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基于大学生认知地图的长江中游城市群空间范围认知

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-29

<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/mathjax/2.7.2-beta.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script> <script type='text/x-mathjax-config'> MathJax.Hub.Config({ extensions: ["tex2jax.js"], jax: ["input/TeX", "output/HTML-CSS"], tex2jax: {inlineMath: [ ['$','$'], ["\\(","\\)"] ],displayMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ["\\[","\\]"] ],processEscapes: true}, "HTML-CSS": { availableFonts: ["TeX"] }, TeX: {equationNumbers: {autoNumber: ["none"], useLabelIds: true}}, "HTML-CSS": {linebreaks: {automatic: true}}, SVG: {linebreaks: {automatic: true}} }); </script> 何丹1,2,, 单冲1,2, 张盼盼1,3, 高鹏1,2
1. 华东师范大学中国现代城市研究中心,上海 200062
2. 华东师范大学城市与区域科学学院,上海 200241
3. 开封市祥符区住房和城乡规划建设局,开封 475100

Spatial scope cognition of urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from the perspective of college students

HEDan1,2,, SHANChong1,2, ZHANGPanpan1,3, GAOPeng1,2
1. The Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
2. School of Urban and Regional Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
3. Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Xiangfu, Kaifeng 475100, Henan, China
收稿日期:2018-05-10
修回日期:2018-07-26
网络出版日期:2018-10-22
版权声明:2018《地理研究》编辑部《地理研究》编辑部
基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(41471138)教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(11JJDZH007)国家留学基金(201706145003)
作者简介:
-->作者简介:何丹(1971- ),男,云南昆明人,副教授,博士,主要从事城市与区域规划研究。E-mail: hedan66@sina.com



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摘要
国务院《长江中游城市群规划》的颁布虽然结束了一直以来的“中三角”和“中四角”的争论,但与公众对其空间范围的认知仍然存在一定的差异。通过问卷获取武汉、长沙和南昌三市大学生对长江中游城市群空间范围的认知地图,并绘制认知范围集成图、密度图和认知比例图等分析其认知特性;通过构建面积偏差系数和中心偏差系数度量了认知地图与规划地图的差异,探究个体社会属性对认知差异的影响。研究发现:① 三市大学生的认知地图呈“武汉+”的特色,长沙市有“南向偏移”的趋势、南昌市“东南向偏移”趋势明显;② 三市大学生的空间认知范围与《长江中游城市群规划》的范围存在差异,其中南昌市大学生差异最大,长沙次之,武汉最小;③ 个体社会属性与认知差异存在关联,其中性别、居住地、专业和居住时间变量为显著影响因子。公众空间认知的差异及其影响因素在一定程度上会影响到城市群发展的政策偏好,研究结论可为未来城市群的构建和城市政策的制定提供新的参考。

关键词:长江中游城市群;大学生;认知地图;空间范围;影响因素
Abstract
The promulgation of Development Plan of Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (2015-2030) by the State Council of the People's Republic of China delimited the scope of Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (UAMRYR) and put an end to the dispute of "triangle" or "quadrilateral" (i.e. , whether Anhui province is included in UAMRYR or not). However, as the UAMRYR is an administrative scope, some distortions still exist in contrast to the scope cognized by the public. The advancement of information technologies strengthens the weight of public in the interests game, and reshapes the diversified pattern of "government + market + public" in public policies. To a certain extent, public cognition and its determining factors have exerted substantial impact on the policy orientation of the development of UAMRYR. Nevertheless, the public are overlooked in the existing studies on the delimitation of urban agglomeration. Hence, it is necessary to illustrate the scope delimitation of UAMRYR from the public perspective. Taking into account college students' diversified individual attributes, comprehensive knowledge, and the "main labor force" role in the forthcoming years, they are selected as the representative of the public. Survey questionnaires are conducted on the junior and senior college students in Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang to acquire their cognitive maps of UAMRYR and individual socio-economic information. Area distortion index and center distortion index are introduced to quantitatively measure the scope distortions between the cognitive maps and the Plan map. Furthermore, a binary logistic regression model is applied to explore how individual socio-economic attributes impose influence on the cognition distortions. The research findings reveal that: (1) Cognitive maps of UAMRYR drawn by college students in the three cities are generally characterized by "Wuhan +" (i.e., Wuhan-centered), and that of Changsha and Nanchang has a distinct distortion tendency towards south and southeast respectively; (2) In contrast to the Plan map, the cognitive maps in the three cities have various degrees of distortion, among which Nanchang holds the largest distortion degree, followed by Changsha and Wuhan; (3) Individual socio-economic attributes generate different impacts on the cognition distortions. Gender, residence place, major and residence time are the significant determining factors in the study.

Keywords:urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River;college students;cognitive map;spatial scope;determining factor

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何丹, 单冲, 张盼盼, 高鹏. 基于大学生认知地图的长江中游城市群空间范围认知[J]. 地理研究, 2018, 37(9): 1818-1831 https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201809013
HE Dan, SHAN Chong, ZHANG Panpan, GAO Peng. Spatial scope cognition of urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from the perspective of college students[J]. Geographical Research, 2018, 37(9): 1818-1831 https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201809013

1 引言

2015年4月由国务院批复通过的《长江中游城市群发展规划》(下文简称《规划》)对长江中游城市群的范围作出了明确规定,并指出要努力将长江中游城市群建设成为长江经济带的重要支撑、全国经济新增长极和具有一定国际影响的城市群。虽然《规划》结束了一直以来的“中三角”和“中四角”的争论,但“长江中游城市群”的范围界定仍旧是学术界的讨论重点。
梳理国内外城市群界定的相关研究,国外****对城市群界定研究影响力较大的有美国大都市带研究[1]、日本政府部门的大都市圈研究[2]、加拿大地理学家麦吉提出的Desakota区域[3]等等。中国****对城市群的界定研究主要有都市连绵区研究[4]、都市区研究[5]、城镇密集区研究[6]等等。国内外****对城市群范围界定方法集中在:基于实证的传统研究,即通过制定一系列测度城市经济发展水平及规模的标准,具体包括由人口[7,8]、空间范围、产业、交通等社会经济指标构成的识别标准来界定城市群[9]。此外,也应用诸如泊松分布[10]、泰森多边形[11]、引力模型[12,13]、辐射场强和空间自相关模型[14]、要素流分析[15]、综合指标法和模型法集成[16,17]等定量模型方法,并借助遥感数据GIS平台[18]等可视化工具来划定城市群。部分研究从治理主体(政府)和市场主体[19]角度来探知城市群范围。上述诸多城市群范围界定方法的优点是具有较为成熟的技术路线,简单的划分方法和明确的划分结果。
然而,上述研究多是利用最小分析单元的行政边界来确定城市群的边界,人为地割裂了边界线地区城市单元与其他地区的协同发展,降低了城市群划分的科学性[20]。更重要的是,一直以来传统的城市群界定的研究忽略了一个重要的主体——公众。区域的社会经济发展是社会中各利益主体共同作用的结果。治理主体(政府)、市场和公众共同作用影响区域的发展,并且通过不断博弈重塑自己的空间影响范围。公众对城市群的构建和发展具有重要影响,因此,引入公众认知这一新视角来诠释城市群的构建与发展具有特别的理论意义。遗憾的是,既有的对公众的诉求研究[21,22]以定性研究居多,缺乏定量描述与解释。
认知地图是对环境意向要素、意向间距离和方向信息的重构表达,作为帮助人们对人地关系复杂体进行简化和秩序化的一种工具,是城市地理学和城乡规划学的传统课题,也是行为地理学的核心研究内容之一[23]。基于认知地图构建一套可量化的分析模型并可视化公众对区域的认知是一个创新方向。国外对空间认知地图研究主要集中在其概念、意象[24]以及对空间形态的研究[25],也探索了环境与相关因素的关系[26],研究重点集中在认知地图的变形[27]、认知地图与个人属性[28]和社会经济属性[29]的关系等,相关计量方法主要涉及二维相关系数[30]、误差系数[31]、扭曲系数[32]、点间距离相关系数[33]等。欧盟FP7的欧洲广义地图项目是空间认知的研究对象从城市转移到区域层面的一次重要尝试[34,35],探索了个体认知地图对区域发展及空间格局的潜在影响。反观国内研究,仍多集中在中、微观尺度上的基于手绘地图的城市意象研究[36]、认知地图影响因素研究[37],并且常用二维回归系数[38]来测度认知地图的整体和局部变形。那么,将认知地图应用到宏观层面的城市群界定中会产生怎样的空间图景?这种可视的空间图景会受到哪些个体内在属性特征的影响?对于这些问题鲜有****进行过系统科学的研究。
公众认知研究除以居民、游客为对象外,还有部分将研究对象转向大学生[39,40,41,42]。此外,据人社部统计,2015年中国城镇新增就业人口1312万,其中大学毕业生规模达749万,占中国新增劳动力的“半壁江山”(57.1%),大学生微观层面的主观认知将在很大程度上影响着未来宏观层面的社会经济发展。考虑到大学生的生源地类型多样,流动频率相对较高,逻辑思维能力和表达能力相对较强,他们对区域性空间范围的认知地图更具高效性。因此,借鉴相关研究成果,重点聚焦大学生的空间认知特征,具有特别的意义。
综上,本文运用区域认知地图来探究大学生对长江中游城市群空间范围的界定,选择即将进入社会的三或四年级的大学生群体作为调研主体。影响区域发展的社会经济因素已经个体化到大学生的个人认知之中,对其区域认知地图的分析可以探寻其中隐含的对区域发展起关键作用的信息。通过量化大学生的认知地图,并对标国家颁布《规划》的空间范围来分析相互联系和差异性,最后结合个人属性信息探讨二者的相关性。其主要贡献在于引入区域空间认知这一新视角,构建一套可量化分析模型来界定城市群的空间范围,同时将认知地图的运用从校园[43]、社区[44]、镇区[45,46]等微观尺度及主城区[47]、城市[48,49]等中观尺度扩展至区域范围的城市群尺度。

2 研究区概况与数据来源

2.1 研究区概况

研究范围涉及湖北、湖南和江西三省。调查问卷中的认知地图底图并未预设范围,仅仅在后续分析中设置与《规划》范围一致的对标地图范围,包括了湖北省的13个城市,湖南省的8个城市,江西省的10个城市,具体如图1所示。
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图1研究区域
-->Fig. 1The research region
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2.2 数据来源

数据均通过调查问卷方法获取,由两部分构成:其一来源于武汉、长沙和南昌三市大学生绘制的长江中游城市群手绘认知地图,其二来源于对性别、居住地、居住时间、专业等个人属性的问卷。问卷选取了长江中游城市群的三个省会城市同时也是中心城市的武汉、长沙和南昌作为调查点。相比其它长江中游城市,三市的大学生数量较多。为提高样本的专业覆盖范围,在三个城市内分别选取了同时涵盖地理、医学、金融、艺术和计算机等五个专业的大学各两所,综合考虑专业及城市与农村居住地属性的数据均衡性后,最终选取了华中师范大学等六所学校。每个专业选取即将进入社会的三或四年级的大学生各30名。
于2014年11月-12月随机发放900份(30×5×2×3)问卷,最终回收有效问卷874份,其中湖北省华中师范大学150份,华中农业大学141份;湖南省长沙大学145份,湖南师范大学144份;江西省南昌大学149份,江西师范大学145份,问卷有效率达97.1%。

3 认知地图差异度分析

3.1 认知地图的描述性分析

首先,对武汉、长沙和南昌三市大学生绘制的空间范围认知地图进行叠加,得到认知范围集成图(图2a、图2d、图2g);其次,应用ArcGIS软件矢量化集成图并应用创建空间网格工具(Create Fishnet)在矢量边界内生成规则的经纬网格,应用点密度分析工具(Point Density)对认知地图每个网格的中心点进行分析,并得到三市的认知密度图(图2b、图2e、图2h);最后,根据集成图计算认知地图范围内涉及到的城市次数(包括集成图范围内的城市和不少于1/2的面积在范围内的城市)与问卷总数的比值,利用ArcGIS软件可视化表达做出认知比例分布图(图2c、图2f、图2i)。
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图2武汉、长沙、南昌三市大学生所绘制的长江中游城市群范围集成图、密度图、认知比例图
-->Fig. 2The scope and density of urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River drawn from the college students in Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang
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3.1.1 武汉市大学生认知地图分析 武汉市大学生的认知地图具有“武汉中心椭圆式”的特点,武汉市城市群范围集成图形成以武汉市为中心的椭圆集合,长轴差异显著、短轴较为相似(图2a)。密度图显示认知地图最西端已涉及宜昌、恩施和重庆等三市,最东端已延伸至安庆市东侧,长沙、南昌两市基本处于椭圆南部边界处(图2b)。认知比例分布图显示:① 80%的大学生认为长江中游城市群应包含武汉、天门、仙桃等11个城市(图2c深色区域);② 大多数学生能够将湖北省的14个城市(武汉、天门、仙桃等)和长沙、南昌以北区域划入长江中游城市群范围(图2c深色和次深色区域),“武汉城市圈+恩施+随州+宜荆荆城市群”的认知地图格局基本形成。
3.1.2 长沙市大学生认知地图分析 长沙市大学生的认知具有以“武汉—长沙”中点为圆心、范围向外扩散的认知椭圆特点,集成图大致涵盖了湖北、湖南、江西三省,同时有少量认知范围向南京、合肥方向延伸(图2d)。密度图显示认知地图有明显的向南偏移趋势,这部分源于珠三角经济辐射能力较强,珠三角与长三角间的交通和经济联系对大学生的认知产生了一定程度的强化作用(图2e)。认知比例分布图显示:① 80%的大学生将岳阳、咸宁、武汉等15市划为长江中游城市群的核心(图2f深色区域),其中岳阳和咸宁市认知度最高;② 大多数学生能够将岳阳、咸宁、武汉、宜春、荆门等27个城市划入长江中游城市群范围(图2f深色和次深色区域),这27个城市在湖北、湖南和南昌三省均衡分布,长株潭城市群、武汉城市圈以及环鄱阳湖城市群基本被涵盖在内。
3.1.3 南昌市大学生认知地图分析 南昌市大学生的认知地图辨识度不高,界限划分相对不明显(图2g)。密度图显示认知地图有明显的东南向偏移趋势,表明了南昌市大学生对长江中游城市群有相对较低的归属感,同时有融入东南沿海发展的意愿(图2h)。认知比例分布图显示:① 80%的学生将武汉、鄂州、黄石等11个城市划为长江中游城市群的核心(图2i深色区域);② 大多数学生将武汉、鄂州、黄石、荆门、岳阳等23个城市纳入长江中游城市群范围(图2i深色和次深色区域),范围涉及了湖南、湖北、江西和安徽四省,其中有6个城市属于江西省。

3.2 认知地图的统计性分析

为进一步研究武汉、长沙、南昌三市大学生的认知地图与《规划》范围的差异程度,同时考虑到手绘地图的差异性与多样性,将认知地图矢量化,并引入了面积偏差系数和中心偏移系数两个指标来展开研究。
3.2.1 面积偏差系数 其中面积偏差系数(area distortion index)用以测度认知地图的面积与《规划》范围的面积偏差程度,定义为:
ADI=A-BC(1)
式中:A表示手绘认知地图与《规划》范围相交部分的面积;B表示手绘认知地图与《规划》范围不相交部分的面积;C表示《规划》划定的范围面积。当ADI<0时,表示认知偏差比例已大于认知准确比例;ADI=0时,认知地图与《规划》范围有50%的面积偏差,即认知准确和认知偏差的比例均为50%;ADI越接近1时,认知地图与《规划》范围面积偏差越小。
表1所示,对标《规划》范围,大部分学生的空间认知范围均存在一定的偏差。对三市样本的面积偏差系数均值进行比较,武汉、长沙两市(0.1284、0.1123)较高,南昌市(0.0317)相对较低(表1)。可以得出,南昌市大学生平均认知准确程度较武汉、长沙两市大学生的低。对比三市样本的面积偏差系数的标准方差,长沙市样本的面积偏差系数离散度高于武汉、南昌两市,说明与《规划》范围相比,长沙市大学生的认知一致性较武汉、南昌两市大学生低。
Tab. 1
表1
表1武汉、长沙、南昌三市样本的面积偏差系数的描述性统计
Tab. 1Descriptive statistics on the area deviation index of cognitive map of students in Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang
数量最大值最小值均值标准方差
武汉市2910.6285-2.13720.12840.3145
长沙市2890.7229-3.98040.11230.5261
南昌市2940.7705-2.33800.03170.4175
三市8740.7705-3.98030.09050.4295


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3.2.2 中心偏差系数 矢量化各认知地图并借助ArcGIS软件计算几何要素(calculate geometry)中的经线中心(X coordinate of centeoid)和纬线中心(Y coordinate of centeoid)计算认知地图的中心点坐标。引入中心偏差系数(center distortion index)来测度认知地图中心点与《规划》范围中心点的偏移程度,定义为:
CDI=(X-a)2+(Y-b)2(2)
式中:XY分别表示大学生手绘地图的中心点坐标;ab分别表示《规划》空间范围图的中心点坐标。CDI值越大,表示认知地图中心点与规划中心点偏差越大。
表2所示,对三市样本的中心偏差系数均值进行比较,武汉、南昌两市(4.3598、4.5915)较高,长沙市(3.6025)相对较低。对比三市样本的中心偏差系数的标准方差,长沙市样本中心偏差系数的离散度低于武汉、南昌两市。综合均值和标准方差可以看出,长沙市大学生对长江中游城市群中心点位置认知准确度较武汉、南昌两市大学生高。
Tab. 2
表2
表2武汉、长沙、南昌三市大学生认知地图中心偏差系数的描述性统计
Tab. 2Descriptive statistics on the center deviation index of cognitive map of students in Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang
数量最大值最小值均值标准方差东偏数西偏数南偏数北偏数
武汉市29120.28530.35854.35982.864325805181
长沙市28922.29260.23023.60252.6977381233791
南昌市29419.79060.26174.59152.8703868517106
三市87422.29260.23024.17982.836914928859378


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选取《规划》空间范围图的中心点作为基准,选取基准点垂线左右45度角为界限,沿顺时针划定东、南、西、北四个方向。从方向性偏移来看,三市大学生认知地图中心点均有不同程度的偏移。武汉市方向性偏移以偏北(62.20%)为主;长沙市大学生认知地图中心点分布整体比较集中,以偏西(42.56%)、偏北(31.49%)为主;南昌市大学生认知地图中心点在四个方向分布较为分散,其中偏北(36.05%)相对较多。
将认知地图中心点位置可视化表达,得到三市认知地图的中心点偏移图(图3)。由于《规划》范围中心点与三省交界点吻合,当样本中心点在该区域分布愈密集则样本中心偏移愈小。
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图3武汉、长沙、南昌三市大学生认知地图中心偏移图
-->Fig. 3Deviation map of cognitive map of college students in Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang
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综合对比武汉291个、长沙289个、南昌294个样本的认知地图中心点与《规划》范围图中心点,主要有以下特点:
(1)三市认知地图中心点分布均形成了三个圈层。① 武汉市第一圈层分布在武汉、咸宁等湖北省内城市,体现了部分武汉市大学生认为湖北省是长江中游城市群的核心;第二圈层紧密围绕第一圈层分布在黄冈、岳阳、常德和宜昌等城市,与湖北省发展重点逐步向西部偏移的现状吻合;第三圈层具有向东、西方向偏移的特点,且向西偏移的特点更为明显(图3a)。② 长沙市样本中心点具有在两湖区域内“较劲”的特点,第一圈层分布在武汉、长沙、潜江、咸宁、岳阳等城市;第二圈层中心点均匀分布在第一圈层外,范围涵盖了湖南、湖北、江西三省;第三圈层中心点以恩施的分布最为集中(图3b)。③ 南昌市样本中心点第一圈层主要分布在湖北省部分城市(武汉、仙桃、黄石、咸宁等)以及九江、岳阳两市;第二圈层有向东、西方向延伸的特点,体现了部分学生空间认知较为杂乱;第三圈层有向东、南、西三个方向分散的趋势,部分中心点分布在安徽省境内(图3c)。
(2)三市认知地图中心点以向北偏移为主。① 与《规划》范围相比,武汉市样本中心点集中分布在武汉市的西南区域,长沙、南昌两市分布较少,说明武汉市大学生对南昌、长沙两市的认知存在较大偏差(图3a)。② 长沙市样本中心点分布相对集中在以武汉、长沙两市中点为圆心的圆内,同时少量分布在南昌市内,说明多数长沙市大学生认为两湖区域是长江中游城市群的重要组成部分,但对江西省大部分区域的认知存在较为明显的偏差(图3b)。③ 南昌市样本中心点集中度较低,分布在武汉、长沙和南昌三市四周,形成了南昌市大学生认知地图分布较为无序的特点(图3c)。
(3)三市认知地图中心点大多沿长江分布。① 武汉市样本中心点集中于长江以北区域,主要沿长江中游的宜昌—九江湖口段周边的城市集中分布,同时在湖北省境内的汉江流域也有部分分布(图3a)。② 长沙市样本中心点向湖南省偏移,主要分布在长江干流中段与支流汉江围合形成的区域,长江中段以南的岳阳市也有较多分布(图3b)。③ 南昌市样本中心点集中分布在湖北境内的汉江区域以及湖北宜昌—九江湖口的长江中段区域,此外,还有部分中心点分布在长江上游的恩施以及下游的池州和安庆(图3c)。

4 认知地图差异度影响因素分析

4.1 研究方法

4.1.1 模型选取 在借鉴已有方法的基础上[50],本文应用二值逻辑回归方程进行统计分析,模型公式如下:
P(y)=11+e-(α+βxi)=1-11+eα+βxi(3)
式中:P为自变量xi(其中i=1, ……, k)预测事件y发生的概率;α为回归截距;β为回归系数;xi为自变量。本文中y为大学生对长江中游城市群空间范围的认知率;xi为大学生的个人属性变量;P为模型对空间范围认知率的预测值。
4.1.2 变量确定 因变量。长江中游城市群空间范围认知偏差包括面积和中心点方向两个方面的偏移。通过因子分析法将面积偏差和中心偏差两个具有同质性的指标降维,最终得到“认知率”综合因子作为因变量,并对其进行二分类处理以满足二值逻辑回归模型对因变量的特定要求。本文采用最优离散化方法,通过SPSS软件处理因变量得到最优临界值,临界值以下和以上的样本认知率分别赋值为0和1。
自变量。客观事物由主体重塑的结果产生了认知地图,其与个人属性有较强的相关性。本文引入个人属性信息作为自变量(表3),采用设置虚拟变量的方式来处理多分类变量。以居住地变量为例,居住地类型包括农村、县城/镇区和城市三类,其中城市居住地为参照组,农村、县城/镇区为虚拟变量。
Tab. 3
表3
表3逻辑回归模型自变量赋值
Tab. 3Independent variables of logistic regression model
自变量分类赋值
性别0:男;1:女
居住地0:农村;1:县城/镇区;2:城市
居住时间连续变量
专业0:医学;1:计算机;2:金融;3:艺术;4:地理
生源地0:在《规划》范围内;1:在《规划》范围外
户口0:非农业户口;1:农业户口


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4.2 研究结果

根据逻辑回归结果(表4),居住时间、居住地、专业和男性是对长江中游城市群空间范围认知率有显著影响的因子。对自变量进行分析主要有以下特点:
(1)男性大学生对长江中游城市群范围的认知率高于女性。借助ArcGIS运算工具计算男性、女性大学生认知地图的中心点坐标,将其可视化形成分性别的认知地图中心点分布图(图4)。可以发现,男性样本中心点空间布局集中分布在《规划》范围图中心点以北区域(图4a);女性样本中心点分布呈现离散型特点,主要分布在武汉城市圈、环鄱阳湖城市群以及长株潭城市群内(图4b)。
Tab. 4
表4
表4逻辑回归结果分析
Tab. 4Analysis of logistic regression results
自变量P值Sig标准
误差S.E
回归
系数B
OR
exp(B)
居住时间0.0000.0090.0581.060
居住地0.040
县城/镇区0.0110.189-0.4800.619
农村0.2270.179-0.2160.805
专业0.028
医学0.0200.237-0.5490.577
金融0.0050.243-0.6800.506
计算机0.5800.229-0.1270.881
艺术0.1940.235-0.3050.737
男性0.0940.1550.2601.297
常量0.0010.230-0.8000.449


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图4分性别的大学生认知地图中心点分布图
-->Fig. 4Distribution map of cognitive map of college students by gender
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根据事件发生几率比OR值可以得出,男性大学生认知水平较高的可能性为女性的1.297倍。社会分工的差异一定程度上影响了认知能力,一般来说男性更加擅长运用距离和空间方位进行空间感知,而在经验性的细节把握和场景性记忆上女性较为擅长,因此女性大学生对区域空间的认知要弱于男性大学生。
(2)以城市为参照的居住地因素对认知率提升产生了显著影响。通过分居住地类型的认知地图中心点分布图可以发现,居住地为城市(图5a)和县城/镇区(图5b)的大学生认知中心点密度相对较高,而居住地为农村(图5c)的大学生认知中心点密度相对较低。
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图5分居住地大学生认知地图中心点分布图
-->Fig. 5Distribution map of college students' cognitive map by residence place
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居住地影响因素整体较为显著(P=0.04<0.05),县城/镇区居住地大学生的回归系数为负值,显著性较大(P=0.011<0.05),这说明与参照组(城市居住地大学生)相比,县城/镇区对长江中游城市群空间认知率的提升概率较低。居住地为农村的大学生未通过显著性检验,这可能是由于居住在城市的学生有更多的资源优势,可以拓宽自身认知渠道,会更为密切的关注城市群相关资讯。此外,城市群的发展主要依托大城市,范围由城市逐步拓展到县城、农村。
(3)专业变量对长江中游城市群空间范围认知率的影响显著。从分专业的认知中心点分布图(图6),可以看出相比其他专业,地理专业(图6a)的中心点集中程度更为明显,一定程度上体现了在空间范围认知上地理学科学生的背景优势;金融(图6c)、医学(图6d)和艺术(图6e)三个专业中心点集中区域分布相似,但外围中心点分布有较大差异。
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图6分专业大学生认知地图中心点分布图
-->Fig. 6Distribution map of college students' cognitive map by subject
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专业变量影响较为显著(P=0.028<0.05),金融、医学专业的回归系数为负值,说明其对于提升城市群空间范围认知率有较低的可能性,而计算机、艺术专业并未通过显著性检验。分析导致不同专业影响差异的原因,可能是不同的学科背景导致五个专业对信息的关注点不同,形成了差异化的认知结果。
(4)居住时间对认知率的提升有显著的正向效应。居住时间B=0.058,P<0.01,说明在一定条件下较长的居住时间,具有提高认知率的可能性。Golledge[51]认为居民与外部环境相互作用形成了认知地图,并且随着居住时间的增加认知地图的范围和形状会发生改变,时间积累与外部环境作用强化可以使认知地图形成由简单到复杂、由低级到高级的演变式发展阶段。居住时间越长,对城市空间感知地图的空间范围越大,此外,长江中游城市群范围的多次调整,也增强了该区域居民的关注度。
(5)生源地变量未通过模型的显著性检验。由于居住时间对认知率存在显著影响,生源地变量和居住时间变量在一定程度上有相关性,导致生源地变量的作用被弱化。同时考虑到部分生源地属于长江中游地区的大学生家庭可能有到外地务工等情况的存在,在长江中游地区实际居住的时间较短,导致生源地变量并未通过显著性检验。
(6)户口变量未通过模型的显著性检验。首先,2014年7月国务院发布了《国务院关于进一步推进户籍制度改革的意见》,宣告了以非农业户口和农业户口二元化分类的结束,在一定程度上户籍的约束力被市场导向的经济改革弱化。其次,相似的校园环境和共同的时代背景对大学生产生了相似的影响,一定程度上弱化了户籍差异的影响。最后,户口变量并未通过显著性检验,而上文提到的居住地变量的影响显著。通过观察样本数据来分析产生这种现象的原因,观察到居住地类型与大学生户口类型存在不能完全对应的现象,即居住地为城市的大学生户口可能为农业户口,县城/镇区尤为明显,在另一方面解释了户口变量未能成为认知率提升主要影响因素的原因。

5 结论与讨论

公众作为政府政策与市场变化最真切的感受者,可以基于个体行为做出区别于治理主体和市场主体的城市群空间范围认知。互联网的发展为公众参与社会公共事务提供了新的渠道,在各个利益主体之间的博弈中强化了公众的权重,重塑了公共政策中“政府+市场+公众”的多元化格局。本文引入公众区域认知地图这一新视角来诠释城市群的构建具有特别的理论意义。
选择大学生作为研究对象,他们的家庭背景、个人经历和知识水平等多样性的个体属性将会在未来择业和工作中对城市群的发展产生潜在影响,微观个体力量的汇聚一定程度上也将影响到城市公共政策或企业发展政策的制定及其实施效果。
不同尺度的空间单元认知具有不同的时空尺度效应,也需要构建不同的分析框架。区别于路径、标志物、节点等微观空间意象认知要素[52,53],本文基于(跨)省域等大尺度的研究需要构建了认知密度、认知比例、面积偏差系数和中心偏差系数等分析指标。
以国家颁布的规划作为对标,通过叠加武汉、长沙和南昌三市大学生的个人手绘地图获取了认知地图集成图,绘制了认知密度图和认知比例图,并通过构建面积偏差系数和中心偏差系数等一套新方法体系度量了认知地图与规划地图的差异,并将中心偏差图形化来表达理解认知空间变化。研究发现:武汉、长沙和南昌三市大学生对长江中游城市群空间范围的认知具有“武汉+”的特点,呈现出“武汉城市圈+荆州+岳阳/九江/益阳等邻省城市”的空间格局。三市面积偏差程度依次增大,武汉市大学生的空间认知为“强武汉中心”特色,样本中心点分布密集,认知一致性较高;长沙市认知地图向南偏移,呈“武汉+长沙为圆心”的认知圈层;而南昌市认知地图涵盖了湖北、湖南、江西、安徽四省,中心辨识度不高,同时具有明显的向东南沿海地区偏移趋势。
基于假设前提——影响区域发展的社会经济文化等宏观因素已经内化到大学生的个人认知之中,对其区域认知地图的分析可以探寻其中潜在的对城市群构建起作用的关键信息,通过个体属性数据可以进一步分析认知地图差异度影响因素。研究发现:个人属性信息与认知偏差存在明显的关联性。男性大学生在空间认知准确性上更具优势;居住地类型为城市或县城/镇区的大学生比居住地类型为农村的大学生有相对较高的认知率;专业类型的差异也会导致空间范围认知率产生差异,其中具备学科优势的地理专业大学生的认知偏差相对较小;较长的居住时间可以提高对长江中游城市群的认知率。此外,户口、生源地变量未通过显著性检验,在一定程度上与户口的“标签化”、随父辈外出务工和相似的校园生活环境有关。
问卷调查主要面向大学生群体,具有认知地图可获得性强、样本生源地及专业类型多样等优势,但调研对象仍存在一定局限性,在未来的研究中可以引入当地居民、游客等群体,对样本类型进行补充。此外,不可否认的是区域空间认知差异与区域空间属性、公共政策宣传、基础设施建设和地域文化特征等存在一定联系,但考虑到本文的逻辑起点是个体认知地图及其个体属性信息,影响长江中游城市群的宏观数据并未纳入自变量,未来研究可就宏观影响因素深入探讨。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献 原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
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. 地理科学, 2011, 31(3): 302-308 .
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
This paper aims to present a general view of changes in spatial structures of Japanese metropolitan areas after the 1990s based on previous studies. Discontinuation of suburban expansion and recovery of inner area population have been observed in the Tokyo metropolitan area since the 1990s. Both the collapse of land myth and the continuous decrease in land price during the 1990s were pointed out as major factors directly contributing to these phenomena. The land myth which kept the land value increasing had induced vigorous investments in land since the post-war rapid economic growth period. This movement had been busted in the collapse of bubble economy of the late 1980s. As a result, the amount of land supplies in the inner part of Japanese metropolitan areas became increased, and the construction of affordable condominiums became active significantly. On the other hand, the trend of low birthrate weakened the inner-to-suburb residential migration in metropolitan areas according to life cycle. Increasing number of aged residents prefer condominiums in the inner areas to detached houses in suburbs because of convenience in living without depending on automobiles. In fact, there were many senior citizens who migrated from suburbs to inner areas. On the contrary, the residential areas without adjacency to the convenient public transportation system in outer suburbs tend to become less popular among all generation, thus the population in such areas began to decrease. Furthermore, the similar phenomena are also seen in provincial metropolitan areas. Population in such areas is predicted to decrease in the near future. Therefore, some of major provincial cities have already proposed "compact city planning" policies to regulate new suburban development and improve public transportation systems by providing both train and bus services in the inner areas.
[Masateru H, Liu Yungang.Changes in spatial structure of Japanese metropolitan areas since 1990s
. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(3): 302-308.]
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
This paper aims to present a general view of changes in spatial structures of Japanese metropolitan areas after the 1990s based on previous studies. Discontinuation of suburban expansion and recovery of inner area population have been observed in the Tokyo metropolitan area since the 1990s. Both the collapse of land myth and the continuous decrease in land price during the 1990s were pointed out as major factors directly contributing to these phenomena. The land myth which kept the land value increasing had induced vigorous investments in land since the post-war rapid economic growth period. This movement had been busted in the collapse of bubble economy of the late 1980s. As a result, the amount of land supplies in the inner part of Japanese metropolitan areas became increased, and the construction of affordable condominiums became active significantly. On the other hand, the trend of low birthrate weakened the inner-to-suburb residential migration in metropolitan areas according to life cycle. Increasing number of aged residents prefer condominiums in the inner areas to detached houses in suburbs because of convenience in living without depending on automobiles. In fact, there were many senior citizens who migrated from suburbs to inner areas. On the contrary, the residential areas without adjacency to the convenient public transportation system in outer suburbs tend to become less popular among all generation, thus the population in such areas began to decrease. Furthermore, the similar phenomena are also seen in provincial metropolitan areas. Population in such areas is predicted to decrease in the near future. Therefore, some of major provincial cities have already proposed "compact city planning" policies to regulate new suburban development and improve public transportation systems by providing both train and bus services in the inner areas.
[3]Ginsburg N S, Koppel B, McGee T G.The Extended Metropolis: Settlement Transition is Asia . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991. [本文引用: 1]
[4]史育龙, 周一星. 关于大都市带(都市连绵区)研究的论争及近今进展述评
. 国外城市规划, 2009, 24(S1): 160-166 .
[本文引用: 1]

[Shi Yulong, Zhou Yixing.The discussion and commentary on the study of megalopolis (metropolitan interlocking region)
. Urban Planning International, 2009, 24(S1): 160-166.]
[本文引用: 1]
[5]宁越敏, 张凡. 关于城市群研究的几个问题
. 城市规划学刊, 2012, (1): 48-53 .
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3363.2012.01.007URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
改革开放以来,中国城市化进程加速,形成了具有中国特色的城市群空间组织模式,并成为国家空间发展的重心。国务院已颁布一系列与城市群发展相关的规划,以此作为区域发展的引擎。首先,回顾了城市群研究中存在的问题,认为城市群界定必须建立在都市区基础之上,并提出了5项指标;而后利用五普数据,界定了13个大城市群,并从国家和区域层面分析了大城市群对区域经济的引领作用。其次,认为有必要从国家层面开展城市群界定的工作以推进城市化的发展,而学界则需进一步探讨城市群的功能从集聚转向扩散的规律。
[Ning Yuemin, Zhang Fan.On the research of large city clusters of China
. Urban Planning Forum, 2012, (1): 48-53.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3363.2012.01.007URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
改革开放以来,中国城市化进程加速,形成了具有中国特色的城市群空间组织模式,并成为国家空间发展的重心。国务院已颁布一系列与城市群发展相关的规划,以此作为区域发展的引擎。首先,回顾了城市群研究中存在的问题,认为城市群界定必须建立在都市区基础之上,并提出了5项指标;而后利用五普数据,界定了13个大城市群,并从国家和区域层面分析了大城市群对区域经济的引领作用。其次,认为有必要从国家层面开展城市群界定的工作以推进城市化的发展,而学界则需进一步探讨城市群的功能从集聚转向扩散的规律。
[6]董黎明, 孙胤社. 市域城镇体系规划的若干理论方法
. 地理学与国土研究, 1988, 4(3): 19-25 .
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
正 城市从原有封闭型的空间地域结构变为开放型的结构,城市的发展不再局限于市中心区及其狭窄的郊区,应该把中心城市与其直接影响范围内的城镇群体,作为一个有机的整体,进行统一规划。这是市域城镇体系规划需要解决的问题。
[Dong Liming, Sun Yinshe.Some theoretical methods of urban town planning. Geography and
Geo-Information Science, 1988, 4(3): 19-25.]
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
正 城市从原有封闭型的空间地域结构变为开放型的结构,城市的发展不再局限于市中心区及其狭窄的郊区,应该把中心城市与其直接影响范围内的城镇群体,作为一个有机的整体,进行统一规划。这是市域城镇体系规划需要解决的问题。
[7]Mu L, Wang X.Population landscape: A geometric approach to studying spatial patterns of the US urban hierarchy
. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2006, 20(6): 649-667.
[本文引用: 1]
[8]代合治. 中国城市群的界定及其分布研究
. 地域研究与开发, 1998, 17(2): 40-43 .
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-2363.1998.02.009URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
从城市的角度,运用定量方法在全国209个地级地上城市型政区中筛选了125个构造城市群的基本地域单元,界定了17个不同规模的城市群,分析了我国城市群的分布现状和发展趋势。
[Dai Hezhi.A study on urban agglomeration determination and distribution in China
. Areal Research and Development, 1998, 17(2): 40-43.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-2363.1998.02.009URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
从城市的角度,运用定量方法在全国209个地级地上城市型政区中筛选了125个构造城市群的基本地域单元,界定了17个不同规模的城市群,分析了我国城市群的分布现状和发展趋势。
[9]陈守强, 黄金川. 城市群空间发育范围识别方法综述
. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(3): 313-320 .
https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.03.006URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
Urban agglomeration is an important form of regionalized city development, but also an iconic product of advanced regional industrialization and urbanization. Based on the diverse conceptual evolution processes of urban agglomeration and focusing on the technical method s and approaches for the identification of urban agglomerations, this article reviews in detail the research progress of the range identification of urban agglomeration growth. It concludes that the main reasons that academia seldom reach consensus on the spatial extent of urban agglomeration are as follows: there exist significant differences in the understanding of the essence of the concept, definition, smallest unit of analysis, and choice of identification methods of urban agglomeration. This article clarifies the main research methods of range identification of urban agglomeration: (1) the traditional socioeconomic index method represented by defining metropolitan areas in the United States has broad influence and has set the fundamentals of range identification of urban agglomerations in the West; (2) applying gravity models for the recognition of the scope of influence of central cities has become the main method for urban agglomeration range identification research in China; (3) using spatial analysis technology in GIS as means, integrated simulation methods incorporating integrated indicators and modeling methods represent the future trend of study on the recognition and identification of urban agglomeration growth.
[Chen Shouqiang, Huang Jinchuan.Review of range recognition research on urban agglomerations
. Progress in Geography, 2015, 34(3): 313-320.]
https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.03.006URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
Urban agglomeration is an important form of regionalized city development, but also an iconic product of advanced regional industrialization and urbanization. Based on the diverse conceptual evolution processes of urban agglomeration and focusing on the technical method s and approaches for the identification of urban agglomerations, this article reviews in detail the research progress of the range identification of urban agglomeration growth. It concludes that the main reasons that academia seldom reach consensus on the spatial extent of urban agglomeration are as follows: there exist significant differences in the understanding of the essence of the concept, definition, smallest unit of analysis, and choice of identification methods of urban agglomeration. This article clarifies the main research methods of range identification of urban agglomeration: (1) the traditional socioeconomic index method represented by defining metropolitan areas in the United States has broad influence and has set the fundamentals of range identification of urban agglomerations in the West; (2) applying gravity models for the recognition of the scope of influence of central cities has become the main method for urban agglomeration range identification research in China; (3) using spatial analysis technology in GIS as means, integrated simulation methods incorporating integrated indicators and modeling methods represent the future trend of study on the recognition and identification of urban agglomeration growth.
[10]顾朝林. 城市实力综合评价方法初探
. 地域研究与开发, 1992, 11(1): 5-11, 62 .
[本文引用: 1]

[Gu Chaolin.Research and development of the comprehensive evaluation method of city strength
. Areal Research and Development, 1992, 11(1): 5-11, 62.]
[本文引用: 1]
[11]Ottaviano G I P, Pinelli D. Market potential and productivity: Evidence from Finnish regions
. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2006, 36(5): 636-657.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2006.06.005URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
New economic geography (NEG) stresses the role of various types of linkages as agglomeration forces. We show that a typical NEG model can be used to design an empirical methodology to assess whether linkages are relevant at all and, if so, whether they are more important for firms or workers in terms of productivity or amenity respectively. Applying the proposed methodology to Finnish NUTS 4 regions from 1977 to 2002, we find that linkages are indeed relevant and that firm-related demand and cost linkages are more important than worker-related cost-of-living linkages.
[12]徐辉, 彭萍. 基于引力模型的江西省经济区划与协调发展研究
. 地理科学, 2008, 28(2): 169-172 .
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2008.02.006URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
根据江西省11个地区的区域经济发展的客观实际,基于国内生产总产值GDP、人口规模及空间距离等因素,运用引力模型和0~1整数规划模型对江西省进行经济区划,区划结果表明,江西省可划分为4大经济区。同时就各经济区的协调发展提出了相应的对策与措施。
[Xu Hui, Peng Ping.Division of economic regions based on gravity model and coordinated development in Jiangxi province
. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2008, 28(2): 169-172.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2008.02.006URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
根据江西省11个地区的区域经济发展的客观实际,基于国内生产总产值GDP、人口规模及空间距离等因素,运用引力模型和0~1整数规划模型对江西省进行经济区划,区划结果表明,江西省可划分为4大经济区。同时就各经济区的协调发展提出了相应的对策与措施。
[13]李震, 顾朝林, 姚士谋. 当代中国城镇体系地域空间结构类型定量研究
. 地理科学, 2006, 26(5): 544-550 .
[本文引用: 1]

[Li Zhen, Gu Chaolin, Yao Shimou.A quantitative study on regional spatial structure of urban system in contemporary China
. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2006, 26(5): 544-550.]
[本文引用: 1]
[14]黄金川, 孙贵艳, 闫梅, . 中国城市场强格局演化及空间自相关特征
. 地理研究, 2012, 31(8): 1355-1364 .
https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012080001URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
将城市场强与空间自相关结合起来,研究中国661个城市辐射场强和城市间的互动关联强度。从场强看,北京、上海、广州等超大城市辐射作用增长迅速,已形成全国性的辐射圈层结构;围绕沿海特大城市及武汉、郑州、重庆、成都等中西部的区域中心城市,已具备孵化若干区域级城市群的城市化土壤;在地区尺度范围,全国大量地区性中心城市所形成的辐射场强,则培育了都市区发育的城市化土壤。从互动关联强度看,沿海地区城市间相互作用和互动关联性明显高于内陆地区,不仅促进了珠三角、长三角、环渤海等超级城市群的日趋成熟,而且推动辽中南、山东半岛等次级城市群发展壮大。然而,内陆地区大部分城市目前还处于相对孤立发展状态,城市间互动关联性较弱,城市群发育潜力尚未得到真正激发。
[Huang Jinchuan, Sun Guiyan, Yan Mei, et al.The spatio-temporal evolution of urban field strength and pattern of autocorrelation among cities in China
. Geographical Research, 2012, 31(8): 1355-1364.]
https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012080001URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
将城市场强与空间自相关结合起来,研究中国661个城市辐射场强和城市间的互动关联强度。从场强看,北京、上海、广州等超大城市辐射作用增长迅速,已形成全国性的辐射圈层结构;围绕沿海特大城市及武汉、郑州、重庆、成都等中西部的区域中心城市,已具备孵化若干区域级城市群的城市化土壤;在地区尺度范围,全国大量地区性中心城市所形成的辐射场强,则培育了都市区发育的城市化土壤。从互动关联强度看,沿海地区城市间相互作用和互动关联性明显高于内陆地区,不仅促进了珠三角、长三角、环渤海等超级城市群的日趋成熟,而且推动辽中南、山东半岛等次级城市群发展壮大。然而,内陆地区大部分城市目前还处于相对孤立发展状态,城市间互动关联性较弱,城市群发育潜力尚未得到真正激发。
[15]陈群元, 宋玉祥. 城市群空间范围的综合界定方法研究: 以长株潭城市群为例
. 地理科学, 2010, 30(5): 660-666 .
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
以城市综合实力代替城市人口或城市经济总量,结合主成分分析法,对传统的引力模型进行改进,得出了基于引力模型的长株潭城市群空间范围界定,并对引力模型本身的局限性进行了分析。针对城市群系统的本质特征是内部存在密切的生产要素流,进一步得出了基于要素流分析法的长株潭城市群空间范围界定。最后,综合这两种界定方法,得出了理论上的长株潭城市群空间范围,并与政府划定的长株潭城市群空间范围进行对比,发现政府划定的城市群空间范围要大于理论计算的城市群空间范围。考虑到城市群的地域邻近性特征,以及政府对城市群发展的推动作用,对长株潭城市群中远期的空间范围进行了预测。
[Chen Qunyuan, Song Yuxiang.Methods of dividing the boundary of urban agglomerations: Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban Agglomeration as a case
. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2010, 30(5): 660-666.]
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
以城市综合实力代替城市人口或城市经济总量,结合主成分分析法,对传统的引力模型进行改进,得出了基于引力模型的长株潭城市群空间范围界定,并对引力模型本身的局限性进行了分析。针对城市群系统的本质特征是内部存在密切的生产要素流,进一步得出了基于要素流分析法的长株潭城市群空间范围界定。最后,综合这两种界定方法,得出了理论上的长株潭城市群空间范围,并与政府划定的长株潭城市群空间范围进行对比,发现政府划定的城市群空间范围要大于理论计算的城市群空间范围。考虑到城市群的地域邻近性特征,以及政府对城市群发展的推动作用,对长株潭城市群中远期的空间范围进行了预测。
[16]张倩, 胡云锋, 刘纪远, . 基于交通、人口和经济的中国城市群识别
. 地理学报, 2011, 66(6): 761-770 .
https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201106005URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
城市群是一个国家工业化和城镇化进程发展到较高阶段的自然产物,是国家参与全球竞争与国际分工的新型地域单元。当前,研究人员对城市群的识别尚没有一个统一、快速的技术体系,国内外研究人员对于中国城市群的准确识别和区域界定也不统一。在综合前人研究的基础上,作者首先厘清了城市群的基本概念;继而提出了一套以地球信息技术为支撑的,综合了交通、人口和经济属性判断的城市群快速识别和区划的技术流程,即以空间通达性的定量测算为基础,初步识别出空间上集结的城市集群;然后以城市集群的经济和社会属性为判据开展进一步的遴选,得到城市群空间分布及其区划界线。作者使用基础地理数据、DEM数据、空间化的经济社会格网数据,应用ArcInfo Macro Language编程技术对中国的城市群进行了识别,研究明确了2000年中国9大城市群的空间位置及其覆盖区域。与国内外既有认识的对比表明,本研究技术路线简单、清晰,所得的中国城市群区划成果准确,具有可参比性。
[Zhang Qian, Hu Yunfeng, Liu Jiyuan, et al.Identification of urban clusters in China based on assessment of transportation accessibility and socio-economic indicators
. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(6): 761-770.]
https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201106005URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
城市群是一个国家工业化和城镇化进程发展到较高阶段的自然产物,是国家参与全球竞争与国际分工的新型地域单元。当前,研究人员对城市群的识别尚没有一个统一、快速的技术体系,国内外研究人员对于中国城市群的准确识别和区域界定也不统一。在综合前人研究的基础上,作者首先厘清了城市群的基本概念;继而提出了一套以地球信息技术为支撑的,综合了交通、人口和经济属性判断的城市群快速识别和区划的技术流程,即以空间通达性的定量测算为基础,初步识别出空间上集结的城市集群;然后以城市集群的经济和社会属性为判据开展进一步的遴选,得到城市群空间分布及其区划界线。作者使用基础地理数据、DEM数据、空间化的经济社会格网数据,应用ArcInfo Macro Language编程技术对中国的城市群进行了识别,研究明确了2000年中国9大城市群的空间位置及其覆盖区域。与国内外既有认识的对比表明,本研究技术路线简单、清晰,所得的中国城市群区划成果准确,具有可参比性。
[17]王丽, 邓羽, 牛文元. 城市群的界定与识别研究
. 地理学报, 2013, 68(8): 1059-1070 .
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
城市群的界定与识别是城市群研 究的重要内容之一。传统研究以实证数据判断为主,但由于数据可获取性不易,极大的限制了该手段的应用;模型等定量识别方法较少采用,结果的精度较差是其主 要弊端。本文在综合以往****研究的基础上,提出城市群界定的标准体系;运用区域作用组合模型,得出城市群的识别体系。通过模型与实证相结合,更加高效和精 确地识别城市群。通过研究,为城市群的界定提供一种研究思路,并为城市群识别的操作层面提供了一种测度手段。
[Wang Li, Deng Yu, Niu Wenyuan.The definition and identification of urban agglomerations
. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(8): 1059-1070.]
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
城市群的界定与识别是城市群研 究的重要内容之一。传统研究以实证数据判断为主,但由于数据可获取性不易,极大的限制了该手段的应用;模型等定量识别方法较少采用,结果的精度较差是其主 要弊端。本文在综合以往****研究的基础上,提出城市群界定的标准体系;运用区域作用组合模型,得出城市群的识别体系。通过模型与实证相结合,更加高效和精 确地识别城市群。通过研究,为城市群的界定提供一种研究思路,并为城市群识别的操作层面提供了一种测度手段。
[18]黄金川, 刘倩倩, 陈明. 基于GIS的中国城市群发育格局识别研究
. 城市规划学刊, 2014, (3): 37-44 .
[本文引用: 1]

[Huang Jinchuan, Liu Qianqian, Chen Ming.The identification of urban agglomeration distribution in China based on GIS analysis
. Urban Planning Forum, 2014, (3): 37-44.]
[本文引用: 1]
[19]江红. 市场化差异度与城市群发展研究: 以长江中游城市群为例
. 上海: 华东师范大学硕士学位论文, 2014 .
[本文引用: 1]

[Jiang Hong.Market differentiation and development of urban agglomeration: A case study of the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River
. Shanghai: Master Dissertation of East China Normal University, 2014.]
[本文引用: 1]
[20]潘竟虎, 刘伟圣. 基于腹地划分的中国城市群空间影响范围识别
. 地球科学进展, 2014, 29(3): 352-360 .
https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2014.03.0352URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
城市群空间影响范围的界定是认清城市群内中心城市与腹地、城市与城市间相互关联的基础。采用主成分分析法计算中国287个地级及以上城市的结节性指数,利用累积耗费距离法和后阶数据场,综合测度了交通可达性与空间场能,根据场强“取大”原则对城市腹地进行了划分,依据城市腹地范围界定了城市群的空间影响范围。结果表明:①中国地级以上城市最大和最小结节性指数相差157.53倍,城市平均可达时间为193.43min,场能平均值为5412,最大和最小城市腹地相差3751倍;②23个城市群中,空间影响范围最大的是北疆城市群,空间平均场强最大的是中原城市群;③城市群在空间上呈现为发育程度不同的“11+9+3”的分布格局和逆时针90。旋转的“p”型城市群连绵带发展格局;④基于腹地划分的城市群空间影响范围充分考虑了现实的交通网络和地形地貌特点,实现了对广域空间范围内城市腹地范围和城市群空间影响范围的定量测度。
[Pan Jinghu, Liu Weisheng.Identification of spatial influence sphere of urban agglomerations in China based on urban hinterland delimitation
. Advances in Earth Science, 2014, 29(3): 352-360.]
https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2014.03.0352URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
城市群空间影响范围的界定是认清城市群内中心城市与腹地、城市与城市间相互关联的基础。采用主成分分析法计算中国287个地级及以上城市的结节性指数,利用累积耗费距离法和后阶数据场,综合测度了交通可达性与空间场能,根据场强“取大”原则对城市腹地进行了划分,依据城市腹地范围界定了城市群的空间影响范围。结果表明:①中国地级以上城市最大和最小结节性指数相差157.53倍,城市平均可达时间为193.43min,场能平均值为5412,最大和最小城市腹地相差3751倍;②23个城市群中,空间影响范围最大的是北疆城市群,空间平均场强最大的是中原城市群;③城市群在空间上呈现为发育程度不同的“11+9+3”的分布格局和逆时针90。旋转的“p”型城市群连绵带发展格局;④基于腹地划分的城市群空间影响范围充分考虑了现实的交通网络和地形地貌特点,实现了对广域空间范围内城市腹地范围和城市群空间影响范围的定量测度。
[21]杨新海, 殷辉礼. 城市规划实施过程中公众参与的体系构建初探
. 城市规划 , 2009, 33(9): 52-57 .
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1002-1329.2009.09.014URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
初步分析了我国城市规划实施过 程中公众参与现状存在的主要问题及其成因,并据此初步构想了全面覆盖规划许可、规划执法和规划评估三大环节的城市规划实施过程公众参与体系,对各环节内公 众参与的内容、程序、方法等也做了分阶段的探讨和设计。期望通过这样的基础性工作,推动城市规划实施过程中公众参与的法制建设,使公众参与的程序具有严 格、明确、刚性的制度规定。
[Yang Xinhai, Yin Huili.On establishing public participation system in urban planning implementation
. City Planning Review, 2009, 33(9): 52-57.]
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1002-1329.2009.09.014URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
初步分析了我国城市规划实施过 程中公众参与现状存在的主要问题及其成因,并据此初步构想了全面覆盖规划许可、规划执法和规划评估三大环节的城市规划实施过程公众参与体系,对各环节内公 众参与的内容、程序、方法等也做了分阶段的探讨和设计。期望通过这样的基础性工作,推动城市规划实施过程中公众参与的法制建设,使公众参与的程序具有严 格、明确、刚性的制度规定。
[22]黄升阳. 公众参与城市规划管理的诉求与实现
. 株洲工学院学报, 2006, 20(4): 117-119 .
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-9833.2006.04.034URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
在城市规划管理中,公众既是批评者,又是创造者.要提高城市规划管理的科学性、严肃性、实效性,就必须更新观念,健全法制,创新技术,合理引导,加大公众参与城市规划管理的力度,实现真正的公众参与.
[Huang Shengyang.Research on enlarging public participant dynamics in urban planning management
. Journal of Zhuzhou Institute of Technology, 2006, 20(4): 117-119.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-9833.2006.04.034URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
在城市规划管理中,公众既是批评者,又是创造者.要提高城市规划管理的科学性、严肃性、实效性,就必须更新观念,健全法制,创新技术,合理引导,加大公众参与城市规划管理的力度,实现真正的公众参与.
[23]王茂军, 柴彦威, 高宜程. 认知地图空间分析的地理学研究进展
. 人文地理, 2007, 22(5): 10-18 .
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
认知地图是环境意象构成要素、要素间的距离和方向信息最为完全的表现形式,综合反映了居民对城市的认知和城市对居民的影响,是行为地理学核心研究内容之一。论文基于认知地图空间分析的视角,全面梳理了国内外的手绘地图研究、认知地图扭曲研究、地名认知/距离认知/城市空间结构认知、认知地图居民属性研究,提出了国内努力的方向。
[Wang Maojun, Chai Yanwei, Gao Yicheng.The progress of geographical study on the spatial analysis of cognitive map
. Human Geography, 2007, 22(5): 10-18.]
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
认知地图是环境意象构成要素、要素间的距离和方向信息最为完全的表现形式,综合反映了居民对城市的认知和城市对居民的影响,是行为地理学核心研究内容之一。论文基于认知地图空间分析的视角,全面梳理了国内外的手绘地图研究、认知地图扭曲研究、地名认知/距离认知/城市空间结构认知、认知地图居民属性研究,提出了国内努力的方向。
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Abstract Obtained over 200 maps of Cuidad Guayana, Venezuela, showing local areas and the whole city. These were processed by structural type and type of error. A wide range of map types was found. Sequential and spatial-element maps were identified, as well as 4 subtypes within each main type. Group differences in structuring the city proved to be significant, particularly between varying education, travel mode, and familiarity. The evidence suggests that structuring can depend on element and attribute types, on various methods for relating the parts, and on schematization and inference. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00153.xURL [本文引用: 1]摘要
Abstract Abstract Aggregate cognitive maps of urban areas differ from cartographic maps for reasons other than differences in the mobility and idiosyncratic experiences of individuals. Systematic distortions in aggregate urban cognitive maps may be caused by the cognitive processes used to code spatial information into memory or to retrieve it from memory and by the way these processes relate to a particular urban area. A purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which systematic distortions are present in aggregate urban cognitive maps and to investigate the causes of such distortions. Subjects from three neighborhoods were asked to provide estimates of distances and directions between 105 pairs of landmarks. We analyzed differences between these estimates and true distances and directions to determine if the patterns of distortions were significantly different among the three neighborhoods. Differences for the three samples appeared to be related to the scale and orientation of the aggregate cognitive maps. Regressions with aggregate data for the three neighborhoods using cognitive distance as the dependent variable and actual distance as the independent variable indicated a tendency to overestimate shorter distances more than longer distances. Using multidimensional scaling and Euclidean regression, we mapped subjects'cognitive locations for landmarks and the actual locations in the same space. The aggregate cognitive maps appeared to be rotated to align major transportation axes with canonical direction axes. We argue that systematic distortions are related to a rotation heuristic and to key reference points used by the subjects to code and access spatial information.
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https://doi.org/10.2307/622295URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
As thirty new residents of an urban area developed their cognitive maps over a period of three months, there was little evidence to support the Shemyakin, Appleyard, Moore hypothesis that the spatial city image develops out of a series of interrelated sequential maps, nor for Lynch's related hypothesis that paths and districts are the elements which predominate in the earlier maps, giving way later to local landmarks. Instead, it was found that neighbourhood maps were, from the first few days, drawn in spatial fashion, the journey to work as a sequential map, and that overall city maps might be drawn from the first few days as either spatial or sequential according to the individual's preferred style (as indicated in subjects' cognitive maps of their previous home area). Female subjects tended to use the sequential style, and males the spatial style in drawing city and home area maps.
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[本文引用: 1]
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A series of experiments investigated how information about geographic environments is processed. In the first experiment, response time to decide which of two pairs of states or buildings were physically closer in the real world increased as the ratio of the interpair distances approached one. The second experiment examined spatial memory for the interrelationships among states and buildings. Subjects' reaction time to determine the accuracy of relative spatial positions of triads of states was a linear function of the degree of triad rotation from the 0 degrees Cartesian plane of a standard U.S. map. No linear rotation function was reported for triad rotations of buildings. In Experiment 3 a group of subjects unfamiliar with the campus tested in Experiments 1 and 2 learned the location of the buildings from a map only. This group's data reflected a linear trend of reaction time with degree of building triad rotation, similar to results with states in Experiment 2. Perhaps when an environment is primarily learned by a map, knowledge of the interpositions of items in the environment is formed in the single perspective of the map. When the environment is primarily learned through direct experience, knowledge of interpositions of items is more flexible and is processed from many perspectives.
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Abstract Apart from the identification of a general tendency to overestimate distances there has been only limited agreement between published papers on urban distance cognition. Major contributions are reviewed and it is hypothesized that variations in results are attributable to the application of different measurement techniques. A number of methods are compared at different urban scales in Sydney and Armidale (N.S.W.) and it is established that while choice of technique is not generally significant, variations between sample groups may be attributed to extremely large within鈥恎roup variances. Although the experiments illustrated a general tendency for overestimation to be reduced by familiarity it is concluded that future research should be more concerned with individual variations than with somewhat misleading average estimates.
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[Li Mingming.The social construction of regional identity
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[Feng Weibo, Huang Guangyu.Analysis and evaluation of urban image elements based on perception of residents in the main districts of Chongqing
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[Li Xun, Xu Xueqiang.Analysis of urban image space in Guangzhou city
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[38]申思, 薛露露, 刘瑜. 基于手绘草图的北京居民认知地图变形及因素分析
. 地理学报, 2008, 63(6): 625-634 .
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2008.06.007URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
认知地图是外界环境在人们头脑中的表征,往往与现实地图不一致,研究认知地图及其变形对城市规划和建设具有重要意义。手绘草图是当前挖掘认知地图的一种主要方法。通过问卷调查,获得北京居民手绘草图样本,分析草图中体现的北京城市意象要素。采用二维回归(BR)与标准偏差椭圆方法定量测度认知地图整体和局部的变形。对于二维回归计算出的变形系数(DI)进一步采用蒙特卡罗模拟计算其变形半径,得出北京居民的认知地图平均变形在2.3km,整体变形以二环为界,内小外大,并呈西南一东北斜向拉伸,东西收缩的趋势,局部变形北部大于南部。个体的变形系数与对地标的熟悉程度负相关,男性小于女性,驾车者小于不驾车者,日常活动范围越广、出行频率越高、居住时间越久、距离锚点越近的被试认知蛮形微小。
[Shen Si, Xue Lulu, Liu Yu.Beijing residents' cognitive map distortion and sources analysis based on sketch mapping method
. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(6): 625-634.]
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2008.06.007URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
认知地图是外界环境在人们头脑中的表征,往往与现实地图不一致,研究认知地图及其变形对城市规划和建设具有重要意义。手绘草图是当前挖掘认知地图的一种主要方法。通过问卷调查,获得北京居民手绘草图样本,分析草图中体现的北京城市意象要素。采用二维回归(BR)与标准偏差椭圆方法定量测度认知地图整体和局部的变形。对于二维回归计算出的变形系数(DI)进一步采用蒙特卡罗模拟计算其变形半径,得出北京居民的认知地图平均变形在2.3km,整体变形以二环为界,内小外大,并呈西南一东北斜向拉伸,东西收缩的趋势,局部变形北部大于南部。个体的变形系数与对地标的熟悉程度负相关,男性小于女性,驾车者小于不驾车者,日常活动范围越广、出行频率越高、居住时间越久、距离锚点越近的被试认知蛮形微小。
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https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.7.5.397URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the quantity and quality of knowledge of the urban environment possessed by Guangzhou residents. Sketch maps constructed by 146 first-year college geography majors are categorized on the basis of accuracy and dominant elements. Factors contributing to the frequency and type of elements included on maps are considered. Relationships among map coverage, map detail, the urban environment, and respondent characteristics are discussed. The absence of detail, distinct information distance-decay effects, and the fragmented character of maps reflect early stages of information processing by new urban arrivals and restricted travel fields of respondents.
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[本文引用: 1]
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[Lin Yulian, Hu Zhengfan. Environmental Psychology.Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2000.] [本文引用: 1]
[42]陈基纯, 陈忠暖, 王枫. 城市居民距离认知研究: 以校园大学生群体为对象的调查分析
. 热带地理, 2004, 24(1): 60-64 .
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5221.2004.01.014URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
以广州市大学生的行为活动和距离认知调查为基础,应用行为地理学理论和统计方法,总结了校园大学生群体距离认知的一般特征以及影响离认知的因素,分析提出了校园大学生群体认知的3圈层空间结构模式,并进一步分析了大学生个人属性及其日常活动空间与距离认知的相互关系。
[Chen Jichun, Chen Zhongnuan, Wang Feng.The distance recognition of city residents: A survey of the students in Guangzhou
. Tropical Geography, 2004, 24(1): 60-64.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5221.2004.01.014URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
以广州市大学生的行为活动和距离认知调查为基础,应用行为地理学理论和统计方法,总结了校园大学生群体距离认知的一般特征以及影响离认知的因素,分析提出了校园大学生群体认知的3圈层空间结构模式,并进一步分析了大学生个人属性及其日常活动空间与距离认知的相互关系。
[43]蒋志杰, 张捷, 李丽, . 小尺度环境地形认知与空间行为的关系分析: 以南京大学浦口校区为例
. 地理学报, 2011, 66(6): 821-830 .
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[Jiang Zhijie, Zhang Jie, Li Li, et al.Research on interactive relationship between terrain cognition and spatial behavior in small-scale environment: A case study of Pukou campus in Nanjing University
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. 地理研究, 2011, 30(4): 709-722 .
https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011040013URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
选取南京封闭社区与开放社区相互邻近的4个对比组共8个居住社区,对其居民的社会属性、生活习惯和社区空间感知特征进行了问卷调查,并从250份手绘草图中提取和统计相关数据,据此分析城市居民社区空间意象地图的主要类型与构成要素。研究发现,居民的社会属性是影响人们社区空间意象的决定性因素,性别、年龄、收入和居住时间的差异导致居民空间感知与意象地图的差异;不同的居住空间结构模式同样对居民空间感知产生影响,封闭社区居民对社区围墙和大门等的感知强烈,而开放社区居民则更加熟悉社区周边环境。在此基础上,认为封闭式社区管理模式虽然有助于增加居民安全感和空间领域感,但不利于不同社区居民之间的日常交往与社会融合。
[Song Weixuan, Lyu Chen, Xu Yun.Study on spatial image of community based on comparison of 250 sketch maps drawn by residents in Nanjing
. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(4): 709-722.]
https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011040013URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
选取南京封闭社区与开放社区相互邻近的4个对比组共8个居住社区,对其居民的社会属性、生活习惯和社区空间感知特征进行了问卷调查,并从250份手绘草图中提取和统计相关数据,据此分析城市居民社区空间意象地图的主要类型与构成要素。研究发现,居民的社会属性是影响人们社区空间意象的决定性因素,性别、年龄、收入和居住时间的差异导致居民空间感知与意象地图的差异;不同的居住空间结构模式同样对居民空间感知产生影响,封闭社区居民对社区围墙和大门等的感知强烈,而开放社区居民则更加熟悉社区周边环境。在此基础上,认为封闭式社区管理模式虽然有助于增加居民安全感和空间领域感,但不利于不同社区居民之间的日常交往与社会融合。
[45]蒋志杰, 吴国清, 白光润. 旅游地意象空间分析: 以江南水乡古镇为例
. 旅游学刊, 2004, 19(2): 32-36 .
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-5006.2004.02.012URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
旅游地意象空间的研究对旅游地的规划与开发具有十分重要的意义. 本文以江南水乡古镇作为研究对象,采用游客问卷调查及意象地图描绘等方法,初步探究了江南水乡古镇旅游地意象空间的结构特点.研究结果表明:江南水乡古镇 旅游地意象空间是以"环状"为特征;而组成意象空间的要素主要有干道、桥梁、节点、标志和区域;其中干道和桥梁构建了"环状"意象空间框架.根据此项研究 的成果,本文最后提出了对江南水乡古镇旅游规划与开发的建议.
[Jiang Zhijie, Wu Guoqing, Bai Guangrun.A spatial analysis of the image of tourist destinations: A case study on ancient water towns in Southern Yangtze River
. Tourism Tribune, 2004, 19(2): 32-36.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-5006.2004.02.012URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
旅游地意象空间的研究对旅游地的规划与开发具有十分重要的意义. 本文以江南水乡古镇作为研究对象,采用游客问卷调查及意象地图描绘等方法,初步探究了江南水乡古镇旅游地意象空间的结构特点.研究结果表明:江南水乡古镇 旅游地意象空间是以"环状"为特征;而组成意象空间的要素主要有干道、桥梁、节点、标志和区域;其中干道和桥梁构建了"环状"意象空间框架.根据此项研究 的成果,本文最后提出了对江南水乡古镇旅游规划与开发的建议.
[46]郭文, 黄震方, 王丽. 文化旅游地空间生产背景下居民社会空间感知模型与实证研究: 基于对周庄古镇的调查
. 地理研究, 2015, 34(4): 762-774 .
https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201504014URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
在田野调查基础上,采用SPSS 18.0和AMOS 17.0数据统计软件对周庄文化旅游地空间生产背景下的居民社会空间感知进行了统计和处理,通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,对居民社会空间感知模型以及不同职业和类型居民感知差异进行了测度研究,结果显示:1周庄居民社会空间感知总体上存在由利益关联、价值效能和情感眷恋组成的三维结构。2在感知次序上,呈现'利益关联→价值效能→情感眷恋'递减分异规律,本质上反映了深层结构是一种经济表层→社会感知→心理感知从外而内的感知规律。居民并未因具有参与旅游开发的机会权能而表现出对旅游开发的全面认同,在社会认同感知和心理认同感知层面还未得到深入,反映的居民社会空间感知是一个充满矛盾的感知结构。3不同职业和类型居民因参与旅游内容或程度不同对三维结构同样存在依次递减的分异规律,且每类群体间存在差异状态。研究认为,高质量的社会空间感知具有认知结构的全面性,居民社会空间感知结构的不平衡性对增进旅游空间生产的社会凝聚力提出新的诉求,提高居民空间参与程度和感知需要从有限参与→发展参与→充分参与的路径逐步改善。研究对周庄古镇旅游理性发展和可持续发展具有一定启发。
[Guo Wen, Huang Zhenfang, Wang Li.A structural equation model for the empirical study of resident perception of social space in the context of space production at cultural tourist destination: Based on a survey of ancient town of Zhouzhuang
. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(4): 762-774.]
https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201504014URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
在田野调查基础上,采用SPSS 18.0和AMOS 17.0数据统计软件对周庄文化旅游地空间生产背景下的居民社会空间感知进行了统计和处理,通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,对居民社会空间感知模型以及不同职业和类型居民感知差异进行了测度研究,结果显示:1周庄居民社会空间感知总体上存在由利益关联、价值效能和情感眷恋组成的三维结构。2在感知次序上,呈现'利益关联→价值效能→情感眷恋'递减分异规律,本质上反映了深层结构是一种经济表层→社会感知→心理感知从外而内的感知规律。居民并未因具有参与旅游开发的机会权能而表现出对旅游开发的全面认同,在社会认同感知和心理认同感知层面还未得到深入,反映的居民社会空间感知是一个充满矛盾的感知结构。3不同职业和类型居民因参与旅游内容或程度不同对三维结构同样存在依次递减的分异规律,且每类群体间存在差异状态。研究认为,高质量的社会空间感知具有认知结构的全面性,居民社会空间感知结构的不平衡性对增进旅游空间生产的社会凝聚力提出新的诉求,提高居民空间参与程度和感知需要从有限参与→发展参与→充分参与的路径逐步改善。研究对周庄古镇旅游理性发展和可持续发展具有一定启发。
[47]苗涛, 李丁, 徐晓天. 兰州主城区城市意象空间和意象元素分析研究
. 现代城市研究, 2010, 25(11): 75-79 .
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2010.11.012URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
本文根据兰州城市特色,将林奇的5类城市意象要素进行细分,并转换为地点场所意象元素,通过访谈、问卷调查、照片辨别以及认知地图对兰州市民进行城市意象的调查,得出兰州市的公众意象图:以南北向天水路、皋兰路-金昌路-城关黄河大桥-大桥北路,东西向东岗路-庆阳路-西津路-西固路等道路及黄河为骨架形成的网格状城市空间意象图。功能分区、行政区划影响着城市居民的总体城市意象空间结构,黄河、白塔山和五泉山却起到了边缘要素的功能。总的来看兰州市存在着较为清晰的群体意象即"公众意象"。
[Miao Tao, Li Ding, Xu Xiaotian.Analysis and evaluation of urban image space and image elements in the main districts of Lanzhou
. Modern Urban Research, 2010, 25(11): 75-79.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2010.11.012URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
本文根据兰州城市特色,将林奇的5类城市意象要素进行细分,并转换为地点场所意象元素,通过访谈、问卷调查、照片辨别以及认知地图对兰州市民进行城市意象的调查,得出兰州市的公众意象图:以南北向天水路、皋兰路-金昌路-城关黄河大桥-大桥北路,东西向东岗路-庆阳路-西津路-西固路等道路及黄河为骨架形成的网格状城市空间意象图。功能分区、行政区划影响着城市居民的总体城市意象空间结构,黄河、白塔山和五泉山却起到了边缘要素的功能。总的来看兰州市存在着较为清晰的群体意象即"公众意象"。
[48]冯健. 北京城市居民的空间感知与意象空间结构
. 地理科学, 2005, 25(2): 142-154 .
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2005.02.003URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
The author selects 10 districts of Beijing and try to investigate the cognitive maps of urban residents in Beijing by questionnaire.He get 323 cognitive maps, which are classified and counted, and as a result, correlative statistical data are obtained.Based on the above-mentioned work, the author analyzs the basic types, constitutive factors, development phases and the characteristics of differences of cognitive maps of urban residents in Beijing.The research shows that although the types of spatial cognition of Beijing’s residents are similar to those of the western cities of China, they are a little different.The grades of cognitive maps are concerned with residential area, sex, educational level, income and birthplace of urban residents.The constitutive factors of cognitive maps are concerned with residential area, age, income and birthplace of urban residents, while the development phrases are concerned with sex, income and birthplace of urban residents in Beijing.The research also shows that social role and economic income level play important roles in the development phrases of spatial cognition of Beijing’s urban residents.At last, the author generalizes the spatial structure of Beijing’s urban image based on the location and frequency of elements recorded on the cognitive maps of urban residents, and find that it is similar to the emphases of spatial distribution of Beijing.As a result, some theories of urban image of Lynch are proved in Beijing.
[Feng Jian.Spatial cognition and the image space of Beijing's residents
. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2005, 25(2): 142-154.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2005.02.003URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
The author selects 10 districts of Beijing and try to investigate the cognitive maps of urban residents in Beijing by questionnaire.He get 323 cognitive maps, which are classified and counted, and as a result, correlative statistical data are obtained.Based on the above-mentioned work, the author analyzs the basic types, constitutive factors, development phases and the characteristics of differences of cognitive maps of urban residents in Beijing.The research shows that although the types of spatial cognition of Beijing’s residents are similar to those of the western cities of China, they are a little different.The grades of cognitive maps are concerned with residential area, sex, educational level, income and birthplace of urban residents.The constitutive factors of cognitive maps are concerned with residential area, age, income and birthplace of urban residents, while the development phrases are concerned with sex, income and birthplace of urban residents in Beijing.The research also shows that social role and economic income level play important roles in the development phrases of spatial cognition of Beijing’s urban residents.At last, the author generalizes the spatial structure of Beijing’s urban image based on the location and frequency of elements recorded on the cognitive maps of urban residents, and find that it is similar to the emphases of spatial distribution of Beijing.As a result, some theories of urban image of Lynch are proved in Beijing.
[49]顾朝林, 宋国臣. 北京城市意象空间及构成要素研究
. 地理学报, 2001, 56(1): 64-74 .
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2001.01.008URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
This article analyzes urban images held by people living in Beijing after a short review of theoretical development in urban image space studies. Two basic methods were used to obtain data, one is cognitive mapping and the other is photo recognition. Five major factors that may influence the designative image are examined one by one. Hence we conclude that the frame constituted by roads, landmarks, nodes and function areas consist of the major public imaginary of Beijing. The Second Ring Road separates the “inner city area” from the “outer city area” and the quality of urban image is quite different in area from one part to the others. Based on the above conclusions and findings, some useful suggestions are made for urban planning and designing of Beijing.
[Gu Chaolin, Song Guochen.Urban image space and main factors in Beijing
. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2001, 56(1): 64-74.]
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2001.01.008URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
This article analyzes urban images held by people living in Beijing after a short review of theoretical development in urban image space studies. Two basic methods were used to obtain data, one is cognitive mapping and the other is photo recognition. Five major factors that may influence the designative image are examined one by one. Hence we conclude that the frame constituted by roads, landmarks, nodes and function areas consist of the major public imaginary of Beijing. The Second Ring Road separates the “inner city area” from the “outer city area” and the quality of urban image is quite different in area from one part to the others. Based on the above conclusions and findings, some useful suggestions are made for urban planning and designing of Beijing.
[50]许洁, 王茂军, 王晓瑜. 北京城市空间认知的影响因素分析
. 人文地理, 2011, 26(2): 49-55 .
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
城市空间认知影响因素分析与认知空间格局研究具有同等的重要性。论文基于北京城市空间认知调查问卷数据,引入居民属性等16个变量,利用二值Logistic回归方法,提炼出23个认知地点整体以及交通节点、商场、休闲地三种类型地点的认知影响因素。发现:第一,不同类型地点的认知率影响因素存在异同,其中,存在职住变更是最为显著的共性因子。第二,各类地点中的显著影响因子对认知率的作用大小有明显差异,年龄46—55岁变量是23地点认知率的最重要影响因素,交通节点和商场认知率最重要的影响因素为就业内城四区,而就业地与休闲地距离小于等于6km变量对休闲地认知率的影响最大。第三,各类模型中的影响因素类型不同且影响程度有很大差异,故具有不同属性信息组合的居民认知率不同。
[Xu Jie, Wang Maojun, Wang Xiaoyu.An analysis of factors about spatial cognition of Beijing city
. Human Geography, 2011, 26(2): 49-55]
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
城市空间认知影响因素分析与认知空间格局研究具有同等的重要性。论文基于北京城市空间认知调查问卷数据,引入居民属性等16个变量,利用二值Logistic回归方法,提炼出23个认知地点整体以及交通节点、商场、休闲地三种类型地点的认知影响因素。发现:第一,不同类型地点的认知率影响因素存在异同,其中,存在职住变更是最为显著的共性因子。第二,各类地点中的显著影响因子对认知率的作用大小有明显差异,年龄46—55岁变量是23地点认知率的最重要影响因素,交通节点和商场认知率最重要的影响因素为就业内城四区,而就业地与休闲地距离小于等于6km变量对休闲地认知率的影响最大。第三,各类模型中的影响因素类型不同且影响程度有很大差异,故具有不同属性信息组合的居民认知率不同。
[51]Golledge R G.Spatial Behavior: A Geographic Perspective. Guilford Press, 1997. [本文引用: 1]
[52]张春辉, 白凯, 马耀峰. 西安入境游客目的地空间意象认知序列研究
. 地理研究, 2014, 33(7): 1315-1334 .
https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201407012URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
选取西安入境游客为研究对象,依托324份调查问卷中所提取和统计的认知地图相关数据,分析了西安城市目的地空间意象特征,并重点探讨了认知地图类型及构成要素在游客停留天数上的动态变化过程,据此提出了入境游客目的地城市空间意象认知过程。结果显示:①西安入境游客的认知地图共分为四大类型,其中以空间型为主,单体型、序列型和混合型次之。②从空间意象认知要素上看,标志物出现频率最高,其次为区域、边界、节点和道路。以钟楼为中心结合城墙以及东西南北4条大街,构成了入境游客西安城市目的地空间意象的基本框架。③西安入境游客目的地空间认知过程,在认知地图主导类型上,呈现"空间型+单体型→空间型→序列型(混合型)→单体型"的演变序列,在空间认知主导要素上,则为"标志物→标志物+道路→标志物"的发展序列。这一空间认知过程反映了游客对目的地空间意象的关注重点由个性到结构,再到意义的转换。
[Zhang Chunhui, Bai Kai, Ma Yaofeng.The research on inbound tourists' cognition sequence for spatial image of urban destinations in Xi'an
. Geographical Research, 2014, 33(7): 1315-1334.]
https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201407012URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
选取西安入境游客为研究对象,依托324份调查问卷中所提取和统计的认知地图相关数据,分析了西安城市目的地空间意象特征,并重点探讨了认知地图类型及构成要素在游客停留天数上的动态变化过程,据此提出了入境游客目的地城市空间意象认知过程。结果显示:①西安入境游客的认知地图共分为四大类型,其中以空间型为主,单体型、序列型和混合型次之。②从空间意象认知要素上看,标志物出现频率最高,其次为区域、边界、节点和道路。以钟楼为中心结合城墙以及东西南北4条大街,构成了入境游客西安城市目的地空间意象的基本框架。③西安入境游客目的地空间认知过程,在认知地图主导类型上,呈现"空间型+单体型→空间型→序列型(混合型)→单体型"的演变序列,在空间认知主导要素上,则为"标志物→标志物+道路→标志物"的发展序列。这一空间认知过程反映了游客对目的地空间意象的关注重点由个性到结构,再到意义的转换。
[53]陈梦远, 徐建刚. 城市意象热点空间特征分析: 以南京为例
. 地理研究, 2014, 33(12): 2286-2298 .
https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201412007URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
The spatial mechanism of imagery hot spot has been systematically studied by means of spatial analysis, with the solid foundation of exhaustive data preparation. According to questionnaires on residents recognition of imagery hot spots, spatial data obtained via digitization of historical maps and remote-sensing images, and one-week road conditions are acquired, in order to provide reference to historic preservation and urban human environments. Last but not least, by analyzing the convergences between city image, road integration, formation of characteristic image districts, and the function replacement of historical blocks and imagery hot spot, this paper draws several conclusions.Imagery hot spot is a vital carrier of urban activities that animates urban public space. Due to its historical stability and high recognition, imagery hot spots provide important points of reference, physically and psychologically, that serves as image signs that make up the whole impression of the city. Our study reveals that citizens prefer imagery hot spots closely associated with living facilities and places which enjoy a long history and culture, while skyscrapers with modern flavor are not treasured, despite government assumptions. Nanjing has a long history as an ancient capital with urban images dating back to the Six Dynasties and stylistic influence from the Republican Period, combined with the image of metropolis that can provide various services to the residents. In the process of the urban renewal, the municipal government should abandon its propensity for huge projects and modern styles that convey confusing signals to citizens, and should consider public sentiment and historical contexts with more care.The study reveals correlation between developing imagery hot spots and city road structure. Roads of high integration have good reachability and thereby attract people, while the hot spots themselves strengthen the convergence ability of road space as a result of its visual prominence. In this case, they act as the linkage mechanism for shaping a highly recognizable district. The government can maximize the potential of this mechanism and activate those stagnant districts by establishing imagery hot spots. However, they should also pay close attention to whether mental schema of residents diverges from artificial spatial expansion, which would lead to disparity between image space and entity space and the loss of life sub-nodes during urban changes.Imagery hot spot cluster district should be a characteristic image area that requires key construction component. These districts can serve as the destinations for leisure and entertainment or tourism. They provide a landscape that is closely related to urban culture and create recreational destinations for communication. The imagery hot spot should be evenly distributed within the region and planned in walkable scale. The imagery hot spot can be viewed as a forum for various activities. Both function replacement and spatial reconfiguration of the hot spot can be strategically transformed. Research has shown that a highly developed city center will harm the preservation of the historical heritage sites. A lack of order and coherency among different functions can be a heavy burden of the obsolete road network. The reconfiguration and replacement, under this condition, can not only relieve traffic congestion, improve the declining serviceability of public infrastructure, and protect the history of the city, but also regenerate and establish a clear impression of Hexi New Town.
[Chen Mengyuan, Xu Jiangang.The characteristics of imagery hot space: A case study of Nanjing
. Geographical Research, 2014, 33(12): 2286-2298.]
https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201412007URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
The spatial mechanism of imagery hot spot has been systematically studied by means of spatial analysis, with the solid foundation of exhaustive data preparation. According to questionnaires on residents recognition of imagery hot spots, spatial data obtained via digitization of historical maps and remote-sensing images, and one-week road conditions are acquired, in order to provide reference to historic preservation and urban human environments. Last but not least, by analyzing the convergences between city image, road integration, formation of characteristic image districts, and the function replacement of historical blocks and imagery hot spot, this paper draws several conclusions.Imagery hot spot is a vital carrier of urban activities that animates urban public space. Due to its historical stability and high recognition, imagery hot spots provide important points of reference, physically and psychologically, that serves as image signs that make up the whole impression of the city. Our study reveals that citizens prefer imagery hot spots closely associated with living facilities and places which enjoy a long history and culture, while skyscrapers with modern flavor are not treasured, despite government assumptions. Nanjing has a long history as an ancient capital with urban images dating back to the Six Dynasties and stylistic influence from the Republican Period, combined with the image of metropolis that can provide various services to the residents. In the process of the urban renewal, the municipal government should abandon its propensity for huge projects and modern styles that convey confusing signals to citizens, and should consider public sentiment and historical contexts with more care.The study reveals correlation between developing imagery hot spots and city road structure. Roads of high integration have good reachability and thereby attract people, while the hot spots themselves strengthen the convergence ability of road space as a result of its visual prominence. In this case, they act as the linkage mechanism for shaping a highly recognizable district. The government can maximize the potential of this mechanism and activate those stagnant districts by establishing imagery hot spots. However, they should also pay close attention to whether mental schema of residents diverges from artificial spatial expansion, which would lead to disparity between image space and entity space and the loss of life sub-nodes during urban changes.Imagery hot spot cluster district should be a characteristic image area that requires key construction component. These districts can serve as the destinations for leisure and entertainment or tourism. They provide a landscape that is closely related to urban culture and create recreational destinations for communication. The imagery hot spot should be evenly distributed within the region and planned in walkable scale. The imagery hot spot can be viewed as a forum for various activities. Both function replacement and spatial reconfiguration of the hot spot can be strategically transformed. Research has shown that a highly developed city center will harm the preservation of the historical heritage sites. A lack of order and coherency among different functions can be a heavy burden of the obsolete road network. The reconfiguration and replacement, under this condition, can not only relieve traffic congestion, improve the declining serviceability of public infrastructure, and protect the history of the city, but also regenerate and establish a clear impression of Hexi New Town.
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