胡耀武^1,2,3,4,,,
张昕煜^5,3,4,
王婷婷^6,3,4,
杨岐黄⁷,
胡松梅^7,,
1. 复旦大学文物与博物馆学系, 上海 200433
2. 复旦大学科技考古研究院, 上海 200433
3. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所, 中国科学院古脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室, 北京 100044
4. 中国科学院大学考古学与人类学系, 北京 100049
5. 中国国家博物馆, 北京 100006
6. 中山大学社会学与人类学学院, 广东 广州 510275
7. 陕西省考古研究院, 陕西 西安 710054

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（批准号：41373018和41773008）和国家社科基金重大项目（批准号：18ZDA218）共同资助


详细信息

作者简介: 胡耀武, 男, 47岁, 教授, 生物考古研究,E-mail:ywhu@fudan.edu.cn

通讯作者: 胡耀武, E-mail:ywhu@fudan.edu.cn; 胡松梅, E-mail:940779538@qq.com

中图分类号: K872;Q915.2⁺3;P597⁺.2

收稿日期:2019-09-20
修回日期:2019-12-08
刊出日期:2020-03-25

Raising patterns of domestic animals at the Xinglefang site, Huayin County, Shaanxi and their contribution to human meat resources

Hu Yaowu^1,2,3,4,,,
Zhang Xinyu^5,3,4,
Wang Tingting^6,3,4,
Yang Qihuang⁷,
Hu Songmei^7,,
1. Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433
2. Institute of Archaeological Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433
3. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute Vertebrate Paleontology of Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
4. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
5. National Museum of China, Beijing 100006
6. School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong
7. Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi


More Information

Corresponding authors: Hu Yaowu,E-mail:ywhu@fudan.edu.cn ; Hu Songmei,E-mail:940779538@qq.com

MSC: K872;Q915.2⁺3;P597⁺.2

--> Received Date: 20 September 2019
Revised Date: 08 December 2019
Publish Date: 25 March 2020


摘要
摘要:通过动物骨的稳定同位素（C、N）分析，揭示家养动物的饲养模式及对先民肉食资源的贡献，是动物考古研究的重要组成之一。关中地区，是庙底沟文化（约5500年前）的主要核心分布区域之一。目前，对该地区和该时间段内家养动物的饲养模式及对先民肉食资源的贡献，尚缺乏足够的认识。为此，本文对陕西兴乐坊遗址出土动物与人骨开展了C、N稳定同位素分析，并对其中4个猪骨进行AMS-¹⁴C测年。同位素数据结果显示：野生动物（獐、青羊、梅花鹿）栖息于C₃类的植被环境，家养动物（猪、狗）和人，则主要以C₄类为食。3个猪个体的年代为5449~5300 cal.B.P.，而1个猪个体年代偏晚（4089~3985 cal.B.P.），其同位素数据也异于其他个体。结合该遗址的植物考古资料（粟和黍具有高的出土概率），认为：家养动物（猪和狗）饲喂了大量以粟类作物的副产品或者人类的残羹冷炙（粪便）。根据食物链从生产者至消费者的同位素分馏效应（δ¹³C值约富集1‰，δ¹⁵N值约富集3‰~5‰），比较了先民与野生动物以及家养动物的同位素数据，发现先民与猪的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值的差异最小（0.2‰和1.9‰），这反映了先民的肉食资源应主要源于家猪。家猪的饲养和管理，为庙底沟文化的快速发展奠定了深厚的物质和经济基础。此外，1例梅花鹿角具有偏正的δ¹³C值（-13.2‰），暗示发达的粟作农业还为先民尝试驯养其他野生动物（如鹿）提供了可能。
关键词: 兴乐坊遗址/
庙底沟文化/
C、N稳定同位素分析/
家养动物饲养模式/
粟作农业

Abstract:Miaodigou culture, ca. 5500 a B.P., is one of the highly developed prehistoric cultures during the Neolithic in North China. To date, the raising patterns of domestic animals and their contributions to human meat resources during this period remain unclear. In this paper, we undertook the stable isotope(C, N)analysis of animal and human bones or antler and AMS-¹⁴C dating measurements of four pig bones from the Xinglefang site(34.54°N, 109.99°E), Huayin County, Shaanxi in the Guangzhong Basin, one of core areas of Miaodigou culture geographic distribution. The dating result shows that three pigs were dated to 5449~5300 cal.a B.P. except one dating to 4089~3985 cal.a B.P. The δ¹³C values of roe deer (Hydropotes inermis) and goral (Naemorhedus goral) are -19.6±0.6‰ (n=3) and -19.6‰ (n=1) while the δ¹⁵N values are 4.6±1.6‰ (n=3) and 4.0‰ (n=1) respectively, indicating that they mainly inhabited in C₃ vegetation. Two sika deer(Cervus nippon)had different isotopic data, one close to those from the roe deer and goral and the other from antler enriched with carbon isotope ratios substantially. On the other hand, the domestic animals and the human individual have higher δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values than the above wild animals. The δ¹³C values of domestic pigs(Sus scrofa domesticus)and dogs(Canis lupus familiaris)are avarged by -8.6±1.3‰ (n=11)except one outlier with the late date and low isotopic values and -11.1±0.0‰ (n=2)while the mean δ¹⁵N values are 8.1±0.5‰ (n=11)and 8.1±0.6‰ (n=2) respectively. The human individual has the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of -8.4‰ and 10.0‰. In combination with the archaeobotanic evidence indicating that the millets, including the foxtail millet(Setaria italica)and common millet(Panicum miliaceum), were dominant in the flora assemblage at the site, we can infer that the domestic animals consumed large quantity of millet byproducts-based fodders or refuse and that the human individual relied heavily on millets and/or millets-based animal protein. Based on the principle that the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values are enriched by 1‰ and 3‰~5‰ between the producers and the consumers, the smallest isotopic spacing between the human and pigs(0.2‰ for δ¹³C and 1.9‰ for δ¹⁵N)strongly suggests that the pigs contributed largely to human meat resources. Combining the previously published data of humans during the Miaodigou culture period, we believe that the domestic pig husbandry raised by the millet byproducts or human leftover provided the necessary material and economic bases for the development of Miaodigou culture. In addition, the millet agriculture made it possible for humans to control or tame other wild animals, such as sika deer, for specific purpose.
Key words:Xinglefang site/
Miaodigou culture/
stable isotope (C, N) analysis/
raising patterns of domestic animals/
millet agriculture



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