张颖
北京大学考古文博学院, 北京 100871

基金项目: 国家社会科学基金项目（批准号：16CKG015）资助


详细信息

作者简介: 张颖, 女, 35岁, 助理教授, 动物考古, E-mail:zhang_y@pku.edu.cn

中图分类号: K854;Q958.12

收稿日期:2020-02-02
修回日期:2020-11-15
刊出日期:2021-01-30

The hunting-fishing strategies of Hemudu Culture: Applying taxonomic habitat index into zooarchaeological analysis

ZHANG Ying
School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871



MSC: K854;Q958.12

--> Received Date: 02 February 2020
Revised Date: 15 November 2020
Publish Date: 30 January 2021


摘要
摘要:河姆渡文化距今约7000~6000年，是长江下游地区重要的新石器时代考古学文化之一。稻作农业的起源和发展是河姆渡文化生业经济研究的核心问题之一，但对动物资源利用的研究相对较少，已经不能满足日益发展的考古学和动物考古学的研究需求。2004年开始发掘的田螺山遗址出土了大量保存状态完好的动植物遗存，为进一步讨论河姆渡文化的生业经济提供了丰富的研究材料。田螺山遗址的动物考古研究发现这是一种渔猎采集为主的经济形态，并从空间、时间、技术和社会层面进行细致分析。本文分析了田螺山遗址2004年至2010年出土的哺乳动物和鱼类遗存，采用了新的研究方法，将"生物分类生境指数"与动物考古的定量统计方法相结合，旨在从空间层面讨论河姆渡文化时期的田螺山遗址对动物资源的利用。分析结果表明，渔猎活动的空间分布得到了较为清晰的划分，其中狩猎活动主要发生在灌丛和草地生境，而湿地是主要的捕鱼地点，这三类生境均分布在遗址附近，大约步行2~4小时以内即可获得，属于日常消费资源。本研究进一步揭示了湿地是田螺山生业经济的核心区域，既是乌鳢等鱼类的栖息地，菱角和芡实等植物性食物的生境，也是早期水稻种植的地点，为田螺山人提供了稳定的食物来源。本研究为动物考古学中对生业经济的讨论提供了新的多学科整合研究方法，并对河姆渡文化时期古人对环境的开发情况提供了更详细的认识。
关键词: 生物分类生境指数/
生业经济/
渔猎策略/
动物考古/
田螺山遗址

Abstract:The Hemudu culture is one of the most important Neolithic cultures in the lower Yangtze River region, dating back to approximately 7000~6000 a B.P. The discussion of Hemudu subsistence has been focused on the origin and development of rice agriculture; meanwhile, studies on the exploitation of animal resources are scarce, and cannot meet the academic demands of current archaeology and zooarchaeology. Fortunately, rich and well-preserved animal and plant remains were unearthed from another Hemudu culture site, Tianluoshan(30°01'27″N, 121°22'46″E), which was first excavated in 2004, providing plenty materials for further investigation of Hemudu subsistence economy. Zooarchaeological research suggests a subsistence pattern predominated by hunting and fishing. This research proposed a brand new approach to interpret the subsistence economy from the spatial perspective, by integrating the Taxonomic Habitat Index analysis which was first employed by Andrews and Evans, and a common zooarchaeological quantitative method Minimum Number of Individuals. By studying the mammal and fish remains retrieved from the 2004 to 2010 excavation seasons, this research manages to evaluate the importance of each habitat to hunting and fishing activities. The results shows that hunting activities mostly occurred in the shrub and grassland habitat, and fishing was mainly practiced in wetland, which could be approached within 2~4 hours walking away from the Tianluoshan settlement, suggesting that these habitats were ideal for daily consumption. It also reveals that wetland is the source for stable food production, as the habitat for fish, water chestnuts, foxnut, and rice cultivation, and thus the key area for the entire subsistence economy. This research contributes zooarchaeological study in three ways:(1)a new method to interpret the subsistence economy, (2)detailed analysis of the Hemudu subsistence, and (3)an interdisciplinary attempt to integrate zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical research.
Key words:Taxonomic Habitat Index/
subsistence economy/
hunting-fishing strategies/
zooarchaeology/
Tianluoshan



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