1.College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China 2.State Key Laboratory of Laser Interaction with Matter, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an 710024, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11472004)
Received Date:28 June 2019
Accepted Date:19 July 2019
Available Online:01 November 2019
Published Online:20 November 2019
Abstract:The accommodation coefficient is an important parameter in the field of rarefied gas dynamics, representing the adaptation level of the momentum and energy between gas molecules and solid surfaces, which is frequently used in the boundary conditions of numerical simulation of rarefied gas flow. In this paper, a physical model of the interaction between a single gas molecule Ar and the metal Pt surface is constructed, which greatly saves computational resources by omitting the collision between gas molecules in the bulk flow. The Pt surface is constructed by the Phontom model to reflect real physical properties. The surface roughness is modeled by a typical pyramid model, which is physically realistic and stable in structure. The molecular dynamics method is used to simulate the collision process of the gas molecules on the solid surface. The velocity sampling method is used so that the incident gas molecules possess the characteristics of macroscopic velocity. According to the average momentum and energy of the gas molecules before incidence and after reflection, the tangential momentum accommodation coefficients (TMACs), the normal momentum accommodation coefficients (NMACs) and the energy accommodation coefficients (EACs) are obtained. Moreover, the variation regularities of the accommodation coefficients with the macroscopic tangential velocity and the macroscopic normal velocity are analyzed under the smooth and rough surface, respectively. The results indicate that the accommodation coefficients have a strong correlation to macroscopic velocity and roughness. The increase of tangential velocity shortens the interaction time of gas molecules with solid surface, which results in the decrease of TMAC, NMAC and EAC of gas molecules, indicating that the tangential velocity has a negative effect on gas-solid adaptation. In addition, the momentum is found to be transformed from the tangential direction to the normal direction at a large tangential velocity, and this transformation tendency becomes more apparent as the tangential velocity increases. However, the influence of normal velocity on the momentum and energy accommodation coefficient is different. With regard to the smooth surface, the increase of normal velocity contributes to the tangential momentum and energy adaptation of gas molecules with the surface. While for the rough surface, the adaptation level of tangential momentum and energy between gas molecules and the surface is weakened as the normal velocity increases. This paper reveals the mechanism of gas molecules scattering on the surface from a microscopic point of view, which is quite different from the macroscopic phenomena. The conclusions of this paper indicate the irrationality of traditional scattering kernel models to represent the degree of accommodation through constant values, which is of great significance for the improvement of boundary conditions in rarefied gas flows. Keywords:gas-surface interaction/ macroscopic velocity/ accommodation coefficient/ molecular dynamics
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2.气体-表面相互作用模型本文采用分子动力学方法研究气体分子Ar在金属Pt表面的散射过程, 其物理模型如图1所示. 固体壁面采用Phantom模型[39]来构造, 该模型在模拟壁面原子结构、处理壁面原子与气体分子间的能量交换等方面都比较真实. 该模型包含三层壁面原子: 第一层为真实原子层, 与气体分子直接发生相互作用, 该层依靠虚拟弹簧力和势能函数模拟壁面原子的运动; 第二层为缓冲层, 将真实原子层与气体分子相互作用的力、动量、能量向基底原子传递, 其原子的运动由连接第一层和第三层的虚拟弹簧力维持; 第三层为基底, 原子位置固定以稳定壁面. 图 1 气体分子在固体表面散射的物理模型 Figure1. Physical model for scattering gas molecules on solid surfaces.
上一节中对宏观速度在光滑表面下对气体分子动量和能量与表面的适应规律分别展开了分析, 但大多数情况下, 固体表面往往具有一定的粗糙度, 这就需要我们对宏观速度与粗糙度的综合性影响展开研究. 本节计算了以不同宏观速度入射的气体分子在不同表面上的TMAC, NMAC和EAC. 具有不同宏观切向速度及法向速度的气体分子对粗糙度大小为0.5 A的粗糙表面的TMAC、吸附概率、NMAC及EAC分别如图8—图11所示. 图 8 粗糙度为0.5 A的粗糙表面下, 不同宏观切向速度及法向速度下的切向动量适应系数 Figure8. TMAC values of gas molecular on rough surfaces of 0.5 A under different macroscopic tangential and normal velocities
图 9 粗糙度为0.5 A的粗糙表面下, 不同宏观切向速度及法向速度下的气体分子吸附概率 Figure9. Sticking probability of gas molecular on rough surfaces of 0.5 A under different macroscopic tangential and normal velocities.
图 10 粗糙度为0.5 A的粗糙表面下, 不同宏观切向速度及法向速度下的法向动量适应系数 Figure10. NMAC values of gas molecular on rough surfaces of 0.5 A under different macroscopic tangential and normal velocities.
图 11 粗糙度为0.5 A的粗糙表面下, 不同宏观切向速度及法向速度下的能量适应系数 Figure11. EAC values of gas molecular on rough surfaces of 0.5 A under different macroscopic tangential and normal velocities.
图 13 粗糙度为1.0 A的粗糙表面下, 不同宏观切向速度及法向速度下的气体分子吸附概率 Figure13. Sticking probability of gas molecular on rough surfaces of 1.0 A under different macroscopic tangential and normal velocities.
图 14 粗糙度为1.0 A的粗糙表面下, 不同宏观切向速度及法向速度下的法向动量适应系数 Figure14. NMAC values of gas molecular on rough surfaces of 1.0 A under different macroscopic tangential and normal velocities.
图 15 粗糙度为1.0 A的粗糙表面下, 不同宏观切向速度及法向速度下的能量适应系数 Figure15. EAC values of gas molecular on rough surfaces of 1.0 A under different macroscopic tangential and normal velocities.