笼状结构甲烷水合物中水的振动吸收谱, 黑线为体相水的振动吸收谱, 可见甲烷水合物中存在10.3 THz的吸收峰, 而体相水对该频率下的太赫兹电磁刺激只有弱吸收, 使用该频率的电磁刺激能够特异性影响甲烷水合物的氢键网络. 内插图为甲烷水合物的笼状结构, 中心蓝白色球棍结构代表甲烷分子, 其外圈包围的为水分子 Figure2. Vibrational absorption spectra of water at a temperature of 260 K. The red line corresponds to the spectrum of water in the caged methane hydrate, while the black one denotes the spectrum of bulk water. There exists an absorption peak at 10.3 THz in methane hydrate but an absorption valley in bulk water. Hence, an EM stimulus at this specific frequency could alter the hydrogen-bond network of methane hydrate. Inset: caged methane hydrate. The inner blue-white ball-stick structure denotes methane molecule, surrounded by water molecules in the outer.
首先考察水合物网络中氢键的变化. 氢键是一些与电负性较大的原子(施体)成键的氢原子和附近电负性较大或者带孤对电子的原子(受体)形成的较强的非键作用, 其作用强度介于成键作用和非成键作用之间. 氢键是否形成主要是由氢原子-施体-受体所成角度θ与施体-受体之间距离d共同决定的, 一般认为θ < 30°, d < 0.35 nm时构成氢键. C原子吸引电子的能力较弱, 一般不形成氢键, 所以本研究体系中的氢键主要来源于水分子之间形成的氢键. 当水合物处于稳定状态时氢键的数目相对稳定, 且数目远多于体相水中的氢键数目. 体系氢键数目随时间变化的趋势如图3所示, 可以看出, 在不加电磁波的情况下, 水合物的氢键数目相对稳定; T = 330 K高温下, 受水分子热运动影响, 氢键断裂, 水合物分解. 而在温度260 K下, 当加入电磁波刺激后, 频率为10.3 THz的电磁波会与氢键产生共振, 进而被吸收, 导致水合物之间的氢键断裂. 但是频率为5和40 THz的非特征频率电磁波由于不会完全被吸收, 所以对于水合物的氢键网络影响较小. 为了更加明显地看出水合物的状态, 通过甲烷周围水的配位数来确定, 由图4(a)可知, C—O径向分布的第一峰谷位置出现在r = 0.57 nm, 因此以0.57 nm为半径来确定每个甲烷分子第一壳层内水的配位数. Luis等[12]提到, 水合物为五边形十二面体时水的配位数为24, 也就是五边形十二面体的顶点数, 当配位数小于12[29]时, 认为水合物已经完全分解. 从图3可知, 水合物的配位数与氢键数变化相对应, 高温和10.3 THz特征频率下的电磁波刺激均可以使水合物分解, 而非特征频率的电磁波仅仅破坏了部分氢键, 甲烷分子周围水分子的平均配位数仍然在20附近, 这表明甲烷分子仍然处于笼子中, 并未完全分解. 图 3 (a) 甲烷水合物在结晶态(右上插图)以及在太赫兹场刺激下分解后(右下插图)甲烷分子和水的空间分布形态; (b) 模拟体系总的氢键数目随时间的变化; (c) 引入电场强度为2 V/nm情况下, 体系氢键损失率与频率的关系; (d) 水合物中甲烷周围水分子的配位数, 这个配位数是在0.57 nm的壳层半径内计算的, 该壳层半径对应于1个稳定的包合物的C—O分布函数中的第1个最小值, 内插图为单个甲烷分子被水包围的示意图; (e) 引入电场强度为2 V/nm时, 水分子配位数降低率与频率的关系 Figure3. (a) Spatial distribution of water and methane molecules in the caged methane hydrate (up-right inset) and decomposed mixture (down-right inset) after THz-EM stimulus. (b) Change of the total number of hydrogen bonds in simulated system with time. (c) Relationship between the hydrogen bond loss rate of system and the external electric field frequency at an intensity of 2 V/nm. (d) Coordination number of water molecules for the methane in hydrate. It is calculated within a shell radius of 0.57 nm, which corresponds to the first minimum value in the C—O distribution function of a stable clathrate. The inset describes a single methane molecule surrounded by water. (e) Relationship between the reduction rate of the coordination number and the introduced field frequency at an intensity of 2 V/nm.
图 4 (a) 260 K温度下, 不同频率的太赫兹电磁刺激对水分子中O原子相对于甲烷分子中C原子的径向分布函数的影响; (b) 260 K温度下, 不同频率的太赫兹电磁刺激对甲烷分子中C原子相对周围甲烷分子中的C原子的径向分布函数的影响 Figure4. (a) Effect of THz-EM stimulation at different frequencies on the radial distribution function (RDF) of O atoms in water molecules w.r.t. the C atom in a methane molecule at 260 K; (b) effect of the stimulations on the RDF of C atoms in surrounding methane molecules w.r.t. the C atom in a methane molecule at 260 K.
其中$ {{\varPhi }}_{i} $是由H—O···O—H构成的二面角(如图5(a)). 已有的结果表明, 水合物、液态水、冰的F4有序参数分别为0.7, –0.04, –0.4[31-36]. 本研究发现, 未加入电磁波的状态下, 水合物保持稳定状态, 因此F4值维持在0.7附近; 当加入频率为5或40 THz的电磁波时, F4值从0.7下降到0.5, 说明此时水合物出现拉伸变形状态, 但仍保持着晶体结构; 而当加入频率为10.3 THz的电磁波时, F4值从0.7下降到0附近, 表明此时水合物的晶体结构遭到破坏(如图5(b)). 另外, 不同条件下体系F4参数数值也符合水合物有序参数的取值范围. 结合前面对氢键断裂的时间以及水合物的径向分布函数的研究可以看出, 随着氢键网络的破坏, 水合物晶体结构发生改变, 甲烷分子从笼中脱离, 水由晶体状态变为液态. 随后, 对比了不同强度下10.3 THz电磁波对水合物分解的影响, 可以看出, 随着电场强度的增加, 水合物的分解速度加快, 分子分解的数量增多, 相应地, F4值也不断降低(如图5(c)和图5(d)). 特别地, 当电磁波的强度超过1.6 V/nm时, 甲烷水合物可以在200 ns内完全分解. 图 5 (a) F4值参数的示意图, 红色虚线为氢键, 字母H, O表示两个水分子的氢和氧原子位置, 水分子中氧原子间的距离在0.35 nm内, 多面体内两端的H—O···O—H为距离最远的一对H, $ {\varPhi }_{i} $为扭转角; (b) 不同条件下F4值随时间的变化量; (c) 频率为10.3 THz的电磁波, 不同强度下F4值随时间的变化量; (d) 频率为10.3 THz, 强度不同的电磁波作用下的F4值 Figure5. (a) Schematic diagram of the F4 value parameter. The red dashed line denotes the hydrogen bond, and the H and O letters locates the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in two water molecules. The distance between two oxygen atoms is within 0.35 nm. The H pair at both ends in the H—O···O—H polyhedron accounts for the largest distance. $ {{\varPhi } }_{i} $ is the torsion angle. (b) Change of the F4 value with time under different conditions. (c) Variations of the F4 value with time under different filed intensities but the same frequency of 10.3 THz. (d) Relation between the F4 value and the EM field intensity at the same frequency of 10.3 THz.