Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11465017).
Received Date:17 January 2019
Accepted Date:09 April 2019
Available Online:01 July 2019
Published Online:05 July 2019
Abstract:Modeling the solute transport in geological porous media is of both theoretical interest and practical importance. Of several approaches, the continuous time random walk method is a most successful one that can be used to quantitatively predict the statistical features of the process, which are ubiquitously anomalous in the case of high Péclet numbers and normal in the case of low Péclet numbers. It establishes a quantitative relation between the spatial moment of an ensemble of solute particles and the waiting time distribution in the model. However, despite its success, the classical version of this model is a " static” one in the sense that there is no tuning parameter in the waiting time distribution that can reflect the relative strength of advection and diffusion which are two mechanisms that underlie the transport process, hence it cannot be used to show the transition from anomalous to normal transport as the Péclet numbers decreases. In this work, a new continuous time random walk model is established by taking into account these two different origins of solute particle transport in a geological porous medium. In particular, solute transitions due to advection and diffusion are separately treated by using a mixture probability model for the particle’s waiting time distribution, which contains two terms representing the effects of advection and diffusion, respectively. By varying the weights of these two terms, two limiting cases can be obtained, i.e. the advection-dominated transport and the diffusion-dominated transport. The values of scaling exponent β of the mean square displacement versus time, ${\left( {\Delta {x} } \right)^2} \sim {t^{\rm{\beta }}}$, are derived for both cases by using our model, which are consistent with previous results. In the advection dominant case with the Péclet number going to infinity, the scaling exponent β is found to be equal to $3 - {\rm{\alpha }}$ where ${\rm{\alpha }} \in \left( {1,2} \right)$ is the anomaly exponent in the advection-originated part of the waiting time distribution that ${{\rm{\omega }}_1}\left( {t} \right) \sim {{t}^{ - 1 - {\rm{\alpha }}}}$. As the Péclet number decreases, the diffusion-originated part of the waiting time distribution begins to have a stronger influence on the transport process and in the limit of the Péclet number going to 0 we observe a gradual transition of β from $3 - {\rm{\alpha }}$ to 1, indicating that the underlying transport process changes from anomalous to normal transport. By incorporating advection and diffusion as two mechanisms giving rise to solute transport in the continuous time random walk model, we successfully capture the qualitative transition of the transport process as the Péclet number is varied, which is, however, elusive from the classical continuous time random walk model. Also established are the corresponding macroscopic transport equations for both anomalous and normal transport, which are consistent with previous findings as well. Our model hence fully describes the transition from normal to anomalous transport in a porous medium as the Péclet number increases in a qualitative and semi-quantitative way. Keywords:dynamical origins/ continuous time random walk/ anomalous transport/ macroscopic transport equation
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2.1.建模原则
采取经典的连续时间随机行走模型对孔隙介质中的输运过程进行建模. 之前的工作表明该模型可以成功描述一系列反常输运过程, 包括有机大分子在细胞内的扩散过程, 以及溶质分子在孔隙介质中的输运等. 对于我们感兴趣的岩土介质中的输运过程, 近年来发展起一种新的技术, 即对岩土孔隙介质进行扫描, 并对扫描图像进行处理得到相应的孔隙空间. 在孔隙空间上, 人们可以进行流体动力学模拟, 直接求解Navier-Stokes方程和对流扩散方程来考察输运过程[13,17]; 或者可以进一步对孔隙空间进行简化抽象, 将其看成一个网络, 这样可以利用复杂网络研究的一些结果考察网络结构对输运性质的影响[21]. 对于前者, 人们发现连续时间随机行走模型可以成功解释观察到的输运现象; 对于后者, 孔隙网络提供了一个天然的框架, 把经典的建立在规则晶格上的连续时间随机行走模型推广到网络上. 孔隙网络中的节点为较大的“孔”, 而连边为相对狭长的“喉道”. 孔隙空间的结构, 特别是孔和喉道的形成与具体的物理过程相关. 比如对于典型的沉积岩, 孔喉的形成是颗粒物质沉降后在长期的地质作用下形成的, 不同类型岩石的孔隙结构也有不同的特征. 图1给出了取自拉萨周围地区的一块岩心样本的CT扫描图像, 以及相应的孔隙空间. 通过这些图像信息, 可以建立相应的孔隙网络. 我们发现连续时间随机行走理论仍然可以对网络上的输运性质进行解释. 关于这方面的具体数值模拟结果我们将在另外的工作中报道, 本文主要讨论与此相关的理论建模方面的问题. 图 1 拉萨周边地区某岩心样本的CT扫描图像(左)及其对应的孔隙空间(右) Figure1. Left: Micro-CT image of a rock sample from Lhasa; Right: the corresponding pore space extracted from the left image.