Influencing factors analysis of forestry carbon sequestration cost-benefit based on afforestation cost methods
HUANGZaisheng1,, CHENQin1,2, 1. College of Economics,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China2. The Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry Administration Bureau,Fuzhou 350002,China 通讯作者:陈钦,E-mail:956585977@qq.com 收稿日期:2015-08-26 修回日期:2015-11-28 网络出版日期:2016-03-25 版权声明:2016《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(71273052) 作者简介: -->作者简介:黄宰胜,男,浙江瑞安人,博士生,主要从事森林生态经济研究.E-mail:66173001@qq.com
关键词:造林成本法;林业碳汇;成本收益;因素分析 Abstract The process of marketization of forestry carbon sequestration is slow and one of the key influencing factors is the cost of carbon sequestration. This paper builds a model of forestry carbon sequestration costs based on afforestation cost methods referencing Benitez's model for carbon sequestration that considered the opportunity cost of land use and the carbon release cost of wood products. We then conducted an empirical analysis over 20 years of the slash pine afforestation of carbon sequestration project in Ruian city,Zhejiang,China and analyzed factors (e.g. rotation period,timber price,discount rate,and the price of labor)influencing the carbon sequestration cost. The results showed that increasing the rotation period resulted in the cost of slash pine carbon sequestration declining and then rising. When the timber value was taken into account the lowest cost of carbon sequestration of 20 years slash pine was 21.86 CNY/t. When the timber value was not considered,its lowest carbon sequestration cost was 670.33 CNY/t,which was higher than the carbon price in both international and domestic carbon markets and would not receive benefits from carbon sequestration. We also found that costs of carbon sequestration and the timber price were negatively correlated,while the discount rate and labor price were positively correlated. We focus on the break-even point of timber price,discount rate and labor price of carbon sequestration afforestation,and the critical value was 660 CNY/m3,5.44% and 155 CNY per day,respectively,in the international carbon market; in the domestic carbon market these values were 900CNY/m3,6.38% and 116 CNY per day,respectively.
由上述分析结果可知,碳汇生产必须考虑木材收益,才具有可行性,而木材收益和木材价格直接相关.本文模拟计算了湿地松木材价格从400元/m3到1 300元/m3时,20年期湿地松碳汇成本变化情况,并形成图2.从图2中可知,碳汇成本和木材价格成线性负相关.也就是说,随着木材价格的升高,碳汇成本是呈线性下降的.当木材价格等于660元/m3时,碳汇成本等于国际市场高位碳价格255元/t,随后便逐渐低于后者.当木材价格从600元/m3上升到900元/m3,增长了50%时,碳汇成本则下降了69.50%,此时的碳汇成本等于国内市场高位碳价格90元/t.因此,在符合碳汇项目额外性的前提下,只有当木材价格分别超过660元/m3和900元/m3时,湿地松碳汇项目在相应的国际市场和国内市场才具有可行性. 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图2不同木材价格条件下的碳汇成本 -->Figure 2The cost of carbon sequestration under various timber prices -->
3.3 碳汇成本对贴现率的敏感性分析
贴现率反映的是资金的时间成本,其值越大,碳汇成本将越高.本文模拟了贴现率从3%上升到10%时,20年期湿地松碳汇成本变化情况,并形成图3.经计算,当贴现率等于5.44%和6.38%时,碳汇成本分别等于国内和国际市场高位碳价格90元/t和255元/t.因此,只有当贴现率分别低于5.44%和6.38%时,湿地松碳汇项目在相应的国内市场和国际市场才具有可行性.此外,当贴现率从8%上升到10%,增长25%时,碳汇成本相应地从605.58元/t增加到1 208.43元/t,增长了近1倍.当贴现率从8%下降到6%,下降25%时,碳汇成本相应地从605.58元/t下降到185.48元/t,下降了69.37%,贴现率对碳汇成本影响较敏感. 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图3不同贴现率条件下的碳汇成本 -->Figure 3The cost of carbon sequestration under various discounts -->
3.4 碳汇成本对劳动力价格的敏感性分析
根据公式(3),将表1中的各项投入转换为劳动力投入量.这样,当劳动力价格变化时,对碳汇成本的影响将更加明显.本文模拟计算了劳动力价格从50元/工日上升到250元/工日时,20年期湿地松碳汇成本的变化情况,并形成图4.从图4中可知,碳汇成本和劳动力价格成线性正相关.也就是说,随着劳动力价格的升高,碳汇成本呈线性上升的.当劳动力价格为116元/工日时,碳汇成本等于国内市场高位碳价格90元/t,随后便逐渐高于后者.当劳动力价格从116元/工日上升到155元/工日,增长了33.62%时,碳汇成本则增加了1.83倍,等于国际市场高位碳价格255元/t.因此,只有当劳动力价格分别低于116元/工日和155元/工日时,湿地松碳汇项目在相应的国内市场和国际市场才具有可行性. 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图4不同劳动力价格条件下的碳汇成本 -->Figure 4The cost of carbon sequestration under various labour prices -->
4 结论与讨论
本文借鉴Benítez固碳模型,考虑土地利用的机会成本和木制品的碳释放成本,基于造林成本法构建了林业碳汇成本模型,并对浙江省瑞安市20年期的湿地松碳汇造林项目进行实证分析,动态分析了影响林业碳汇成本收益的轮伐期,木材价格,贴现率和劳动力价格等因素,得出如下结论: (1)随着轮伐期的增加,湿地松碳汇成本先下降再上升.在第17年最佳轮伐期时达到最低,此时,考虑木材收益的碳汇成本为3.40元/t,但项目期内不进行采伐,因此20年期的碳汇成本为21.86元/t.当不考虑木材收益时,在第18年碳汇成本达到最低,其值为656.90元/t,20年期碳汇成本为670.33元/t.因此,若不考虑木材收益,将不能获得碳汇收益.该成本高于张治军等研究得出的马尾松碳汇成本-83.35元/t(考虑木材收益)和47.28元/t(未考虑木材收益,均已折换成单位二氧化碳成本)[19].同时,该未考虑木材收益时的碳汇成本也高于吴庆全研究得出的桉树最低碳汇成本66.49元/t(已折换成单位二氧化碳成本)[20].主要原因除了树种生长模型,木材价格,营造林成本等方面的差异外,后者还考虑了间伐收入和在最佳轮伐期采伐,没有碳汇造林项目20年计入期的约束.此外,张治军等和吴庆全的研究均未考虑木制品的碳释放成本,这样也会使碳汇成本被低估[19,20].当然,该成本低于仲伟周和邢治斌利用Benítez固碳模型,研究得出的考虑木材收益的全国平均碳汇成本314.11元/t和浙江省平均碳汇成本3 387.28元/t(均已折换成单位二氧化碳成本)[21].其原因除了研究假设条件不同外,可能是湿地松单位面积固碳能力要高于其所研究森林的平均水平. (2)碳汇成本和木材价格成线性负相关.20年期的湿地松碳汇项目若要在国际和国内市场获得收益,其木材价格须分别超过660元/m3和900元/m3.碳汇成本随着贴现率的增加而增加,只有当贴现率分别低于5.44%和6.38%时,湿地松碳汇项目在国际市场和国内市场才能获得收益.当贴现率增长25%时,碳汇成本增加了近1倍;当贴现率下降25%时,碳汇成本下降了近70%,贴现率对碳汇成本影响较敏感.碳汇成本和劳动力价格成线性正相关.湿地松碳汇项目在国际市场和国内市场保本点的劳动力价格分别是155元/工日和116元/工日. (3)林业碳汇由于方法学的复杂性和抵消碳排放受到一定比例的限制,其在碳市场的价格要低于本文所参照的碳排放配额价格.由于本文研究的成本分摊并未考虑碳汇造林项目所具有的经济,社会和生态等多重效益的全部价值,仅考虑了碳汇价值和木材价值,这样就间接增加了碳汇成本. (4)本文仅研究一个具体树种的碳汇成本,所得出的研究结果虽具有一定的参考价值,但也存在区域上的局限性.同时,鉴于文中研究假设条件的限制,影响碳汇成本收益的因素还有很多,如立地条件,林分结构,经营方式和相关政策因素等.因此,未来需要更多不同类型的碳汇成本收益研究,以期丰富林业碳汇生产理论和实践. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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