陈晓良^1,2,,
刘向军^3,,,
侯光良^1,2
1. 青海师范大学地理科学学院, 青海 西宁 810008
2. 青海师范大学, 高原科学与可持续发展研究院, 青海 西宁 810008
3. 西北师范大学地理与环境科学学院, 甘肃 兰州 730070

基金项目: 中国科学院（A类）战略性先导科技专项项目（批准号：XDA2004010101）和国家自然科学基金项目（批准号：41671006和41761018）共同资助


详细信息

作者简介: 陈晓良, 男, 25岁, 博士研究生, 环境变化与人类适应研究, E-mail:xlchen94@163.com

通讯作者: 刘向军, E-mail:xiangjunliu@126.com

中图分类号: K878;P92

收稿日期:2019-10-22
修回日期:2019-12-13
刊出日期:2020-03-30

The acquisition and utilization of animal resources in the Middle and Late Holocene in the northeast of Qinghai Province: A case study of Jianzui site in Qinghai Lake Basin

Chen Xiaoliang^1,2,,
Liu Xiangjun^3,,,
Hou Guangliang^1,2
1. College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, Qinghai
2. Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, Qinghai
3. College of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu


More Information

Corresponding author: Liu Xiangjun,E-mail:xiangjunliu@126.com

MSC: K878;P92

--> Received Date: 22 October 2019
Revised Date: 13 December 2019
Publish Date: 30 March 2020


摘要
摘要:青海省东北部地区复杂多样的地貌类型，为研究史前人类适应不同自然环境下的动物资源利用提供了条件。然而，已开展的动物考古研究主要聚焦在青海省东北部的河谷农业区，对于草原地带的研究相对薄弱，其先民对草原环境中的适应策略仍未得到充分讨论。本文选择农牧过渡带的青海湖盆地尖嘴遗址出土动物骨骼为研究对象，运用AMS ¹⁴C测年方法、动物种属鉴定和可鉴定标本数（NISP）统计，确认尖嘴遗址（3.2 ka B.P.左右）是一处卡约文化早期的人类活动遗迹，其先民以狩猎活动为主要生业策略，渔猎作为辅助生计，属"初级开发型"模式。在此基础上，结合青海省东北部地区已有动物研究资料，探讨了中晚全新世（8.0~2.0 ka B.P.）以来的动物资源获取利用及家畜饲养状态。结果显示：8.0~6.0 ka B.P.，本区先民以纯粹的狩猎经济为主，其猎取对象则为中小型哺乳动物，属"依赖型"生业模式；6.0~4.0 ka B.P.，本区先民获取动物资源方式仍以狩猎为主，并开始出现一定规模的家畜饲养（猪和狗），其生业属低水平的食物生产阶段，获取肉食资源的模式处于"初级开发型"阶段；4.0~2.0 ka B.P.，史前东西方文化交流的不断增强，驯化于西亚的家畜牲畜牛羊传入至青海省东北部地区，使得该区先民利用动物资源方式呈现多元化，构成了"初级开发型"和"开发型"两种生业模式，牛羊成为家畜饲养的主流。总体来讲，中晚全新世以来青海省东北部地区先民获取肉食资源的方式大致经历了由以狩猎-采集方式到家畜饲养方式的历时性转变，不同区域的自然环境差异及史前欧亚大陆东西方文化间的交流是起决定性作用的因素。
关键词: 青藏高原/
动物考古/
生业模式/
可鉴定标本数

Abstract:The adaptation of prehistoric human to the extreme environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, especially the domestication of plateau animals and the origin of animal husbandry, has been the focus of academic attention. At present, the research on zooarchaeology that has been carried out mainly concentrated in the northeast of Qinghai Province agricultural areas such as the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the Qunjian basin, the Datong River basin and the Huangshui valley in the stage of Neolithic to Copper-Stone Age, while the Qinghai Lake Basin with grassland environment as the background is relatively weak, which limits people's scientific understanding of the animal resources acquisition and utilization in the grassland environment in the Bronze Age.
In view of the above issues, this paper takes the animal skeleton unearthed from Jianzui site(36.95°N, 99.61°E; 3350 m a.s.l.)of Qinghai Lake Basin(36°15'~38°20'N, 97°50'~101°20'E; 3100~4755 m a.s.l.)as the research target, and uses AMS ¹⁴C chronometry, species identification and the number of identifiable specimens(NISP)statistics method, to collected and identified 4 dating samples(2 charcoals and 2 bones)and 207 complete animal bones, in the profile with a thickness of about 130 cm. It was confirmed that the Jianzui site(3.2 ka B.P.)is a site of human activities in the early stage of the Kayue culture. The ancestors mainly engaged in a traditional livelihood with hunting and supplemented by fishing, which belongs to the "primary development" mode, and among the species of animals hunted, medium mammals, Cyprinidae, Antilopinae, Cervidae, Caprinae/Antilopinae, large mammals, Procapra, Caprinae and Aves, accounted for 30.43%, 28.50%, 21.74%, 7.73%, 3.86%, 3.38%, 1.93%, 0.97%, 0.48% and 0.48% of NISP, respectively. Canis familaris are the only domestic animal, account for 0.48%. Based on this, analyze animal resources acquisition utilization and livestock breeding in the area since the Middle and Late Holocene(8.0~2.0 ka B.P.)conjunction with the carried out studies on animal remains in the northeast of Qinghai Province.
The results showed that:8.0~6.0 ka B.P., the ancestors of this area are purely predators of small and medium-sized wild animals, which is a "dependent" mode of livelihood; 6.0~4.0 ka B.P., the ancestors of this area still use hunting to obtain animal resources, and a certain proportion of livestock(pigs and dogs)has begun to appear. Its livelihood is a low-level food production. The mode of obtaining meat resources is in the "primary development" stage; 4.0~2.0 ka B.P., domesticated livestock cattle and sheep from Western Asia were promoted into the northeast of Qinghai Province, which led to the diversification of animal resources utilization by the ancestors in this region, which constitutes "primary development" and "development" livelihood. Cattle and sheep became the mainstream of livestock breeding.
This study show that the diachronic changes in the way the ancestors acquired and utilized animal resources since the Middle and Late Holocene in the northeastern region of Qinghai Province were affected by differences in natural environments in different regions and the cultural communication between the prehistoric east and the west.
Key words:Qinghai-Tibet Plateau/
zooarchaeology/
subsistence strategy/
number of identifiable specimens



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