1.Institute of Theoretical Physics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China 2.College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
Abstract:The ability to support frictionless motion is one of the manifestations of superfluidity. An impurity immersed in a superfluid can move without dissipation below the critical velocity, which, according to the Landau criterion, is determined by the elementary excitation spectrum of the system. In a quantum gas of the ultracold atoms, the critical velocity can be measured by stirring a laser beam through the atomic cloud, and the emergence of dissipation can be observed via the heating effect above the threshold stirring speed. Recently, such a technique is exploited to study the superfluidity of the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of 162Dy atoms with dipole-dipole interactions. It is shown that both the critical velocity and the heating rate reflect the anisotropy of the underlying dipolar excitation spectrum.In this work, we theoretically investigate the anisotropic dissipation of a point-like impurity moving through a dipolar BEC. For the motion along the principal axis, the dissipation rate above the critical velocity is analytically derived according to the linear response theory. At a given reduced velocity, we find the dissipation rate being of a higher value in the direction parallel to the dipole moment, which qualitatively explains the recent experimental observation in dysprosium atoms. Moreover, in the moving direction away from the principal axis, the asymptotic expressions for the dissipation rate are obtained in the high-speed limit, as well as in the regime close to the dissipation threshold. By combining these analytical results with the numerical calculations, we conclude that, in a dipolar BEC, the angular dependence of the dissipation rate always shows the same anisotropy as the critical velocity. Our predictions can be examined in the current experiments with cold atoms, and the results presented here may be also helpful in understanding the anisotropic superfluidity in other systems. Keywords:dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate/ anisotropic superfluidity/ Landau critical velocity/ dissipation
对于给定的u, (9)式中的P是$ v_{\rm{c}} $的增函数, 因此在临界速度附近, 不等式(7)式也是成立的. 最后, 对于中等u值、中等耗散的情形, (1)式中的积分无法得到简单的解析结果, 需要借助数值计算验证耗散率与临界速度的相关性. 图1给出了杂质沿不同方向运动时耗散率P随约化速度u的变化曲线. 可以看出, 在$ v_{\rm{c}} $更大的方向上耗散率也更高, 这表明不等式(7)式对于任意$ u>1 $的速度区间都是成立的. 在$ u\gg1 $和$ u\rightarrow 1^+ $两种极限情形下, 数值结果与前面推导出的渐近表达式符合得很好. 图 1 沿不同方向的能量耗散率P在(a)高耗散区间和(b)低耗散区间随约化速度u的变化曲线. 离散点为数值计算的结果, (a)和(b)中的虚线分别对应于(8)式和(9)式给出的渐近表达式. 从上至下, 各曲线的临界速度分别为 vc = 1.41c0, 1.22c0, 1.07c0, 0.89c0, 0.71c0. 两图采用的图例相同. 偶极相互作用参数取为$ \epsilon_{\rm{dd}}=0.5 $ Figure1. Energy dissipation rate P as a function of reduced velocity u along different directions in (a) high dissipation regime and (b) low dissipation regime. Discrete symbols are numerical results, and dashed lines in (a) and (b) correspond to the asymptotic expressions (8) and (9), respecti-vely. From up to bottom, the critical velocities for each line are given by vc = 1.41c0, 1.21c0, 1.07c0, 0.89c0, and 0.71c0. The two plots use the same legend. The relative strength of dipolar interaction is set as $ \epsilon_{\rm{dd}}=0.5 $.