郝梦雅^1,, 任志远^1,2,, 孙艺杰¹, 赵胜男¹
1. 陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,西安 710119
2. 西北历史环境与经济社会发展研究院,西安 710062

The dynamic analysis of trade-off and synergy of ecosystem services in the Guanzhong Basin

HAOMengya^1,, RENZhiyuan^1,2,, SUNYijie¹, ZHAOShengnan¹
1. College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
2. Institute for Historical Environment and Socio-economic Development in Northwest China, Xi'an 710062, China
通讯作者:任志远（1953- ）,男,陕西兴平人,博士,教授,研究方向为国土资源开发与生态环境评价研究。E-mail:renzhy@snnu.edu.cn
收稿日期:2016-10-9
修回日期:2017-01-22
网络出版日期:2017-03-20
版权声明:2017《地理研究》编辑部《地理研究》编辑部
基金资助:教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地项目（14JJD840004）国家自然科学基金项目（41371523）
作者简介:
-->作者简介：郝梦雅（1994- ）,女,山西晋中人,硕士,研究方向为土地评价与规划。E-mail:haomengya@snnu.edu.cn



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摘要
测算2000-2012年关中盆地的净初级生产力（NPP）价值量、土壤保持价值量和食物供给价值量,通过引入玫瑰图来研究不同土地利用类型中生态系统服务的时空差异,进而探究三种生态系统服务的权衡和协同关系,并分析其在近13年间的动态变化特征,最后研究土地利用变化对生态系统服务权衡和协同关系的影响来探究其驱动机制。结果表明：① 研究区NPP单位面积年均价值量约为1720.495 元/hm²,土壤保持单位面积年均价值量约为768.889元/hm²,食物供给单位面积年均价值量约为167.874元/hm²。从空间角度分析,NPP和土壤保持的高值区均分布在盆地边缘的山地,低值区集中于盆地中部,而食物供给呈相反格局。从时间角度分析,三种生态系统服务均呈现增加的趋势。2000-2012年,NPP单位面积价值量增幅为21%,土壤保持单位面积价值量增幅为46.7%,食物供给单位面积价值量增幅为245.7%。② NPP与土壤保持呈现协同关系,而NPP与食物供给、土壤保持与食物供给呈现权衡关系。③ 13年来关中盆地生态系统服务呈现冲突加强协同减弱的趋势。具体而言,NPP与土壤保持的协同关系表现出明显的下降趋势,NPP与食物供给的权衡关系逐渐增强,而土壤保持与食物供给的权衡关系在13年间基本保持稳定状态。④ 从土地利用变化的角度看,研究区生态系统服务权衡增加协同减少主要归因于耕地和林地的大量减少。同时,权衡土地资源利用中各类冲突对于土地资源的优化使用也有重大的意义。

关键词：关中盆地;NPP;土壤保持;食物供给;权衡与协同动态变化;土地利用
Abstract
The Guanzhong Basin is the economic center of Northwest China. In recent years, with the development of the economy, many ecological environment problems have emerged in this region. Therefore, it is important to examine the dynamic changes of trade-off and synergy of ecosystem services in the Guanzhong Basin and explore their influencing factors. In this paper, many models are used to estimate the net primary production (NPP), soil retention and food supply in the basin from 2000 to 2012. And research is conducted on the spatial and temporal change of ecosystem services in different types of land covers by using Rose diagram. Then, we explored the trade-off and synergy among three ecosystem services by correlation diagram made by R software and analyzed its dynamic characteristics in the 13 years. At last, we analyzed the effect of the land cover change on the relationship of trade-off and synergy to explore its driving mechanism. The results indicate that: (1) The annual average NPP per unit area, the annual average value of soil retention per unit area and the annual average value of food supply per unit area were 1720.495 yuan/hm², 768.889 yuan/hm² and 167.874 yuan/hm², respectively. From the perspective of space, the high value regions of NPP and soil retention were distributed over mountains and low value regions were over the central part of the basin. But the food supply presented the opposite pattern. From the perspective of time, three ecosystem services were increased in the 13 years. The annual average NPP per unit area, the annual average value of soil retention per unit area and the annual average value of food supply per unit area increased by 21%, 46.7% and 245.7%, respectively. (2) There were trade-off between NPP and food supply, soil retention and food supply. And there were synergy between NPP and soil retention. (3) On the whole, the trade-off of ecosystem services enhanced and the synergy weakened during the 13 years in the Guanzhong Basin. The degree of synergy between NPP and soil retention decreased. The degree of trade-off between NPP and food supply increased. And the trade-off relationship between soil retention and food supply remained stable during the 13 years. (4) From the perspective of land cover changes, the reduction of cultivated land and forest land is the main driving force of the change of relationship among ecosystem services. At the same time, it is significant to balance conflicts in land resource to use land resource better.

Keywords：Guanzhong Basin;NPP;soil retention;food supply;dynamic changes of trade-off and synergy;land use

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郝梦雅, 任志远, 孙艺杰, 赵胜男. 关中盆地生态系统服务的权衡与协同关系动态分析[J]. , 2017, 36(3): 592-602 https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201703016
HAO Mengya, REN Zhiyuan, SUN Yijie, ZHAO Shengnan. The dynamic analysis of trade-off and synergy of ecosystem services in the Guanzhong Basin[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(3): 592-602 https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201703016

1 引言

生态系统服务是人类直接或间接地从生态系统获得的各种收益^[1,2],各类生态系统服务之间相互影响^[3],表现为此消彼长的权衡关系和相互增益的协同关系^[4]。近年来,随着西部大开发和新丝绸之路经济带等政策的实施,西北地区经济得到迅速发展,但同时也承载了巨大的生态环境压力,供给服务上升的同时带来调节服务的下降,生态环境受到威胁,最终对人类福祉产生一定的消极影响^[5]。因此,研究生态系统服务的权衡和协同关系,分析其表现类型、时空格局、影响因素和区域差异^[6],找到生态保护和经济发展的平衡点,对于提升生态系统服务的总体效益,实现区域发展和生态保护的“双赢”具有重要的意义^[7]。
目前,国内外****对生态系统服务的时空尺度特征及权衡和协同关系都做了一定的探索,Turner等利用空间自相关和主成分分析法对丹麦11种生态系统服务的尺度特征进行分析^[8];Kragt等引入APSIM模型,分析西澳大利亚农产品供应和生态系统服务的权衡关系,进一步将生态系统服务研究应用于农业生产^[9];Tian等耦合SWAT模型和CASA模型探索NPP、产水量和沉积量之间的权衡和协同关系^[10]。傅伯杰等探索了生态系统服务权衡及区域集成方法,并分析土地利用变化与生态系统服务的关系^[11]。国内外大量研究主要是从生态系统服务权衡与协同关系的定性分析、区域差异以及情景模拟预测来进行研究的,但是关于生态系统服务权衡和协同关系的动态变化及其驱动机制的研究却少之又少,加之关中盆地近年来在经济飞速发展的同时产生了严重的生态环境问题。因此,本文以关中盆地为研究区域,根据MA的分类体系^[12,13],选择生态系统服务中以NPP为代表的支持服务、以土壤保持为代表的调节服务和以食物供给为代表的供给服务,并利用相关模型,计算该区域2000-2012年三种生态系统服务的价值量,通过玫瑰图来研究不同土地利用类型中生态系统服务的时空差异,利用R语言绘制相关图来直观地描述三种生态系统服务之间的权衡和协同关系,并分析三种生态系统服务的权衡和协同关系及在13年间的动态变化,最后,从土地利用的角度对其动态变化的影响因素进行探索。

2 研究区概况与研究方法

2.1 研究区概况

关中盆地位于陕西省中部,地处秦岭以北、北山以南,西邻宝鸡,东至潼关,地势西高东低,平均气温13~15 ℃,年降水量500~900 mm。该区总面积约为39064.5 km²,包括西安、宝鸡、咸阳、南、铜川五市及杨凌区,经济发达,在西北地区占有重要的地位。近年来,随着西部大开发等政策的相继推出,关中盆地土地利用类型变化显著,土地资源紧缺,地力退化,人地矛盾逐渐加剧,使得以土地利用为基础的生态系统服务功能受到影响,环境压力日益严峻。同时,受到自然和人类活动的影响,该地区水土流失较为严重（图1）。
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图1关中盆地地形图
-->Fig.1The terrain of the Guanzhong Basin
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2.2 数据来源与处理

本文以Landsat 5遥感影像作为数据源来获得研究区的土地利用类型,Landsat 5数据下载于地理空间数据云。以谷歌地球影像为标准进行解译,采用最大似然法和QUEST决策树法,并利用ArcGIS软件将其合并,根据不同季节土地类型特征,建立合并规则表,通过重分类将土地利用类型分为6类,获取土地利用类型图。最后以谷歌地球影像数据为评价标准,选取200个真实样本区与分类结果进行对比分析,得出总体分类精度为89.59%。
土壤与植被类型数据来源于中国科学院1 ∶100万土壤类型、土壤质地以及植被类型数据集。2000-2012年气象数据来源于中国气象科学数据共享网,选取了关中盆地内部及其周边25个气象站的温度、降水量、太阳辐射等数据,采用ArcGIS对获得的气象数据进行空间插值,实现对气象要素的空间化。社会经济数据来源于2000-2012年《陕西省统计年鉴》《西安市统计年鉴》等关中盆地各市的统计年鉴。

2.3 研究方法

2.3.1 净初级生产力模型 利用光能利用率（CASA）模型来估算净初级生产力^[14,15],其估算公式为：
NPPx,t=APARx,t×εx,t（1）
式中：APAR(x,t)表示空间位置x在时间t内吸收的光合有效辐射（MJ/m²）;ε(x,t)表示像元x在时间t内的实际光能利用率（g ?C/MJ）。
NPP由物质量转化为价值量,利用能量固定替换法^[16],计算模型如下：
V=AQ1BQ2×P（2）
式中：V表示NPP价值量（元）;A表示NPP物质量,单位为t ?C/（hm²?a）;B表示标煤的质量系数;Q₁表示NPP物质量折合的热量（6.7 KJ/g）;Q₂表示标煤折合热量（10 KJ/g）;P表示标煤单位质量的交易价格。
2.3.2 土壤保持量估算模型 本文使用RUSLE^[14]模型,其估算公式为：
Am=R×K×C×LS×P（3）
AP=LS×K×R（4）
Ac=Ap-Am（5）
式中：A_m为土壤实际侵蚀量;A_p为土壤潜在侵蚀量;A_c为土壤保持量;K为土壤侵蚀因子;R为降雨侵蚀因子;C为植被覆盖因子;LS为坡度坡长因子;P为水土保持措施因子。
（1）K值。反映土壤的抗蚀能力,采用土壤有机碳含量和土壤颗粒分布进行估算。
（2）R值。基于实测数据的R值计算公式为：
R=∑i=112-1.5527+0.1792pi（6）
式中：p_i为第i月的降水量。
（3）C值。为植被覆盖与管理因子,估算方程为：
C=1f=00.6508-0.3436×f0<f≤78.3%0f>78.3%（7）
式中：f为植被覆盖度,其计算公式为：
f=NDVI-NDVIsoilNDVImax-NDVIsoil（8）
（4）LS值。可根据坡度和坡长计算得出,其计算公式为：
LS=λ22.13n65.41sin2θ+4.56sinθ+0.065（9）
式中：λ为坡长;θ为坡度;n为基于坡度的常数。
（5）P值。反映不同管理措施引起土壤流失量的差异。0≤P≤1,P=0表示有防侵蚀措施良好,P=1时表示无措施。
通过保持土壤肥力价值量、减少土地废弃价值量和减轻泥沙淤积的经济效益估算来得到土壤保持价值量。具体估算公式为：
Ef=∑AcCiPi/1000i=N,P,K（10）
Es=Ac×B/P/0.6/10000（11）
En=Ac×24%×C/P/10000（12）
式中： Ef为保护土壤肥力价值量; Es表示减少土地废弃价值量; En表示减轻泥沙淤积的经济效益;A_c为土壤保持量;C_i为土壤中氮、磷、钾的纯含量;P_i为氮、磷、钾的价格;B为林业年均收益;P为土壤的容重;C为建造水库工程费用。
2.3.3 食物供给计算模型 本文结合土地利用数据和统计年鉴数据,模拟研究区内各土地利用的食物总产值,实现食物供给的空间化。其计算公式为：
Gi=Ai×Ni（13）
Ni=FiSi（14）
式中：G_i为研究区栅格所对应的食物i的总产值（元）,A_i为每个格网中食物i占有的面积（km²）,N_i为食物i的单位面积产值（元/km²）。F_i为食物总产值（元）,S_i为各土地利用类型的总面积（km²）。食物总产值数据来源于《陕西省统计年鉴》,其中,农业总产值对应土地利用类型中耕地的面积,牧业总产值对应草地面积,渔业总产值对应水体面积。

3 结果分析

3.1 关中盆地生态系统服务的时空分布

本文估算了2000-2012年关中盆地NPP、土壤保持和食物供给三种生态系统服务的价值量（图2）,并对其空间分布和动态变化进行研究。结果显示研究区NPP单位面积年均价值量约为1720.495元/hm²,高值区主要分布在盆地边缘的山地,包括南部的秦岭、北部的北山,低值区主要分布在盆地中部,与研究区耕地及建筑用地的分布接近一致。在2000-2012年间,NPP单位面积价值量增长了316.271元/hm²,增幅为21%,盆地中部及南部部分山区NPP单位面积价值量降低,包括西安市和宝鸡市南部。宝鸡市西部NPP单位面积价值量明显增加。研究区土壤保持单位面积年均价值量约为768.889元/hm²,高值区主要分布在盆地南部的秦岭山地以及北部的北山,低值区分布在盆地中部,主要包括西安市城区、南市城区、咸阳市城区以及宝鸡市东部地区。土壤保持单位面积价值量增长了373.859元/hm²,增幅为46.7%,其中,增加较明显的区域是宝鸡市西部及东南部,而在铜川市和南市南部土壤单位面积价值量降低。关中盆地食物供给单位面积年均价值量约为167.874元/hm²,高值区分布在盆地中部的耕地,包括西安市与咸阳市的耕地地区,低值区分布在城市中心建设用地以及盆地边缘的山地地区,主要包括南部秦岭、铜川市以及西安市城区。食物供给单位面积价值量13年间增长了119.315元/hm²,增幅为245.7%,增长最为明显的区域是咸阳市的耕地地区,其次为宝鸡市北部和南市东部,而西安市城区周边、南市南部和铜川市食物供给单位面积价值量则显著减少。
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图22000-2012年关中盆地三种生态系统服务时空分布
-->Fig.2The temporal and spatial distribution of three ecosystem services in Guanzhong Basin from 2000 to 2012
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3.2 关中盆地不同地类生态系统服务的时空差异

在同样的土地利用类型中,不同生态系统服务的存在形式有所差异,而同样的生态系统服务在不同的土地利用类型中也是有差异的^[17]。本文结合土地利用数据,得到耕地、林地和草地中不同生态系统服务的均值,从而对不同土地利用类型的生态系统服务进行时空差异分析。通过ArcGIS软件中的采样功能,提取各种土地利用类型中三种生态系统服务大小,得到耕地、林地、草地上的NPP、土壤保持和食物供给三种生态系统服务,通过归一化将三种生态系统服务归一化到0~1,运用Python语言对数据进行处理并可视化,得到极坐标图,也称玫瑰图（图3）。由图3可以看出,耕地中食物供给量最高,NPP次之,土壤保持量最低;林地中土壤保持量最高,NPP次之,食物供给量最低;草地中土壤保持量最高,NPP次之,食物供给量最低。不同地类中NPP价值量表现为：林地>草地>耕地;土壤保持价值量表现为：林地>草地>耕地;食物供给价值量表现为：耕地>草地>林地。从动态变化来看,2000-2012年耕地中NPP和土壤保持价值量不断降低,食物供给价值量保持升高;13年来,林地中NPP和土壤保持价值量不断增长,食物供给表现为先增加后降低;草地中土壤保持在2000-2012年表现为先减后增,NPP持续增长,而食物供给价值量则有略微的降低。虽然从2000-2012年关中盆地耕地有所减少,但是由于现代农业技术发展迅速,使得粮食单位亩产量增加,这也是耕地中食物供给价值量近两年来不断增加的原因。
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图3关中盆地不同类型生态系统服务玫瑰图
-->Fig.3The rose map of ecosystem services in Guanzhong Basin from 2000 to 2012
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3.3 生态系统服务之间的权衡和协同关系

在ArcGIS软件中分别对关中盆地NPP、土壤保持和食物供给三种生态系统服务进行样点采集,首先通过创建渔网工具建立格网和点,共采集样点27758个,其次运用提取分析工具中的采样工具将2000-2012年三种生态系统服务的值分别赋值到各个点上,输出为表格,然后在R语言中通过corrgram函数和scatterplot Matrix函数对三种生态系统服务价值量做相关性分析,得到相关图（图4）和散点图矩阵（图5）。图4中蓝色表示正相关,红色表示负相关,颜色越深相关性越大。图5中主对角线上为核密度曲线和轴须图,横轴数据越密集,核密度曲线越接近峰值,表明该部分数据密度越大。其余图形为线性和平滑拟合曲线,通过线性和非线性拟合显示生态系统服务之间的相关情况。
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图42000-2012年关中盆地生态系统服务相关图
-->Fig.4The correlation of ecosystem services in Guanzhong Basin from 2000 to 2012
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图52000-2012年关中盆地生态系统服务散点图矩阵
-->Fig.5The scatter plot matrix of ecosystem services in Guanzhong Basin from 2000 to 2012
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图4中NPP与土壤保持呈正相关关系,NPP与食物供给呈负相关关系,土壤保持与食物供给呈负相关关系,其中NPP与食物供给的负相关性最强。从图5可以得出,NPP和土壤保持的数据点相对集中,而食物供给点则比较分散,NPP随着土壤保持的增加而增加,增幅较为明显,但随着食物供给的增加而减少,呈明显下降趋势,而土壤保持也随着食物供给的增加而减少,下降的趋势更为显著。通过相关图和散点图矩阵可以看出,NPP与土壤保持呈现协同关系,而NPP与食物供给、土壤保持与食物供给呈现权衡关系。

3.4 生态系统服务之间权衡和协同关系的动态变化

为了定量分析关中盆地生态系统服务之间的权衡和协同关系及其动态变化,本文以2000-2012年为时间序列,绘制了图6。图6中所有相关系数均通过了显著性检验,通过相关系数的动态变化趋势即可判断权衡和协同关系的动态变化。
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图62000-2012年关中盆地生态系统服务之间相关系数的动态变化
-->Fig.6The dynamic change of correlation coefficient between ecosystem services in Guanzhong Basin from 2000 to 2012
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从图6可以看出,NPP与土壤保持呈现明显的协同关系,相关系数最大值为0.411,最小值为0.064,标准差为0.122,波动幅度较大且呈明显的递减趋势,表明其协同关系在13年间表现出减弱的趋势;NPP与食物供给表现出权衡关系,相关系数最大值为-0.284,最小值为-0.469,标准差为0.064,波动幅度较弱且离散程度小,呈现出一定的递减趋势,表明NPP与食物供给的权衡关系在13年间逐渐增强;土壤保持和食物供给表现出权衡关系,相关系数最大值为-0.174,最小值为-0.377,标准差为0.06,波动幅度不大且离散程度远远低于NPP与食物供给变化的离散程度,呈现一定的递增趋势但幅度较小,表明13年来关中盆地土壤保持和食物供给的权衡关系基本保持稳定状态。总之,13年来关中盆地生态系统服务表现出权衡增强协同减弱的趋势。

3.5 生态系统服务权衡与协同关系动态变化的影响因素

生态系统服务之间权衡和协同关系的动态变化主要受两方面影响,即自然因素和人为因素。而权衡和协同关系主要是人类社会根据自身需求和价值理论对生态系统施加一定的干预而引起的生态系统服务之间的变化,是人类社会对自然生态系统施加影响的产物^[18,19],人为驱动成为生态系统服务关系变化的主要驱动力,加之本文主要研究了关中盆地13年间生态系统服务关系的动态变化,短期内生态系统的自然演替以及气候、土壤等自然因素并不能对其变化产生较大的影响。因此,本文主要探究人为作用下生态系统服务权衡和协同变化的影响因素,人为驱动力主要有政府管理政策的制定、人类活动以及市场调节措施等利益相关行为,而土地利用变化即为人为驱动力作用下最直接的表现结果,进而影响生态系统服务的权衡和协同^[20,21]。因此,土地利用变化成为影响生态系统服务关系变化的主要驱动因素之一。
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图72000-2012年关中盆地减少和增加的土地利用类型
-->Fig.7Decreased and increased land covers in Guanzhong Basin from 2000 to 2012
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表1为关中盆地土地利用变化幅度表。从表1可以看出,关中盆地减少最为明显的是耕地和林地,分别减少了0.96%和0.86%,其中耕地一直保持持续减少的趋势,而增加最为明显的是草地和建筑用地,分别增加了0.71%和0.72%,建筑用地面积的持续增长表明了近年来不断加快的城市化进程。图7为关中盆地2000-2012年增加和减少的土地利用类型图。从图7可以直观地看出,13年内在盆地中部耕地减少的面积和建筑用地增加的面积基本一致,以西安市和咸阳市城区周边最为明显,而城区周边减少的草地面积和增加的耕地面积分布基本一致,这表明当城市建设用地占用大量耕地之后,外围的草地成为耕作用地的首选,盆地边缘的山地地区林地面积明显减少,取而代之的是草地和部分耕地,尤以北部山区最为显著。整体而言,关中盆地林地和耕地面积的减少最为显著,而建设用地和草地面积的增幅比较大。
Tab.1
表1
表1关中盆地土地利用变化幅度表（%）
Tab.1Land use change in the Guanzhong Basin (%)

	耕地	林地	草地	水体	建设用地	未利用地
2000年	47.84	23.90	24.54	1.16	2.35	0.21
2006年	47.35	22.90	25.42	1.27	2.68	0.15
2012年	46.88	23.04	25.25	1.26	3.07	0.14
2000-2005年	↓-0.49	↓-1.00	↑0.88	↑0.11	↑0.33	↓-0.06
2006-2012年	↓-0.47	↑0.14	↓-0.17	↓-0.01	↑0.39	↓-0.01
2000-2012年	↓-0.96	↓-0.86	↑0.71	↑0.10	↑0.72	↓-0.07

注：↓表示土地利用变化呈减少趋势。
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与此同时,13年间研究区生态系统服务之间权衡和协同关系不断变化,尤以NPP与土壤保持协同关系的减小最为显著,这与林地和耕地面积的减少有关,短期的生态系统服务会对未来造成影响^[5],为了促进城市化的快速发展而牺牲大面积的林地和耕地,虽然短期内不会造成严重后果,但最终会对生态效应产生极大的消极影响^[22]。而研究区13年来生态系统服务协同关系的减弱和权衡关系的加强便是外部效应逐渐体现的结果,这违背了生态系统管理过程中减少冲突增加协同作用的目标。因此,需要制定并实施相应的管理政策来改变目前不合理的土地利用方式对生态系统服务权衡和协同关系产生的消极影响,从而在一定程度上缓解冲突的发生,使土地利用的总体效益达到最大^[23-26]。

4 结论与讨论

（1）关中盆地三种生态系统服务中,NPP价值量和土壤保持价值量高值区均分布在盆地边缘的山地地区,低值区集中在盆地中部,与研究区耕地和建筑用地分布接近一致,而食物供给价值量分布则与之相反,高值区分布在盆地中部,低值区集中于周围山地。2000-2012年13年间,关中盆地三种生态系统服务价值量均表现出递增的趋势。
（2）关中盆地中,NPP与食物供给、土壤保持与食物供给存在此消彼长的权衡关系,而NPP与土壤保持则表现出相互增益的协同关系,这也说明了调节型生态系统服务和供给型生态系统服务存在权衡关系。
（3）整体而言,13年来关中盆地生态系统服务呈现冲突加强协同减弱的趋势。2000-2012年,生态系统服务之间的权衡和协同关系存在一定的动态变化,NPP与土壤保持的协同关系波动幅度较大,且整体呈现递减的趋势;NPP与食物供给的权衡关系波动幅度较弱且离散程度小,权衡关系增强;土壤保持与食物供给的权衡关系则保持稳定。
（4）从土地利用变化的角度看,关中盆地城市化造成的耕地和林地的大量减少是生态系统服务权衡和协同关系发生变化的主要驱动因子。
本文主要讨论了生态系统服务权衡关系中的时间权衡,即现时的生态系统服务利用对未来造成的可能影响,例如短期内为追求经济利益而盲目扩大建设用地,造成了生态系统服务冲突不断增加、协同不断降低,对于空间权衡和可逆权衡还有待研究。权衡和协同关系与土地利用矛盾密不可分,相互影响,不仅土地利用变化会对生态系统服务的冲突和协同产生影响,权衡土地资源利用中各类冲突对于土地资源的使用也有很大的意义,了解土地资源的权衡和协同关系,可以更加精准的解决土地资源使用矛盾,避免由于人类忽略生态系统服务的内部作用而导致冲突的加深,从而使土地利用的整体效益达到最大化^[26-30]。
目前关于生态系统服务相互作用和相互联系的机理研究还远远不够,生态系统服务权衡和协同关系的变化特征有待进一步的归纳和总结,在各类生态系统服务影响因素研究的基础上,进一步探究其相互作用关系变化的驱动机制是本文下一步的研究方向。当然,地理环境的空间异质性会导致生态系统服务的权衡和协同关系动态变化出现尺度效应,需要基于小尺度、中尺度和大尺度地区来探讨其联系程度的增强或变弱,并根据不同尺度来探究和归纳其形成机制和驱动因子,从而为不同区域发展战略的制定提供一定的参考依据。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[9]	Kragt M E, Robertson M J.Quantifying ecosystem services trade-offs from agricultural practices. Ecological Economics, 2014, 102(2):147-157.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.04.001URL [本文引用: 1]摘要 The concept of ecosystem services (ESS) is widely used to highlight the interdependencies between agricultural and environmental systems. However, few studies have attempted to quantify the potential of agriculture to produce multiple ESS, and to estimate the possibilities for joint production of marketed and non-marketed ESS. A quantification of the trade-offs between non-marketed ESS and production of farm commodities (marketed ESS) may help to better target agricultural policies.
[10]	Tian Y C, Wang S J, Bai X Y, et al. Trade-offs among ecosystem services in a typical Karst watershed, SW China . Science of the Total Environment, 2016,566-567: 1297-1308.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.190URLPMID:27265738 [本文引用: 1]摘要 Nowadays, most research results on ecosystem services in Karst areas are limited to a single function of an ecosystem service. Few scholars conduct a comparative study on the mutual relationships among ecosystem services, let alone reveal the trade-off and synergic relationships in typical Karst watershed. This research aims to understand and quantitatively evaluate the relationships among ecosystem services in a typical Karst watershed, broaden the depth and width of trade-off and synergic relationships in ecosystem services and explore a set of technical processes involved in these relationships. With the Shibantang Karst watershed in China as the research site, we explore the trade-off and synergic relationships of net primary productivity (NPP), water yield, and sediment yield by coupling Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA), and simulating and evaluating these three ecosystem services between 2000 and 2010. Results of this study are as follows. (1) The annual average water yield decreased from 52802mm in 2000 to 51302mm in 2010, decreasing by 2.84%. (2) The annual average sediment yield decreased from 26.1502t/ha in 2000 to 23.8102t/ha in 2010, with an average annual reduction of 0.2302t/ha. (3) The annual average NPP increased from 739.3802g02C02m 61022 02a 61021 in 2000 to 746.2502g02C02m 61022 02a 61021 in 2010, increasing by 6.8702g02C02m 61022 02a 61021 . (4) Water yield and sediment yield are in a synergic relationship. The increase of water yield can accumulate the soil erosion amount. NPP is in a trade-off relationship with water yield and sediment yield. The improvement of NPP is good for decreasing water yield and soil erosion amount and increasing soil conservation amount. This study provides policy makers and planners an approach to develop an integrated model, as well as design mapping and monitoring protocols for land use change and ecosystem service assessments.
[11]	傅伯杰, 于丹丹. 生态系统服务权衡与集成方法 . 资源科学, 2016, 38(1): 1-9.https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2016.01.01URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要 生态系统服务是人类从生态系统中所获得的各种的惠益,自20世纪90年代提出后在国际上迅速成为生态学、地理学和环境科学等领域的研究前沿热点。联合国大会于2012年正式批准生物多样性与生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台（IPBES）建设,制定概念框架,确定近期研究主要任务包括三项快速的评估和两项政策决策性的评估。本文探索了生态系统服务权衡及区域集成方法,并以黄土高原地区为例进行了应用。研究结果表明,土地利用变化与土壤保持、碳固定具有正效应,与产水量间存在负效应;粮食生产能力与农业生产条件改善、人工投入增加和技术进步密切相关。生态系统服务之间的消长和权衡具有尺度依赖性,植被恢复的区域适宜性评价及水分效应方面还需要进一步研究。 [Fu Bojie, Yu Dandan.Trade-off analyses and synthetic integrated method of multiple ecosystem services. Resources Science, 2016, 38(1): 1-9.]https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2016.01.01URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要 生态系统服务是人类从生态系统中所获得的各种的惠益,自20世纪90年代提出后在国际上迅速成为生态学、地理学和环境科学等领域的研究前沿热点。联合国大会于2012年正式批准生物多样性与生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台（IPBES）建设,制定概念框架,确定近期研究主要任务包括三项快速的评估和两项政策决策性的评估。本文探索了生态系统服务权衡及区域集成方法,并以黄土高原地区为例进行了应用。研究结果表明,土地利用变化与土壤保持、碳固定具有正效应,与产水量间存在负效应;粮食生产能力与农业生产条件改善、人工投入增加和技术进步密切相关。生态系统服务之间的消长和权衡具有尺度依赖性,植被恢复的区域适宜性评价及水分效应方面还需要进一步研究。
[12]	陈仲新, 张新时. 中国生态系统效益的价值 . 科学通报, 2000, 45(1): 17-22.https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2000.01.004URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要 生态系统的功能与效益是地球生命支持系统的重要组成部分和社会与环境可持续发展的基本要素，对其进行价值评价是将其纳入社会经济体系与市场化的必要条件，也是使环境与生态系统保育引起社会重视的重要措施．参考Ｃｏｓｔａｎｚａ等人的分类方法与经济参数对中国生态系统功能与效益进行了价值估算．其中中国陆地生态系统的类型及其面积是根据１：４００００００中国植被图进行统计的，并据以绘制了中国陆地生态系统效益价值分布图．通过计算，我国生态系统效益的总价值是 ７７ ８３４．４８亿元人民币／年（以 １９９４年人民币为基准，下同）．其中，陆地生态系统效益价值为 ５６ ０９８．４６亿元／年；海洋生态系统效益价值为 ２１ ７３６．０２亿元／年．与我国年生产总值（ＧＤＰ， １９９４年）４５ ００６亿元相比，中国生态系统效益价值为ＧＤＰ的１．７３倍．其中森林的生态效益价值为 １５ ４３３．９８亿元／年，占全国年总效益价值的 ２７．５１％．湿地面积虽小，生态系统效益价值却甚高，可达 ２６ ７６３．９亿元／年．草地的生态系统效益价值为 ８ ６９７．６８亿元／年．近海海岸带的生态系统效益价值亦高达１２ ２２３．０４亿元／年．与全球相比，我国生态系统效益价值占全球的２． [Chen Zhongxin, Zhang Xinshi.The value of Chinese ecosystem services. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2000, 45(1): 17-22.]https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2000.01.004URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要 生态系统的功能与效益是地球生命支持系统的重要组成部分和社会与环境可持续发展的基本要素，对其进行价值评价是将其纳入社会经济体系与市场化的必要条件，也是使环境与生态系统保育引起社会重视的重要措施．参考Ｃｏｓｔａｎｚａ等人的分类方法与经济参数对中国生态系统功能与效益进行了价值估算．其中中国陆地生态系统的类型及其面积是根据１：４００００００中国植被图进行统计的，并据以绘制了中国陆地生态系统效益价值分布图．通过计算，我国生态系统效益的总价值是 ７７ ８３４．４８亿元人民币／年（以 １９９４年人民币为基准，下同）．其中，陆地生态系统效益价值为 ５６ ０９８．４６亿元／年；海洋生态系统效益价值为 ２１ ７３６．０２亿元／年．与我国年生产总值（ＧＤＰ， １９９４年）４５ ００６亿元相比，中国生态系统效益价值为ＧＤＰ的１．７３倍．其中森林的生态效益价值为 １５ ４３３．９８亿元／年，占全国年总效益价值的 ２７．５１％．湿地面积虽小，生态系统效益价值却甚高，可达 ２６ ７６３．９亿元／年．草地的生态系统效益价值为 ８ ６９７．６８亿元／年．近海海岸带的生态系统效益价值亦高达１２ ２２３．０４亿元／年．与全球相比，我国生态系统效益价值占全球的２．
[13]	Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends. 2nd ed.Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005. [本文引用: 1]
[14]	朱文泉. 中国陆地生态系统植被净初级生产力遥感估算及其与气候变化关系的研究 . 北京: 北京师范大学博士学位论文, 2005.URL [本文引用: 2]摘要 本文主要运用地理信息系统和遥感手段，利用AVHRR多时相遥感数据、气象数据及相关的植被生理生态统计资料，在建立陆地植被NPP遥感估算模型的基础之上，重建了中国陆地生态系统1982～2000年不同土地覆盖下NPP年际、年内变化的时空序列及演变模式；分析了过去19年来中国陆地生态系统NPP对区域温度、降水变化的响应方式及反馈机制，初步揭示了影响NPP变化的气候驱动力因子及机制，获得了以下主要结论。1NPP遥感估算模型本文所构建的NPP遥感估算模型体现了三方面的特色：(a)水分胁迫因子的计算更为简便，所反映的空间分布趋势也与实际情况比较符合；(b)在估算植... [Zhu Wenquan.Estimation of net primary productivity of Chinese terrestrial vegetation based on remote sensing and its relationship with global climate change. Beijing: Doctoral Dissertation of Beijing Normal University, 2005.]URL [本文引用: 2]摘要 本文主要运用地理信息系统和遥感手段，利用AVHRR多时相遥感数据、气象数据及相关的植被生理生态统计资料，在建立陆地植被NPP遥感估算模型的基础之上，重建了中国陆地生态系统1982～2000年不同土地覆盖下NPP年际、年内变化的时空序列及演变模式；分析了过去19年来中国陆地生态系统NPP对区域温度、降水变化的响应方式及反馈机制，初步揭示了影响NPP变化的气候驱动力因子及机制，获得了以下主要结论。1NPP遥感估算模型本文所构建的NPP遥感估算模型体现了三方面的特色：(a)水分胁迫因子的计算更为简便，所反映的空间分布趋势也与实际情况比较符合；(b)在估算植...
[15]	朱文泉, 潘耀忠, 张锦水. 中国陆地植被净初级生产力遥感估算 . 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(3): 413-424.https://doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2007.0050URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要 ？该文在综合分析已有光能利用率模型的基础上，构建了一个净初级生产力(NPP)遥感估算模型，该模型体现了3方面的特色：1)将植被覆盖分类引入模型，并考虑植被覆盖分类精度对NPP估算的影响，由它们共同决定不同植被覆盖类型的归一化植被指数(NDVI)最大值；2)根据误差最小的原则，利用中国的NPP实测数据，模拟出各植被类型的最大光能利用率，使之更符合中国的实际情况；3)根据区域蒸散模型来模拟水分胁迫因子，与土壤水分子模型相比，这在一定程度上对有关参数实行了简化，使其实际的可操作性得到加强。模拟结果表明，1989～1993年中国陆地植被NPP平均值为3.12PgC(1Pg=1015g)，NPP模拟值与观测值比较接近，690个实测点的平均相对误差为4.5%；进一步与其它模型模拟结果以及前人研究结果的比较表明，该文所构建的NPP遥感估算模型具有一定的可靠性，说明在区域及全球尺度上，利用地理信息系统技术将遥感数据和各种观测数据集成在一起，并对NPP模型进行参数校正，基本上可以实现全球范围不同生态系统NPP的动态监测。 [Zhu Wenquan, Pan Yaozhong, Zhang Jinshui.Estimation of net primary productivity of Chinese terrestrial vegetation based on remote sensing . Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(3): 413-424.]https://doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2007.0050URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要 ？该文在综合分析已有光能利用率模型的基础上，构建了一个净初级生产力(NPP)遥感估算模型，该模型体现了3方面的特色：1)将植被覆盖分类引入模型，并考虑植被覆盖分类精度对NPP估算的影响，由它们共同决定不同植被覆盖类型的归一化植被指数(NDVI)最大值；2)根据误差最小的原则，利用中国的NPP实测数据，模拟出各植被类型的最大光能利用率，使之更符合中国的实际情况；3)根据区域蒸散模型来模拟水分胁迫因子，与土壤水分子模型相比，这在一定程度上对有关参数实行了简化，使其实际的可操作性得到加强。模拟结果表明，1989～1993年中国陆地植被NPP平均值为3.12PgC(1Pg=1015g)，NPP模拟值与观测值比较接近，690个实测点的平均相对误差为4.5%；进一步与其它模型模拟结果以及前人研究结果的比较表明，该文所构建的NPP遥感估算模型具有一定的可靠性，说明在区域及全球尺度上，利用地理信息系统技术将遥感数据和各种观测数据集成在一起，并对NPP模型进行参数校正，基本上可以实现全球范围不同生态系统NPP的动态监测。
[16]	李金昌, 姜文来, 靳乐山, 等. 生态价值论 . 重庆: 重庆大学出版社, 1999.URL [本文引用: 1]摘要 进入二十世纪以来，生产力在全世界范围内获得了突飞猛进的发展，并具有了全球性的特征，不同国家的人们几乎毫无例外地把生产力的发展、物质财富的多寡作为衡量一个国家发展程度的硬性指标。与此同时，生态环境问题也日益凸显并愈演愈烈，基于对人类长远生存和发展的考虑，人们开始转向对自然环境、生态价值等问题的研究，但是在以往的研究过程中，人们要么过分看重和强调了自然的至上地位，忽视人的主体作用，要么把人的中心地位过分凸显，对生态环境价值的合理性重视不够。本文正是基于这样的现实情况，围绕着生态价值这一主题进行系统性阐释，力图较全面地... [Li Jinchang, Jiang Wenlai, Jin Leshan. Ecoogical Value Theory.Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 1999 .]URL [本文引用: 1]摘要 进入二十世纪以来，生产力在全世界范围内获得了突飞猛进的发展，并具有了全球性的特征，不同国家的人们几乎毫无例外地把生产力的发展、物质财富的多寡作为衡量一个国家发展程度的硬性指标。与此同时，生态环境问题也日益凸显并愈演愈烈，基于对人类长远生存和发展的考虑，人们开始转向对自然环境、生态价值等问题的研究，但是在以往的研究过程中，人们要么过分看重和强调了自然的至上地位，忽视人的主体作用，要么把人的中心地位过分凸显，对生态环境价值的合理性重视不够。本文正是基于这样的现实情况，围绕着生态价值这一主题进行系统性阐释，力图较全面地...
[17]	杨晓楠, 李晶, 秦克玉, 等. 关中—天水经济区生态系统服务的权衡关系 . 地理学报, 2015, 70(11): 1762-1773.https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201511006URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要 关中-天水经济区是西部大开发规划中提出的需要重点发展的第三个经济区，经济迅速发展的同时带给生态环境巨大压力，因此研究关中-天水经济区的生态系统服务变化以及生态系统服务之间的关系，对经济区的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文测算了2000年至2010年关中-天水经济区的净初级生产力（NPP）、保水量以及土壤侵蚀量——反映狭义上的保土服务功能（减少土壤侵蚀），引入玫瑰图以及生产可能性边界方法研究这三种生态系统服务之间的权衡和协同关系，并对2030年关中-天水经济区的土地利用类型进行情景模拟，在不同情景下研究净初级生产力（NPP）保水以及土壤侵蚀三者的空间分布和相互之间权衡和协同关系。结果表明：NPP与保水之间存在协同关系，NPP的增加会促进保水量的提高，反过来，保水量的增加有利于NPP的积累；NPP与土壤侵蚀以及保水与土壤侵蚀之间为权衡关系，NPP、保水的增长有利于减少土壤侵蚀，增加土壤保持量；保护情景下获得的NPP与保水量最多，土壤侵蚀量最少，是最优的土地利用类型方案，最有利于生态环境；不同情景下NPP与土壤侵蚀以及保水与土壤侵蚀之间也存在权衡关系。 [Yang Xiaonan, Li Jing, Qin Keyu, et al.Trade-offs between ecosystem services in Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Region. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(11): 1762-1773.]https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201511006URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要 关中-天水经济区是西部大开发规划中提出的需要重点发展的第三个经济区，经济迅速发展的同时带给生态环境巨大压力，因此研究关中-天水经济区的生态系统服务变化以及生态系统服务之间的关系，对经济区的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文测算了2000年至2010年关中-天水经济区的净初级生产力（NPP）、保水量以及土壤侵蚀量——反映狭义上的保土服务功能（减少土壤侵蚀），引入玫瑰图以及生产可能性边界方法研究这三种生态系统服务之间的权衡和协同关系，并对2030年关中-天水经济区的土地利用类型进行情景模拟，在不同情景下研究净初级生产力（NPP）保水以及土壤侵蚀三者的空间分布和相互之间权衡和协同关系。结果表明：NPP与保水之间存在协同关系，NPP的增加会促进保水量的提高，反过来，保水量的增加有利于NPP的积累；NPP与土壤侵蚀以及保水与土壤侵蚀之间为权衡关系，NPP、保水的增长有利于减少土壤侵蚀，增加土壤保持量；保护情景下获得的NPP与保水量最多，土壤侵蚀量最少，是最优的土地利用类型方案，最有利于生态环境；不同情景下NPP与土壤侵蚀以及保水与土壤侵蚀之间也存在权衡关系。
[18]	戴尔阜, 王晓莉, 朱健佳, 等. 生态系统服务权衡: 方法、模型与研究框架 . 地理研究, 2016, 35(6): 1005-1016.https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201606001URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要 生态系统服务之间存在着此消彼长的权衡关系或彼此增益的协同关系,科学理解和权衡这些作用关系有利于指导生态系统管理实践,也对实现社会经济发展和生态保护的"双赢"目标具有重要意义。系统梳理了国内外现有的生态系统服务权衡研究工作,归纳总结了权衡研究的主要方法:统计学、空间分析、情景模拟和服务流动性分析方法;对权衡研究中常用的生态系统服务权衡模型进行了机理介绍和应用分析;进一步提出了权衡研究的理论框架和重要切入点,即生态系统服务的时空尺度特征、相互作用、效益和驱动机制。对生态系统服务权衡未来的进一步深化研究进行了展望,旨在为国内相关研究提供启迪和参考。 [Dai Erfu, Wang Xiaoli, Zhu Jianjia, et al.Methods, tools and research framework of ecosystem service trade offs. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(6): 1005-1016.]https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201606001URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要 生态系统服务之间存在着此消彼长的权衡关系或彼此增益的协同关系,科学理解和权衡这些作用关系有利于指导生态系统管理实践,也对实现社会经济发展和生态保护的"双赢"目标具有重要意义。系统梳理了国内外现有的生态系统服务权衡研究工作,归纳总结了权衡研究的主要方法:统计学、空间分析、情景模拟和服务流动性分析方法;对权衡研究中常用的生态系统服务权衡模型进行了机理介绍和应用分析;进一步提出了权衡研究的理论框架和重要切入点,即生态系统服务的时空尺度特征、相互作用、效益和驱动机制。对生态系统服务权衡未来的进一步深化研究进行了展望,旨在为国内相关研究提供启迪和参考。
[19]	李双成, 张才玉, 刘金龙, 等. 生态系统服务权衡与协同研究进展及地理学研究议题 . 地理研究, 2013, 32(8): 1379-1390.URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要 由于生态系统服务的多样性、空间分布的不均衡性以及人类使用的选择性，在人为活动和自然因素作用下，服务之间的关系出现了此消彼长的权衡、相互增益的协同等变化。理解服务权衡与协同的表现类型、形成机理、尺度依存和区域差异，对于制定区域发展与生态保护“双赢”的政策措施具有重要意义。从相互作用与联系、类型与形成机制、研究方法与工具、尺度效应以及不确定性等方面评述了生态系统服务权衡与协同的国内外研究进展和局限性，并对研究趋势进行了展望。在此基础上，提出从地理学视角研究生态系统服务权衡与协同的主要议题，包括服务供需的时空异质性、权衡与协同的形成机制、尺度依存和区域差异等。可为拓展生态系统服务权衡与协同研究的深度和广度，提升地理学综合研究水平提供借鉴与参考。 [Li Shuangcheng, Zhang Caiyu, Liu Jinlong, et al.The trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services: Research progress, development trend, and themes of geography. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(8): 1379-1390.]URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要 由于生态系统服务的多样性、空间分布的不均衡性以及人类使用的选择性，在人为活动和自然因素作用下，服务之间的关系出现了此消彼长的权衡、相互增益的协同等变化。理解服务权衡与协同的表现类型、形成机理、尺度依存和区域差异，对于制定区域发展与生态保护“双赢”的政策措施具有重要意义。从相互作用与联系、类型与形成机制、研究方法与工具、尺度效应以及不确定性等方面评述了生态系统服务权衡与协同的国内外研究进展和局限性，并对研究趋势进行了展望。在此基础上，提出从地理学视角研究生态系统服务权衡与协同的主要议题，包括服务供需的时空异质性、权衡与协同的形成机制、尺度依存和区域差异等。可为拓展生态系统服务权衡与协同研究的深度和广度，提升地理学综合研究水平提供借鉴与参考。
[20]	李鹏, 姜鲁光, 封志明, 等. 生态系统服务竞争与协同研究进展 . 生态学报, 2012, 32(16): 5220-5229.https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201109161360URL [本文引用: 1]摘要 生态系统服务作为生态系统评估的核心领域,是生态学的研究热点. 生态系统提供服务的形式与能力受人类活动强烈影响,反之,生态系统服务的变化又影响着人类相关决策的制定.不同生态系统服务之间很难甚至不可能同时达到利 益最大化,即存在着不同程度此消彼长的竞争关系.此外,不同生态系统服务之间也可能形成相互促进或抑制的协同作用.探讨不同生态系统服务的相互关系(竞争 与协同作用),有利于揭示不同尺度利益相关方与生态系统服务之间的作用与反馈机制,避免生态系统服务的重复估算；同时可为制定与实施生态补偿、提高人类福 祉提供科学依据,优化生态系统服务管理.综合研究了近期国外生态系统服务竞争关系与协同作用的相关文献,在简述当前生态系统服务研究若干问题的基础上,以 生态系统服务竞争与协同为视角,厘清了生态系统服务竞争与协同的基本内涵,总结了生态系统服务竞争与协同的主要类型,探讨了生态系统服务竞争与协同的空间 与时间尺度效应；介绍并总结了生态系统服务竞争与协同两种主要研究方法(生态-经济综合模型方法、基于土地利用的情景分析法)的特点与适应范围. [Li Peng, Jiang Luguang, Feng Zhiming, et al.Research progress on trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services: An overview. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(16): 5220-5229.]https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201109161360URL [本文引用: 1]摘要 生态系统服务作为生态系统评估的核心领域,是生态学的研究热点. 生态系统提供服务的形式与能力受人类活动强烈影响,反之,生态系统服务的变化又影响着人类相关决策的制定.不同生态系统服务之间很难甚至不可能同时达到利 益最大化,即存在着不同程度此消彼长的竞争关系.此外,不同生态系统服务之间也可能形成相互促进或抑制的协同作用.探讨不同生态系统服务的相互关系(竞争 与协同作用),有利于揭示不同尺度利益相关方与生态系统服务之间的作用与反馈机制,避免生态系统服务的重复估算；同时可为制定与实施生态补偿、提高人类福 祉提供科学依据,优化生态系统服务管理.综合研究了近期国外生态系统服务竞争关系与协同作用的相关文献,在简述当前生态系统服务研究若干问题的基础上,以 生态系统服务竞争与协同为视角,厘清了生态系统服务竞争与协同的基本内涵,总结了生态系统服务竞争与协同的主要类型,探讨了生态系统服务竞争与协同的空间 与时间尺度效应；介绍并总结了生态系统服务竞争与协同两种主要研究方法(生态-经济综合模型方法、基于土地利用的情景分析法)的特点与适应范围.
[21]	饶胜, 林泉, 王夏晖, 等. 正蓝旗草地生态系统服务权衡研究 . 干旱区资源与环境, 2015, 29(3): 81-85.https://doi.org/10.13448/j.cnki.jalre.2015.084URL [本文引用: 1]摘要 为权衡利用草地生态系统服务功能,实现草地生态系统的价值最大化,文中运用极值法构建了正蓝旗草地生态系统服务的权衡利用模型,以生物量作为决定生态系统服务价值的关键变量,对区域草地生态系统服务功能的利用进行了权衡分析。结果表明:当典型草原复合草原70%的生物量,湿地草甸65%的生物量,低山丘陵典型草原60%的生物量,低山丘陵湿地草甸55%的生物量,沙丘间平原典型草原15%的生物量用于畜产品供给功能时,区域生态系统服务价值最大。极值权衡分析方法能为正蓝旗草畜平衡政策和生态补偿政策的制定提供一定的科学依据。 [Rao Sheng, Lin Quan, Wang Xiahui, et al.The trade-off between grassland ecosystem services in Zhenglan Banner. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2015, 29(3): 81-85.]https://doi.org/10.13448/j.cnki.jalre.2015.084URL [本文引用: 1]摘要 为权衡利用草地生态系统服务功能,实现草地生态系统的价值最大化,文中运用极值法构建了正蓝旗草地生态系统服务的权衡利用模型,以生物量作为决定生态系统服务价值的关键变量,对区域草地生态系统服务功能的利用进行了权衡分析。结果表明:当典型草原复合草原70%的生物量,湿地草甸65%的生物量,低山丘陵典型草原60%的生物量,低山丘陵湿地草甸55%的生物量,沙丘间平原典型草原15%的生物量用于畜产品供给功能时,区域生态系统服务价值最大。极值权衡分析方法能为正蓝旗草畜平衡政策和生态补偿政策的制定提供一定的科学依据。
[22]	Jia X Q, Fu B J, Feng X M, et al.The trade-off and synergy between ecosystem services in the Grain-for-Green areas in Northern Shaanxi. Ecological Indicators, 2014, 43(3): 103-113.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.02.028URL [本文引用: 1]摘要 As an important part of the strategy of Western development, the Grain-for-Green Program (GFGP) was initiated to protect the environment and mitigate disasters. Ecosystem services and their dynamics are considered emerging features of ecological quality and the change in direction by many scholars and practitioners. Extending from ecosystem services (ESs) modeling, we propose a simple and feasible framework for quantitatively assessing the benefits and equilibrium of the consequences of the GFGP. Our starting evaluation shows that ESs has changed dramatically in the GFGP area. By fitting pair-wise ESs' spatial concordances at the grid-cell level, we have revealed the tradeoffs between provisioning and regulating services and the synergies between the regulating services. The analysis of the variability of the relationship between ESs on different land cover types clearly identifies the vegetation that has produced exceptionally strong ESs. Our findings suggest that quantifying the interactions between ESs may improve the ecosystem-based management practices and support policy-making to address the challenges of the sustainable use of natural resources. The framework designed for regional-scale analysis can help in clearly understanding the interrelations of ESs and make natural resources related decisions more effective and efficient, although this framework still needs to move beyond these fundamental and illustrative analyses to more fully explain the synergies and tradeoffs. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
[23]	Balbi S, Prado A D, Gallejones P, et al.Modeling trade-offs among ecosystem services in agricultural production systems. Environmental Modelling & Software, 2015, 72: 314-326.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.12.017URL [本文引用: 1]摘要 ABSTRACT Although agricultural ecosystems can provide humans with a wide set of benefits agricultural production system management is mainly driven by food production. As a consequence, a need to ensure food security globally has been accompanied by a significant decline in the state of ecosystems. In order to reduce negative trade-offs and identify potential synergies it is necessary to improve our understanding of the relationships between various ecosystem services (ES) as well as the impacts of farm management on ES provision. We present a spatially explicit application that captures and quantifies ES trade-offs in the crop systems of Llanada Alavesa in the Basque Country. Our analysis presents a quantitative assessment of selected ES including crop yield, water supply and quality, climate regulation and air quality. The study is conducted using semantic meta-modeling, a technique that enables flexible integration of models to overcome the service-by-service modeling approach applied traditionally in ES assessment.
[24]	Jopke C, Kreyling J, Maes J, et al.Interactions among ecosystem services across Europe: Bagplots and cumulative correlation coefficients reveal synergies, trade-offs, and regional patterns . Ecological Indicators., 2015, 49(49): 46-52.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.09.037URL摘要 ABSTRACT Understanding interactions of ecosystem service pairs and bundles is vital for making reasonable decisions in ecosystem management. Often, interaction analyses use linear correlation coefficients in order to identify trade-offs and synergies. Due to non-linear relations between ecosystem services in many cases, only weak interdependencies are revealed by this approach. For this reason we adopted nonparametric statistics, specifically bagplots (bivariate boxplots), for analyzing ecosystem service interactions. We demonstrate that bagplots complement correlation coefficients in assessing ecosystem services at NUTS 3 level across Europe and use them for mapping geographical patterns. In addition we suggest a new measure, which is the cumulative correlation coefficient R to rank the ecosystem services based on their synergies and trade-offs. We found that crop capacity is clearly the most conflicting ecosystem service, and carbon storage the one with the highest synergistic value. We conclude that bagplots allow insights into the relationships between ecosystems services beyond the highly aggregated correlation coefficients. In addition the new standardized measure - cumulative R - could support monitoring of trade-offs and synergies in time for a given study region or comparing study regions with respect to their frictions in ecosystem services supply.
[25]	Yang G F, Ge Y, Xue H, et al.Using ecosystem service bundles to detect trade-offs and synergies across urban-rural complexes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2015, 136: 110-121.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.12.006URL摘要 Understanding the relationships among ecosystem services is crucial for ecosystem-based management (EBM). In urbanized areas, improving human well-being increasingly depends on the services provided by human-dominated or artificial ecosystems. However, there is little understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services of human-dominated ecosystems. Based on the methodology of ecosystem service bundles (sets of ecosystem services that repeatedly appear together), we conducted a case study in 22 urban-搑ural complexes across the Yangtze River Delta, the most developed area of China, to explore the spatial distributions, synergies, and trade-offs of multiple ecosystem services. Results showed that: (1) most of the selected ecosystem services were spatially clumped across the study area, and the distribution of ecosystem services contributes to the formation of scale effect in economy for the provision of services; (2) ecosystem service bundles aggregated spatially at the city cluster scale, implying the aggregate feature of bundles might be scale free; (3) trade-offs occurred mainly between land-dependent services (such as crop production and water supply), while synergies occurred mainly between land-independent services (such as manufactured products and students of higher education), and there were no significant relationships between landdependent and land-independent services; (4) compared with geographic factors, socio-economic factors were the major drivers in the formation of ecosystem service bundles in the heavy urbanized region of the Yangtze River Delta. The study could improve the understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services from local to regional scales.
[26]	Bennett E M, Peterson G D, Gordon L J.Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Ecology Letters, 2009, 12(12): 1394-1404.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.xURLPMID:19845725 [本文引用: 2]摘要 Ecosystem management that attempts to maximize the production of one ecosystem service often results in substantial declines in the provision of other ecosystem services. For this reason, recent studies have called for increased attention to development of a theoretical understanding behind the relationships among ecosystem services. Here, we review the literature on ecosystem services and propose a typology of relationships between ecosystem services based on the role of drivers and the interactions between services. We use this typology to develop three propositions to help drive ecological science towards a better understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Research which aims to understand the relationships among multiple ecosystem services and the mechanisms behind these relationships will improve our ability to sustainably manage landscapes to provide multiple ecosystem services.
[27]	Lee M Y.Economic trade-offs in the Gulf of Maine ecosystem: Herring and whale-watching. Marine Policy, 2010, 34(1): 156-162.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2009.06.001URLMagsci摘要 ABSTRACT This research attempts to quantify some of the effects of localized depletion of herring by examining the search times of commercial whale-watching vessels. Whale-watching vessels are indirect users of herring; whales feed on herring and may disperse when prey availability is low. A dataset of daily whale-watching outcomes is combined with fishing effort and oceanographic data to test the hypothesis that intensive fishing effort increases the search time of whale-watching companies. Our results suggest that fishing may have a detrimental impact on search time; however, the magnitude of this effect is fairly small. We find policy that the recently enacted policy which prohibits fishing for herring in whale-watching areas would decrease search times by a small amount. We find some evidence of a localized aggregation effect; search times are the lowest when herring are spawning in the inshore areas. These results should be of interest to policymakers in determining future fishing regulations in an ecosystem-based fisheries management context.
[28]	Goldstein J H, Caldarone G, Duarte T K, et al.Integrating ecosystem-service trade-offs into land-use decisions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 2012, 109(19): 7565-7570.URL
[29]	Raudsepphearne C, Peterson G D, Bennett E M.Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing trade-offs in diverse landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010, 107(11): 5242-5247.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907284107URLPMID:2841950摘要 A key challenge of ecosystem management is determining how to manage multiple ecosystem services across landscapes. Enhancing important provisioning ecosystem services, such as food and timber, often leads to tradeoffs between regulating and cultural ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, flood protection, and tourism. We developed a framework for analyzing the provision of multiple ecosystem services across landscapes and present an empirical demonstration of ecosystem service bundles, sets of services that appear together repeatedly. Ecosystem service bundles were identified by analyzing the spatial patterns of 12 ecosystem services in a mixed-use landscape consisting of 137 municipalities in Quebec, Canada. We identified six types of ecosystem service bundles and were able to link these bundles to areas on the landscape characterized by distinct social-ecological dynamics. Our results show landscape-scale tradeoffs between provisioning and almost all regulating and cultural ecosystem services, and they show that a greater diversity of ecosystem services is positively correlated with the provision of regulating ecosystem services. Ecosystem service-bundle analysis can identify areas on a landscape where ecosystem management has produced exceptionally desirable or undesirable sets of ecosystem services.
[30]	Daily G C, Matson P A.Ecosystem services: From theory to implementation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2008, 105(28): 9455-9456.URLPMID:3289788978145219432608945929222322221862169787047978174759665075 [本文引用: 1]