1.Key Laboratory of Space Photoelectric Detection and Perception (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210016, China 2.Department of Applied Physics, College of Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Grant Nos. NS2020067, NJ2020021) and the Open Project Funds for the Key Laboratory of Space Photoelectric Detection and Perception (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China (Grant No. NJ2020021-5)
Received Date:22 January 2021
Accepted Date:02 March 2021
Available Online:07 June 2021
Published Online:05 August 2021
Abstract:In this paper we present a miniaturized pre-calibration based forward-viewing Lissajous scanning fiber probe for endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT). The probe is based on an asymmetric fiber cantilever driven by the piezoelectric bender to realize the two-dimensional (2D) Lissajous scanning, which can realize a relatively large scanning range under a low driving voltage. A capillary metal tube is mounted at the end of the main fiber to reduce the resonant frequency of the fiber cantilever. The relationship between the filling rate and the side-lobe number of the Lissajous scanning pattern is studied, and a method of selecting the orthogonal resonant frequency of the Lissajous scanning is proposed. Through the numerical simulation by COMSOL software, the structural parameters of the asymmetric fiber cantilever are determined. The orthogonal resonant frequencies of the asymmetric fiber cantilever are 169 Hz and 122 Hz. The lengths of the main imaging fiber, the auxiliary fiber and the metal capillary tube are 15.94 mm, 4.49 mm and 2 mm, respectively. The probe is fully packaged in a metal tube for endoscopic imaging. The focal spot and the working distance are 25 μm and 5 mm, respectively. The field of view is larger than 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm. The total rigid length and the outer diameter of the probe are 35 mm and 3.5 mm, respectively. The stability and repeatability of the Lissajous scanning trajectory, and the imaging stability with the rotation of the probe are investigated and verified. The probe is incorporated into a 50 kHz swept source OCT system. The axial resolution of the endoscopic OCT is 10.3 μm, and the imaging frame rate is 1 FPS (frames per second). The maximum signal-to-noise ratio of the imaging system is 110 dB. The imaging performance of the probe is validated by the 2D en-face and three-dimensional volumetric OCT imaging of the high scattering sample and the biological tissue. The probe can be used for the endoscopic imaging of the human tooth. From the result we can distinguish the dental enamel, dental essence and the dental calculus. The developed forward-viewing Lissajous scanning fiber probe is expected to be used in dental applications such as early calculus detection. Keywords:optical coherence tomography/ Lissajous scanning/ endoscopic imaging
图2(a)为实现Lissajous扫描所基于的非对称光纤悬臂的结构示意图. 用于扫描成像的主光纤近端固定在PZT双晶片上表面的中间位置, 远端附加一段毛细金属管. 附加的毛细金属管可降低非对称光纤悬臂的谐振频率以匹配SS-OCT系统的成像速度. 在PZT双晶片下表面边缘处固定一段附加光纤, 通过连接光纤黏接到主光纤, 组成刚性框架面BCDE. 图2(b)是非对称光纤悬臂的受力分析图, PZT双晶片提供的驱动力F垂直于其表面, 经非对称光纤悬臂分解为正交方向上的两个分力F1和F2, F1垂直于刚性框架面BCDE, F2在刚性框架面内. 将对应于非对称光纤悬臂正交谐振频率的正弦信号合成PZT双晶片的驱动信号, 用于驱动主光纤的自由端进行Lissajous扫描. 图 2 (a)非对称光纤悬臂结构示意图; (b)非对称光纤悬臂受力分析图 Figure2. (a) Schematic of the asymmetric fiber cantilever; (b) force analysis of the asymmetric fiber cantilever.
根据悬臂谐振理论, 单根光纤悬臂的谐振频率可由公式$f = \dfrac{\beta }{{4{\text{π}}}} \cdot \dfrac{r}{{{l^2}}} \cdot \sqrt {\dfrac{E}{\rho }}$确定[11]. 其中, E表示光纤截面的刚性扰度; l表示光纤悬臂长度; r表示光纤半径; ρ表示光纤纤芯密度; β为零阶振动模态对应的常数, 取值为3.52. 光纤的谐振频率与光纤悬臂长度l的平方成反比, 与光纤半径r成正比. 光纤的E, ρ, r都是常量, 因此通过选择合适的悬臂长度就能得到预期的谐振频率. 根据图1(c)的结果, 当波瓣数为291时填充率可达到100%, 因此选择122和169 Hz作为正交谐振频率. 为了精确确定非对称光纤悬臂的结构参数, 基于COMSOL仿真与数值模拟研究了非对称光纤悬臂的正交谐振频率与其结构参数的关系. 图3(a)展示了在COMSOL中模拟的探头结构, 主光纤前端的毛细金属管长度设定为2 mm, 主光纤长度取值范围设定为14—17 mm, 附加光纤取值范围设定为3—5 mm. 数值模拟得到的主光纤和附加光纤长度与正交谐振频率的依赖关系如图3(b)所示. 曲面上的红线和黑线分别代表了选取的正交谐振频率122 Hz和169 Hz的等值线, 两条等值线投影的交点对应着可实现相应正交谐振频率的非对称光纤悬臂结构参数, 即主光纤长度为15.94 mm, 附加光纤长度为4.49 mm. 图 3 (a) COMSOL中仿真的非对称光纤悬臂结构示意图; (b)主光纤和附加光纤长度与正交谐振频率的关系图 Figure3. (a) Simulated probe structure in COMSOL; (b) the relationship between the length of the main fiber and the auxiliary fiber and the orthogonal resonance frequency.