陈相龙,
李志鹏,
赵海涛
中国社会科学院考古研究所, 北京 100101

基金项目: 国家社科基金青年项目（批准号：16CKG018）资助


详细信息

作者简介: 陈相龙, 男, 36岁, 助理研究员/理学博士, 科技考古专业, E-mail:chenxianglong09@hotmail.com

中图分类号: K872;Q915.2⁺3;P597⁺.2

收稿日期:2019-10-11
修回日期:2020-01-06
刊出日期:2020-03-25

Feeding practices of animals from sacrificial pits in the No.1 huge pit of Erlitou site, Yanshi, Henan Province

Chen Xianglong,
Li Zhipeng,
Zhao Haitao
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100101



MSC: K872;Q915.2⁺3;P597⁺.2

--> Received Date: 11 October 2019
Revised Date: 06 January 2020
Publish Date: 25 March 2020


摘要
摘要:高度互动性的宗教祭祀与仪式性活动是早期复杂社会维持与强化社会治理常用的手段，通过对仪式性活动使用消耗性祭品（如动物牺牲）的考察则可为探讨精英阶层的影响力与控制力提供参考。鉴于此，本文从动物饲养方式入手，采用碳氮稳定同位素分析方法，对二里头宫殿区东北部1号巨型坑内祭祀遗迹出土的35例动物骨骼、1例人骨碎块以及年代相近的其他单位出土的骨骼遗存进行分析，并结合相关资料探讨仪式性动物的饲养方式及来源，为认识二里头社会复杂化进程提供参考。研究发现，祭祀遗迹出土猪的δ¹³C值与δ¹⁵N值变化范围均比较大，暗示二里头猪群的饲养方式个体间差异较大，且还存在个别野猪。与此同时，狗与牛的食物结构基本以C₄类食物为食，羊则C₃与C₄植物兼食。对比发现，祭祀遗迹猪、狗与羊的食物结构与灰坑、地层等其他单位出土的同类家畜基本一致。值得注意的是，尽管两类遗迹的牛均呈现出对粟作农业的高度依赖，但巨型坑牛骨的δ¹⁵N值却显著低于其他单位的牛骨。结合二里头遗址对周边较大地理范围内同时期聚落的控制力，我们认为以巨型坑猪为代表的家畜的食物结构的多样性，暗示了它们有着多元化的来源。与此同时，仪式性用牛是否被特殊饲养仍有待进一步探讨。我们的研究支持二里头遗址存在高度互动的宗教祭祀等仪式性活动，即二里头遗址宫殿区祭祀活动所用动物牺牲的来源可能与动物资源由周边地区向二里头遗址的输入有关，这对于我们认识王权在二里头遗址资源流通与宗教活动等方面的控制力具有重要意义。
关键词: 二里头遗址/
祭祀用牲/
碳氮稳定同位素分析/
饲养方式

Abstract:Several lines of evidence suggest the close relationship between development of social complexity and regional ritual practice, especially during the formation period of early state-level societies. Previous studies focusing on high-level sacrificial remains have added knowledge on the sacrificial forms, offerings of ritual practices, little attention has been paid to the feeding practices, management, mobilization of animal offerings, and most importantly the human co-operation of early societies behind. Recent field work focusing on palace zone at Erlitou site(34°41'N, 112°42'E) in Yanshi County of Henan Province disclosed a huge pit covering 2200 m². The pit contains several sacrificial pits with lots of animal bones which were thought to be animal offerings of ritual practices. Here we carried out stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of 35 animal bones, 1 human bone fragment from the sacrificial pits, with several bones from other contexts for comparison, in order to explore the feeding practices as well as collecting network of animal offerings.
It is disclosed that 4 human bones(δ¹³C=-9.4±2.5‰, δ¹⁵N=9.5±1.5‰)showed a diet focusing on millet foods with a small amount of animal protein. The big range of pigs'(n=18)δ¹³C(-20.0‰~-6.9‰)and δ¹⁵N(3.5‰~9.8‰)reflected the large differences between individuals in the pig's food structure:although most of the C₄ foods containing small amounts of human leftovers comprised the diet of 12 pigs(δ¹³C=-8.6±0.9‰, δ¹⁵N=7.5±0.9‰), there were some individuals which ingested more C₃ foods(δ¹³C=-15.0±1.8‰, δ¹⁵N=9.5±0.2‰, n=5)and one wild boar(δ¹³C=-20.0‰, δ¹⁵N=3.5‰, n=1). The diet of dogs(δ¹³C=-11.0±2.5‰, δ¹⁵N=8.2±1.3‰, n=5) basically derived from C₄ food, showing the effect of millet farming on domestic dog rearing. The herbivorous cattle and sheep displayed distinguished feeding practices; while cattle(δ¹³C-9.1±1.3‰, δ¹⁵N=5.6±1.3‰, n=16) relied on millet byproducts generally, sheep(δ¹³C=-15.1±2.0‰, δ¹⁵N=6.3±1.2‰, n=17) ingested both C₃ and C₄ plants. This situation is likely a continuation of raising tradition of cattle and sheep since the late Longshan period in the Central Plains.
After comparison, diets of pigs, sheep and dogs unearthed from sacrificial pits in the No.1 huge pit showed no big difference from those of the same species from other contexts, but the δ¹⁵N values of cattle from the huge pits exhibited a significant difference from cattle of other contexts(n=5, 8, p=0.01 < 0.05). Considering the socioeconomic effect of Erlitou site over other contemporary sites around the Luoyang Basin, we suggested that differences in the diet of pigs from sacrificial pits indicating flow of livestock resource from surrounding regions to the Erlitou site. At the same time, whether the slightly lower δ¹⁵N values of cattle in sacrificial pits than other contexts of the same period resulted from dedicated feeding and management for high-level ritual practice controlled by elites of Erlitou site is unclear before further exploration. Therefore, it is hypothesized that elites of Erlitou site polity would have been able to mobilized animal surpluses on a larger regional scale to support ritual practices in the palace zone, from which their ideological power crosscut Erlitou residents to extend over broader social groups in surrounding regions and sacred validation for their political position was gained.
Key words:Erlitou site/
animal offerings/
stable carbon and nitrogen analysis/
feeding practices



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