Characterizations of urban sprawl in major Chinese cities
TONGLuyi1,2,, HUShougeng1,2,3, 1. School of Public Administration,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China2. The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Land and Resources for Legal Evaluation Engineering,Wuhan 430074,China3. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China 通讯作者:胡守庚,E-mail:husg2009@gmail.com 收稿日期:2015-01-7 修回日期:2015-10-19 网络出版日期:2016-01-25 版权声明:2016《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:基金项目:国家自然科学基金(41101535)教育部人文社会科学研究基金(14YJCZH192)博士后基金(2013M530709,2014T70115) 作者简介: -->作者简介:童陆亿,男,湖北宜昌人,博士生,主要研究方向为城乡土地利用转型及其资源环境效应。E-mail:lytongc@gmail.com
关键词:城市化;城市扩张;自由度;蔓延度;感观优劣度;中国 Abstract Synthetic multi-scale expansion measurements are essential to identifying inherent urban sprawl driving forces and dynamic principles,approaching effective national urban sprawl control,and facilitating neo-urbanization and ecological civilization construction in China. We characterized urban sprawl from 2000 to 2012 in 216 major cities in China using degree-of-freedom,degree-of-sprawl and conceptual degree-of-goodness metrics. We found that despite overall compact urbanization sprawl observed in China,the relatively low-quality urban growth contributed by the expansion under uncontrolled modes was still scared. This showed different characteristics of urban sprawl at varied scales;specifically,the major sites for sprawl in eastern and central China with high degree-of-freedom and degree-of-sprawl values, which were mixed in different areas, obtained less comfortable expansion. Relatively low-quality expansion processes were observed in Guangdong,Hebei,Shandong,Henan and Anhui,while autonomous and western regions experienced more amicable urban growth. Although general compact growth patterns were generated in metropolitan areas,they were less coordinated,i.e.,high heterogeneous expansion in space and low-quality urban growth in some local parts from a conceptual perspective. It is predicated that inland and metropolitan districts will be major sites where urban land will be developed in coming decades. At the city scale,Guangzhou,Shijiazhuang,Ji’nan,Hefei and Xiangtan have lower degree-of-goodness values for urban sprawl. Initiatives to achieve hierarchical (national,regional,and local city levels)urban sprawl monitoring and management frameworks are vital tasks for integrated and balanced urban land development in time and space,high quality urbanization patterns,and sustainable urban development in China.
2000-2012年,中国经历了快速的城市扩张进程。2000-2004年期间,城市扩张规模系数最大值为21.24,均值达1.83,标准差高达2.62(表1)。而随着中国社会经济水平的不断提升,区域城市扩张全面爆发,城市扩张差异进一步扩大。2004-2008年和2008-2012年期间,城市扩张规模系数最大值分别为26.10、26.98,最小值、均值、标准差均有不同程度提升。沧州、佳木斯、玉溪、咸宁、大庆、鞍山、太原等内陆省会及城市群地区表现出强劲的城市扩张动力,城市扩张强度指数序位持续上升(表2)。而2000-2004年期间扩张规模系数较大的上海、台州、佛山、珠海、佛山、金华等沿海发达城市,其扩张强度指数在2004-2012年期间明显下降。 Table 1 表1 表1中国城市扩张规模系数统计 Table 1Statistics for modified urban growth index in China
阶段
最大值
最小值
平均值
标准差
2000-2004年
21.24
0.02
1.83
2.62
2004-2008年
26.10
0.03
2.09
3.40
2008-2012年
26.98
0.02
2.41
3.35
新窗口打开 Table 2 表2 表2中国城市扩张强度指数统计 Table 2Statistics for urban growth density in China
城市
城市扩张强度指数
城市扩张强度指数序位
2000-2012年 序位变化
2000-2004年
2004-2008年
2008-2012年
2000-2004年
2004-2008年
2008-2012年
内陆城市
沧州
9.29
4.92
0.55
138
25
10
128
武汉
2.17
14.39
0.09
200
4
77
123
佳木斯
1.92
0.27
0.05
211
173
90
121
玉溪
2.09
0.50
0.10
196
138
81
115
咸宁
1.44
0.73
0.07
207
115
105
102
黄冈
3.68
0.28
0.57
135
170
40
95
承德
3.60
5.40
0.67
126
20
41
85
大庆
1.25
0.41
0.10
197
148
115
82
鞍山
3.04
1.92
0.64
127
60
47
80
德州
14.29
1.30
1.30
84
86
5
79
太原
4.93
2.81
1.37
82
45
22
60
沿海城市
上海
0.15
1.45
3.53
29
74
203
-174
台州
0.07
0.20
2.80
42
186
215
-173
珠海
0.26
0.68
2.80
41
119
191
-150
佛山
0.18
0.66
2.26
57
121
200
-143
金华
0.19
0.29
1.47
80
169
199
-119
南京
1.26
2.29
5.99
13
51
114
-101
漳州
1.25
1.25
5.24
18
87
116
-98
阳江
0.63
0.05
2.07
61
211
154
-93
注:表中仅列出2000-2012年期间216个样点城市中城市扩张强度指数序位提升最快的11个内陆城市,以及序位降低最为快速的8个沿海城市。如有需要,可向笔者索取详细清单。 新窗口打开 统计发现,2000-2004年期间,中国城市扩张自由度高达144.12(表3),区域城市扩张约束力较低,扩张自主性较强。与此同时,城市扩张蔓延度为4.98,远高于“蔓延式”城市扩张模式门槛值(2.69),且扩张感观优劣度为负(-4.89),城市蔓延局势较严峻。2004-2012年期间,城市扩张蔓延度、自由度与感观优劣度进一步扩大。近13年来,中国全局城市扩张蔓延度高达6.07(高于“蔓延式”城市扩张模式门槛值3.24),城市扩张感观优劣度为-6.03,城市发展局势不容乐观。 Table 3 表3 表3中国各时期城市扩张度量结果指数 Table 3Temporal urban growth metrics of China
2000-2004年期间,东部沿海、中部地区城市扩张规模系数最大值分别为21.24、15.14,明显高于东北及西部地区(表4)。东部地区城市扩张规模系数最小值、均值与标准差最高,西部最低。可见,东、中部地区是该阶段中国城市扩张最为剧烈的区域,且城市间扩张强度差异明显;西部及东北部地区城市扩张相对缓慢。而2004-2008年期间,东北及西部地区城市扩张动力小幅上涨,其均值分别达到1.02和0.70。与此同时,东、中部地区城市扩张规模系数均值分别增至2.84和2.67,且标准差进一步扩大。2008-2012年期间,东部城市扩张速度整体放缓,城市扩张规模系数最大值、最小值、均值及标准差均有不同程度下降,区域城市扩张差异缩小。中、东北及西部地区则表现出持续高涨的城市扩张热情,扩张规模系数均值较前一阶段分别上涨17.23%、68.63%和82.86%,扩张动力强劲。 城市扩张预测值与实际观测值差异(城市扩张预测与实际观测值差异= )、城市扩张自由度较大的城市集中于中国中部、东部沿海及东北环渤海地区,濮阳、深圳、武汉、泉州、莆田、南昌、德州、许昌、张家口等地表现明显(图2)。濮阳扩张自由度高达33.72,钦州最低(0.000 1)。城市扩张自由度高于其均值(2.06)的城市共57个,占城市样本总数的26.39%(表5)。其中,东部及中部地区分别为33、17个,占该类城市的57.89%和29.82%(图3)。西部及东北部地区城市扩张自由度高于其均值的城市仅为1.39%和1.85%,城市扩张协同程度较高。城市扩张蔓延度平均值为0.89,低于“蔓延式”城市扩张门槛值(0.55),城市扩张总体趋于紧凑,最小值为0.14(武汉),最大值为1.10(钦州),绵阳、济宁、邵阳、宣城、葫芦岛、龙岩、重庆、上饶等地区具有相对较高的城市扩张蔓延度。城市扩张蔓延度高于其均值的城市共计134个(占城市样本总数的62.04%),东、中、西及东北部地区分别占30.60%、34.33%、26.12%和8.95%。此外,城市扩张感观优劣度分布于[-2.63,8.62],均值为0.63。呈现不理想扩张模式特征(感观优劣度小于0)的城市共计84个,占城市总样本的38.89%,其中82.14%的城市来自东部沿海及中部地区,濮阳、泉州、莆田、南昌、德州、深圳等地区的城市扩张感观优劣度较低。 Table 4 表4 表4中国东北、东、中及西部地区城市实际扩张规模系数 Table 4Observed modified urban expansion in northeastern,eastern,central and western China
地区
2000-2004年
2004-2008年
2008-2012年
最大值
最小值
均值
标准差
最大值
最小值
均值
标准差
最大值
最小值
均值
标准差
东北
4.37
0.03
0.92
1.15
2.65
0.24
1.02
0.77
4.89
0.11
1.72
1.30
东部
21.24
0.08
2.70
3.21
15.17
0.05
2.84
3.44
19.62
0.07
2.75
3.31
中部
15.14
0.07
2.13
2.71
26.10
0.05
2.67
4.52
26.98
0.12
3.13
4.46
西部
2.53
0.02
0.55
0.60
3.87
0.03
0.70
0.80
6.84
0.02
1.28
1.39
新窗口打开 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图22000-2012年中国主要城市扩张指数 -->Figure 2Urban sprawl metrics of main Chinese cities during 2000-2012 -->
WangH,HeQ,LiuX,et al.Global urbanization research from 1991 to 2009:A systematic research review [J]. ,2012,104(3):299-309. [本文引用: 1]
[2]
ZhaoP.Too complex to be managed? New trends in peri-urbanization and its planning in Beijing [J]. ,2013,30(3):68-76. [本文引用: 1]
[3]
BuhaugH,UrdalH.An urbanization bomb? Population growth and social disorder in cities [J]. ,2013,23(1):1-10. [本文引用: 1]
[4]
SrinivasanV,SetoK,EmersonR,et al.The impact of urbani-zation on water vulnerability:A coupled human-environment system approach for Chennai,India [J]. ,2013,23(1):229-239. [本文引用: 1]
[5]
DaiJ,GaoX,DuS.Expansion of urban space and land use control in the process of urbanization:An overview [J]. ,2010,8(3):73-82. [本文引用: 1]
[WANGHaiyan,PULijie,ZHANGJian,et al.Spatial-temporal variation analysis of the economic density of urban construction land [J]. ,2012,26(4):47-53.] [本文引用: 1]
[7]
AljoufieM,ZuidgeestM,BrusselM,et al.Spatial-temporal analysis of urban growth and transportation in Jeddah City,Saudi Arabia [J]. ,2013,31(2):57-68.
[8]
TaubenböckH,WiesnerM,FelbierA,et al.New dimensions of urban landscapes:The spatio-temporal evolution from a poly-nuclei area to a mega-region based on remote sensing data [J]. ,2014,47(1):137-153.
BhattaB,SaraswatiS,BandyopadhyayD.Quantifying the degree-of-freedom,degree-of-sprawl,and degree-of-goodness of urban growth from remote sensing data [J]. ,2010,30(1):96-111. [本文引用: 3]
ZHAOKe,ZHANGAnlu,XUWeitao.Driving forces of urban construction land expansion:An empirical analysis based on provincial panel data [J]. ,2011,33(5):935-941.] [本文引用: 1]
[LIUYansui,YANGRen.The spatial characteristics and formation mechanism of the country urbanization in China [J]. ,2012,67(8):1011-1020.]
[14]
TannierC,ThomasI.Defining and characterizing urban boundaries:A fractal analysis of theoretical cities and Belgian cities [J]. ,2013,41(3):234-248.
[15]
WangZ,GangC,LiX.Application of a normalized difference impervious index (NDII)to extract urban impervious surface features based on Landsat TM images [J]. ,2015,36(4):1055-1069.
[16]
UuemaaE,ManderÜ,MarjaR.Trends in the use of landscape spatial metrics as landscape indicators:A review [J]. ,2013,28(5):100-106.
[17]
PlexidaS,SfougarisA,IspikoudisP.Selecting landscape metrics as indicators of spatial heterogeneity:A comparison among Greek landscapes [J]. ,2014,26(2):26-35. [本文引用: 1]
[18]
JaegerJ,SchwickC.Improving the measurement of urban sprawl:Weighted Urban Proliferation (WUP)and its application to Switzerland [J]. ,2014,38(3):294-308. [本文引用: 1]
[19]
HuS,TongL,FrazierA,et al.Urban boundary extraction and sprawl analysis using Landsat images:A case study in Wuhan,China [J]. ,2015,47:183-195. [本文引用: 1]
[LIUYilun,LIXia.Knowledge transfer and adaptation for urban simulation cellular automata model base on multi-source TrAda Boost algorithm [J]. ,2014,39(6):695-700.] [本文引用: 1]
[21]
BaiC,QinY.Infrastructure development in China:The case of electricity,highways,and railways [J]. ,2010,38(1):34-51. [本文引用: 1]
[QIYuanjing,YANGYu,JINFengjun.China’s economic development stage and its patio-temporal evolution:A prefectural-level analysis [J]. ,2013,68(4):517-531.]
[NIPengfei,YANGJirui,LIChao,et al.Structure effects and development transformation of China’s urbanization:Summaries of academic forum for forefront issues of urbanization in big countries [J]. ,2014,(7):189-192.] [本文引用: 1]
[24]
ChenM,LiuW,TaoX.Evolution and assessment on China’s urbanization 1960-2010:Under-urbanization or over-urbani-zation? [J]. ,2013,38(4):25-33. [本文引用: 1]
[ZHANGJingqi,LOUChengwu.New ideas on Chinese urban sprawl governance by contrasting Chinese and American urban sprawl [J]. ,2014,36(10):2131-2139.] [本文引用: 1]
[LIJiaming,ZHANGWenzhong,SUNTieshan,et al.Characteristics of clustering and economic performance of urban agglomerations in China [J]. ,2014,69(4):474-484.] [本文引用: 1]
[27]
WangY,HasselbergM,WuZ,et al.Distribution and characteri-stics of road traffic crashes in the Chaoyang district of Beijing,China [J]. ,2008,40(1):334-340.
[28]
HuS,ChenQ,WangL,et al.Modeling land price distribution using multifractal IDW interpolation and fractal filtering method [J]. ,2013,110(1):25-35.
[29]
MaJ,HeppenstallA,HartandK,et al.Synthesising carbon emission for mega-cities:A static spatial microsimulation of transport CO2 from urban travel in Beijing [J]. ,2014,45(2):78-88. [本文引用: 1]
[30]
LongY,HanH,LaiS,et al.Urban growth boundaries of the Beijing metropolitan area:Comparison of simulation and artwork [J]. ,2013,31(2):337-348. [本文引用: 1]
[31]
LiW,XieY,HaoF.Applying an improved rapid impact assess-ment matrix method to strategic environmental assessment of urban planning in China [J]. ,2014,46(4):13-24.
[32]
CDRF. China’s New Urbanization Strategy [M]. ,2013. [本文引用: 1]