武仙竹1,2,,,
张自强3,
李慧萍3,
郭强3
1. 重庆师范大学历史与社会学院, 重庆 401331
2. 中俄科技考古研究所, 重庆 401331
3. 河南省新乡市文物考古研究所, 河南 新乡 453000
基金项目: 国家社会科学基金项目"小型哺乳动物考古技术的研究与实践"（批准号：17BKG004）资助
详细信息
作者简介: 王照魁, 男, 29岁, 博士研究生, 旧石器时代考古与动物考古研究, E-mail:1129806981@qq.com
通讯作者: 武仙竹, E-mail:1152682699@qq.com
中图分类号: K854;K878.8收稿日期:2020-06-29
修回日期:2020-09-25
刊出日期:2021-01-30
Research on the animal remains of the Myospalax Laxmann in the Han Tomb of Xinxiang, Henan Province
WANG Zhaokui1,,WU Xianzhu1,2,,,
ZHANG Ziqiang3,
LI Huiping3,
GUO Qiang3
1. College of History and Society, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331
2. The Sino-Russia Archaeometry Institute, Chongqing 401331
3. Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Xinxiang City, Xinxiang 453000, Henan
More Information
Corresponding author: WU Xianzhu,E-mail:1152682699@qq.com
MSC: K854;K878.8--> Received Date: 29 June 2020
Revised Date: 25 September 2020
Publish Date: 30 January 2021
摘要
摘要:河南省新乡市汉代空心砖墓考古中，发现有中华鼢鼠（Myospalax fontanieri）、东北鼢鼠（Myospalax psilurus）这2种小哺乳动物标本。可鉴定标本数（NISP）总计40件，中华鼢鼠、东北鼢鼠最小个体数（MNI）均为3。中华鼢鼠下臼齿嚼面视齿脊排列呈斜"ω"形，m1舌侧3个凹角（凹沟），唇侧2个凹角；m3、m3舌侧和唇侧均有2个凹角。中华鼢鼠上门齿宽3.00~3.10 mm。上第3臼齿长2.74~3.20 mm，宽1.86~2.08 mm。下齿缺长6.50 mm，m1~m3总长11.30 mm。下门齿宽2.76~3.00 mm。m1长4.40~4.64 mm，宽2.76~3.00 mm。m2长3.80~3.84 mm，宽2.36~2.80 mm。m3长2.50~2.76 mm，宽1.80 mm。东北鼢鼠下门齿釉质颜色比中华鼢鼠略浅。下门齿小于中华鼢鼠，m3后端退化状态也比中华鼢鼠明显。东北鼢鼠下齿缺长6.16 mm，m1~m3总长12.58 mm。上门齿宽2.36~2.60 mm。下门齿宽2.26~2.40 mm。m1长4.52 mm、宽2.40 mm，m2长3.80 mm、宽2.20 mm，m3长2.90 mm、宽1.90 mm。我国历史时期田野考古中，小哺乳动物标本采集及研究工作很少。新乡地区现今仍生活有中华鼢鼠、东北鼢鼠，但其在历史时期生存情况未有过考古研究。该次在新乡汉墓中发现中华鼢鼠、东北鼢鼠，是新乡地区考古中首次发现鼢鼠遗骸，同时也是我国新石器时代及其以后历史时期考古中发现鼢鼠属材料最多的地点。本研究工作反映，小哺乳动物考古应在我国考古发掘中受到更多重视。新乡汉墓中华鼢鼠、东北鼢鼠遗存的发现，指示该地区现今肥沃的砂质耕地和林灌植被等在汉代时已经是人们稳定的生态背景和自然环境。中华鼢鼠、东北鼢鼠均是习于独栖的穴居动物，这些动物个体集中出现在汉墓中，应是当时古居民捕食及随葬文化造成的结果。这是我国新石器时代及其以后历史时期考古中首次确定古代居民对中华鼢鼠、东北鼢鼠进行捕食现象，以及利用中华鼢鼠、东北鼢鼠进行随葬的考古学文化现象。
关键词: 汉墓/
鼢鼠/
动物考古/
新乡市
Abstract:During the archaeological excavation of the hollow brick tombs of the Han Dynasty(35.0°19'89″N, 113.7°62'53″E) in Xinxiang City, Henan Province, we found two small mammal specimens-Myospalax fontanieri and Myospalax psilurus and 41 NISP could be identified. The MNI of the two types of specimens were both three. The shape of the tooth ridge arrangement of the Myospalax fontanieri was an oblique "ω" shape, which was viewing from the chewing surface. The m1 of the Myospalax fontanieri had three lingual re-entrant angles and two buccal re-entrant angles. There were both 2 re-entrant angles on m3 and the lingual and labial sides of m3. The width of the incisors of Myospalax fontanieri was 3.00~3.10 mm. The length of M3s of Myospalax fontanieri was 2.74~3.20 mm, and the width was 1.86~2.08 mm. The length of diastema on the mandibula of Myospalax fontanieri was 6.50 mm and the length of m1~m3 was 11.30 mm. The width of the incisors of Myospalax fontanieri was 2.76~3.00 mm. The length of m1s of Myospalax fontanieri was 4.40~4.64 mm and the width was 2.76~3.00 mm. The length of m2 of Myospalax fontanieri was 3.80~3.84 mm and the width was 2.36~2.80 mm. The length of m3 of Myospalax fontanieri was 2.50~2.76 mm and the width was 1.80 mm. The enamel color of the lower incisor of the Myospalax psilurus was a little bit lighter than that of the Myospalax fontanieri. The lower incisors were smaller than the Myospalax fontanieri. The degenerative state of the rear end of m3 was also more obvious than the Myospalax fontanieri. The length of diastema on the mandibula of Myospalax psilurus was 6.16 mm and the length of m1~m3 was 12.58 mm. The width of the Incisors of Myospalax psilurus was 2.36~2.60 mm and the width of the incisors was 2.26~2.40 mm. The length of m1 of Myospalax psilurus was 4.52 mm and the width was 2.40 mm. The length of m2 of Myospalax psilurus was 3.80 mm and the width was 2.20 mm. The length of m3 of Myospalax psilurus was 2.90 mm and the width was 1.90 mm. Review the history of field archaeology in China, the collection and research of small mammal specimens are still rare. Until now, the Myospalax fontanieri and Myospalax psilurus are still living in Xinxiang area, but there is no archaeological research on their survival situation in the historical period. The discovery of the Myospalax fontanieri and Myospalax psilurus in the Han Tomb of Xinxiang this time is the first time to discover the remains of the two types of Myospalax in Xinxiang area's archaeology. It's also the site with the most material found in the Neolithic Age and the subsequent historical period in China. Through this research work, the small mammal archaeological excavations should be got more attention. The discovery of remains of Myospalax fontanieri and Myospalax psilurus in Xinxiang Han tomb indicates that the fertile sandy arable land and forest irrigation vegetation in this area have been a stable ecological background and natural environment for people since the Han Dynasty. The Myospalax fontanieri and the Myospalax psilurus are both burrowing animals, they are used to living alone. The discovery of these individual animals, which appeared in the Han tombs, should be the result of predation and burial culture of ancient residents at that time. This discovery is also the first time to provide that the ancient residents hunted the Myospalax fontanieri and the Myospalax psiluruss as food and used them as the furnerary objects in the archaeology fields after the Neolithic Age and later historical periods in China.
Key words:Han Tomb/
Myospalax/
zooarchaeology/
Xinxiang City
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