王灿^1,,
吕厚远^2,3,4,
顾万发⁵,
吴乃琴^2,4,6,
张健平^2,3,
左昕昕⁷,
李丰江²,
汪道京²,
董亚杰²,
汪松枝⁵,
刘彦锋⁵,
鲍颖建⁸,
胡亚毅⁵
1. 河北师范大学历史文化学院, 河北 石家庄 050024
2. 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 中国科学院新生代地质与环境重点实验室, 北京 100029
3. 中国科学院青藏高原地球科学卓越创新中心, 北京 100101
4. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
5. 郑州市文物考古研究院, 河南 郑州 450052
6. 中国科学院地球科学研究院, 北京 100029
7. 福建师范大学地理科学学院, 福建 福州 350007
8. 河南师范大学历史文化学院, 河南 新乡 453007

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(批准号:41701233、41830322和41430103)、河北省高等学校青年拔尖人才计划项目(批准号:BJ2018118)、河北师范大学博士科研启动基金项目(批准号:L2018B31)和中国科学院(B类)先导科技专项培育项目(批准号:XDPB0503)共同资助


详细信息

作者简介: 王灿, 男, 31岁, 讲师, 环境考古专业, E-mail:shandawangcan@163.com

中图分类号: K878;Q949.71⁺4.2;P534.63⁺2

收稿日期:2018-06-11
修回日期:2018-10-20
刊出日期:2019-01-30

Spatial-temporal evolution of agriculture and factors influencing it during the mid-Holocene in Zhengzhou area, China

Wang Can^1,,
Lü Houyuan^2,3,4,
Gu Wanfa⁵,
Wu Naiqin^2,4,6,
Zhang Jianping^2,3,
Zuo Xinxin⁷,
Li Fengjiang²,
Wang Daojing²,
Dong Yajie²,
Wang Songzhi⁵,
Liu Yanfeng⁵,
Bao Yingjian⁸,
Hu Yayi⁵
1. School of History and Culture, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei
2. Key Laboratory of Cenozoic and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
3. CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Beijing 100101
4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
5. Zhengzhou Municipal Institute of Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan
6. Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
7. School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian
8. The School of History and Culture, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan


MSC: K878;Q949.71⁺4.2;P534.63⁺2

--> Received Date: 11 June 2018
Revised Date: 20 October 2018
Publish Date: 30 January 2019


摘要
摘要:郑州地区地处中原腹地，是我国旱作农业起源和稻作农业早期传播的重要区域之一，在华夏文明形成与发展过程中具有非常重要的地位。然而，由于区域性系统植物考古研究较少，目前全新世中期郑州地区古代农业的时空演变过程及其影响因素仍不清晰。文章在郑州地区选择位于不同地貌部位、不同等级规模的13处裴李岗-仰韶文化遗址进行系统采样，通过植硅体分析和AMS ¹⁴C测年，揭示出郑州地区在裴李岗文化和仰韶文化中晚期均属于以黍为主的稻-旱混作的农业模式，其形成得益于全新世适宜期暖湿气候下的稻作北传。裴李岗时期，黍粟旱作分布在浅山丘陵区的黄土台塬沟谷地带，稻-旱混作仅存在于冲积平原，农业模式的选择主要受地形和水文因素影响；仰韶中晚期，粟和稻的比例显著提高，稻作不再局限于冲积平原和大型聚落，在台塬沟谷和中小聚落也有分布，标志着农耕技术的进步和作物结构的优化，这意味着农业生产开始打破自然条件限制，为郑州地区农业社会的建立和文明化进程奠定了基础。
关键词: 郑州地区/
全新世/
植硅体/
旱作农业/
稻作农业/
裴李岗文化/
仰韶文化

Abstract:The origin and development of agriculture is an important transformation in human subsistence and is also economic base for the rise of civilizations. The Zhengzhou area is acknowledged as a home to the millet agriculture in North China and one of the major regions for the northward spread of rice agriculture from South China, where the Huaxia civilization rise. However, the spatial-temporal evolution of its agriculture during the mid-Holocene is still unclear, mainly due to the limited regional archaeobotanical research.
In this paper, a total of 13 Peiligang-Yangshao culture sites such as Zhuangling(34°49'19"N, 113°8'46"E), Yingyang(34°24'29"N, 112°45'4"E), Yuancun(34°23'21"N, 113°1'57"E), Caiyuangou(34°26'34"N, 113°19'18"E), Maanhe(34°31'44"N, 113°20'6"E), Magou(34°32'31"N, 113°30'7"E), Shashizui(34°32'42"N, 113°31'34"E), Beilizhuang(34°26'32"N, 113°38'5"E), Dahecun(34°50'38"N, 113°41'38"E), Zhuzhai(34°49'31"N, 113°30'19"E), Wuluoxipo(34°38'20"N, 113°0'14"E), Lijiagou(34°33'54"N, 113°31'26"E), and Wangzui(34°26'54"N, 113°34'33"E) in Zhengzhou area, which located on different landforms and had different sizes, were selected to do systematic sampling. A total of 225 and 30 samples were collected from ash pits and cultural layers for phytolith analysis and AMS radiocarbon dating, respectively. We then extracted phytoliths from these samples by wet oxidation method, and phytolith counting and identification were performed using Leica DM750 optical microscope at 400 magnification. In most samples, more than 400 phytoliths were counted. The radiocarbon dating was conducted at Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory.
Except for three abnormal dates from LJG1 in Lijiagou site and H218 and H214 in Zhuzhai site, the dates are in line with the cultural ages. The available dates cover the time interval 6417~2628 cal.B.C.(95.4% range), which falls within the age of the Peiligang culture and Yangshao culture. 24 phytolith types were identified from all 225 samples, including η type from husks of common millet(Panicum miliaceum), Ω type from husks of foxtail millet(Setaria italica), and double-peaked, bulliform, and parallel-bilobe types from rice(Oryza sativa). Quantitative analysis of these crop phytoliths indicated that mixed millet and rice agriculture formed in the Zhengzhou area about 8000 years ago, which was benefitted from the warm-wet conditions during the Holocene Climatic Optimum. Common millet was the principal crop in the Peiligang and middle-late Yangshao periods. During the Peiligang period, the spatial pattern of farming was millet farming in the hilly lands, while mixed farming was conducted in the alluvial plains. In the same climate background, the agricultural mode selection in different sites was mainly influenced by landform and hydrology. During the middle-late Yangshao period, the proportion of foxtail millet and rice was significantly higher than that in Peiligang culture, and rice cultivation was no longer confined to large sites situated in the lowlands and began to spread into the hilly lands and small sites, suggesting the deepening of crop diversity and the optimization of agriculture planting structure. This pattern of crop production may have been mainly influenced by social background and artificial selection, which overcame the limitation of environmental factors, facilitating the establishment of an agricultural society and the civilizing process in Zhengzhou area.
Key words:Zhengzhou area/
Holocene/
phytolith/
dry farming/
rice farming/
Peiligang culture/
Yangshao culture



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