陈靓^1,2,,
张旭慧^1,2,
孙周勇³,
杨利平³
1. 西北大学科技考古学研究中心, 陕西 西安 710069
2. 西北大学文化遗产学院, 陕西 西安 710069
3. 陕西省考古研究院, 陕西 西安 710054

基金项目: 国家社科基金重大项目“陕北榆林地区公元前3千纪至2千纪生业及环境的多学科研究”（批准号：18ZDA218）资助


详细信息

作者简介: 陈靓, 女, 50岁, 副教授, 体质人类学专业, E-mail:arc_liang@sina.com

中图分类号: K871.2;Q983

收稿日期:2019-10-28
修回日期:2020-01-15
刊出日期:2020-03-30

Human nutrition and health status at the early stage of agriculture in Northern China: A bioarchaeological study of Wuzhuangguoliang site, Jingbian, Shaanxi Province

Chen Liang^1,2,,
Zhang Xuhui^1,2,
Sun Zhouyong³,
Yang Liping³
1. Scientific and Archaeological Research Center, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi
2. School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi
3. Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi


MSC: K871.2;Q983

--> Received Date: 28 October 2019
Revised Date: 15 January 2020
Publish Date: 30 March 2020


摘要
摘要:本文从五庄果墚遗址入手，试图探索中国北方特有的粟作农业对人群健康状况的影响。五庄果墚遗址位于陕西省榆林市靖边县，是新石器时代仰韶文化晚期到龙山文化早期的一处重要遗存。该遗址共出人骨遗存29具（成年人10具，未成年人19具）。宏观和微观的病理观察结果显示，该人群龋齿、贫血、骨膜炎、以及牙釉质发育不全的发病率普遍偏高，其中患龋率55.6%，贫血发病率42.9%，骨膜炎发病率33.3%，牙釉质发育不全发病率66.7%。龋齿及贫血多发反映了粟作农业的饮食特征，即食物中含糖量增高，铁元素减少，不利于营养吸收。骨膜炎的流行或与定居农业的发展、人口密度的增加以及早期粟作农业高强度的劳作方式有关。值得注意的是，女性下肢出现了可能由维生素D缺乏导致的异常翻转现象，而男性则不见，这有可能与农业社会的性别分工相关。牙釉质发育不全出现的时间集中于4~7岁，具有一定的周期性。此外，有3例婴幼儿出现颅内损伤，其中两例疑似罹患脑膜炎。结合牙釉质发育不全的周期性，婴幼儿有可能出现季节性营养不良状况，这可能与当地气候环境造成的一年一熟的耕作制度有关。五庄果墚人群中几类疾病的高发均与农业的起源和发展相关，揭示了五庄果墚先民健康状况背后潜在的农业因素，为探讨中国北方早期农业与人群健康间的互动关系提供了生物考古学的例证。
关键词: 五庄果墚遗址/
粟作农业/
生物考古/
营养与健康

Abstract:This paper aims to explore the impacts of millet agriculture in Northern China on the health conditions with the focus on Wuzhuangguoliang site. Wuzhuangguoliang site(37°48'N, 109°02'E) is located at Jingbian County, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, China, and belongs to the Neolithic period from the late Yangshao to early Longshan. Twenty-nine skeletal remains in total, including ten adults and nineteen subadults, were studied in this paper through macroscopic and microscopic observations. The pathological results revealed that this population had high incidences of caries(55.6%), anemia(42.9%), periostitis(33.3%), and enamel hypoplasia(66.7%). The prevalence of caries and anemia suggested the impacts of millet agriculture regarding the high levels of carbohydrates and low intake of iron in millet food. The increase of populations and heavy labors resulted from the development of millet agriculture offered a possible explanation for the frequency of periostitis. Notably, only females presented abnormal bendings on lower limbs that might be caused by the deficiency of vitamin D. This is probably because of divisions of labors. The enamel hypoplasia occured highly between 4 to 7 years old and presented a periodic pattern. Moreover, three infant remains showed endocranial lesions, of which two might suffered from meningitis. Regarding the periodic enamel hypoplasia, the infants likely suffered from seasonal malnutrition, which likely resulted from the local cultivation system(one crop a year). These results suggested that Wuzhuangguoliang population suffered from diseases that have a close linkage to the development of millet agriculture and provided insights to researches on the relationship between health conditions and millet agriculture in Northern China.
Key words:Wuzhuangguoliang site/
millet agriculture/
bioarchaeology/
health and nutrition



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