尤悦^1,,
张建²,
孙凯³,
杨雅洁¹,
靳松安^2,,
1. 首都师范大学历史学院, 北京 100048
2. 郑州大学历史学院, 河南 郑州 450001
3. 河南省文物考古研究院, 河南 郑州 450000

基金项目: 国家社科基金青年项目（批准号：16CKG021）、北京市教委人文社会科学研究计划重点项目“丝绸之路开通前欧亚大陆文明交流互鉴研究”（批准号：SZ202010028011）、郑州中华之源与嵩山文明研究会重大课题“嵩山地区文明化进程与华夏文明的形成”（批准号：DZ-2）、河南省文物局南水北调中线工程丹江口库区文物保护项目“淅川单岗遗址考古发掘与研究”（批准号：A-201052）、河南省文物局南水北调考古学研究课题“河南省南水北调总干渠新石器时代石器工业研究”（批准号：KT-201814）、河南省文物局南水北调考古学研究课题“丹江中游地区全新世环境演变与人类活动关系研究”（批准号：201705）和河南省优势特色学科建设工程“郑州大学‘中原历史文化’学科群”（批准号：教高[2015]1086号）共同资助


详细信息

作者简介: 尤悦, 女, 36岁, 副教授, 动物考古学, E-mail:youyue09@hotmail.com

通讯作者: 靳松安, E-mail:jinsongan63@zzu.edu.cn

中图分类号: K871.2;Q915.2⁺3

收稿日期:2019-11-07
修回日期:2020-01-09
刊出日期:2020-03-30

Exploitations and utilizations of animal resources during the Zhou Dynasty at the Shangang site, Henan Province

You Yue^1,,
Zhang Jian²,
Sun Kai³,
Yang Yajie¹,
Jin Songan^2,,
1. School of History, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048
2. School of History, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan
3. Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan


More Information

Corresponding author: Jin Songan,E-mail:jinsongan63@zzu.edu.cn

MSC: K871.2;Q915.2⁺3

--> Received Date: 07 November 2019
Revised Date: 09 January 2020
Publish Date: 30 March 2020


摘要
摘要:本文主要探讨河南省淅川县单岗遗址两周时期人类与家养动物之间的关系。该遗址两周时期发现13种动物，其中家养动物有猪、狗、马、黄牛、绵羊和山羊，家养动物的可鉴定标本数和最小个体数分别占全部可鉴定的哺乳动物数量的91.73%和70.67%。猪在家养动物中的数量最多，可鉴定标本数和最小个体数比例分别为69.04%和33.33%，其他家养动物的数量比例在1.78%~14.67%之间。家养动物提供了主要肉量，黄牛提供的肉量最多，占36.41%。马右P₂发现马衔磨蚀的痕迹，马第1节趾骨发现严重的骨赘，说明马被役用而且承担相当的工作量。马在普通聚落的出现、肉食消费和畜力开发等现象，反映马的功能从晚商时期贵族"御用"转向世俗化。
关键词: 单岗遗址/
两周时期/
动物考古/
马

Abstract:Chinese zooarchaeologists have paid much attention on the origins, introduction and spread of domestic animals and the utilizations of animal resources in Neolithic and early Bronze Age in the Central Plain. However, zooarchaeological research focused on the late Bronze and early Iron Age have not been addressed intensively and detailly. In order to understand the relationship between human and animals in the Central Plain of China, this paper focuses on the zooarchaeological analysis of a small settlement in southern Henan province.
The Shangang site(32°57'50"N, 111°22'30"E; 162 m a.s.l.)is located on the terrace in south of Dan River, Xichuan County, Henan Province. Xichuan County is in sub-humid climate zone, with an average annual precipitation of 817.3 mm. The site was excavated by School of History, Zhengzhou University during 2011 for the first time and 2013 for the second time with a 9000 square meters of excavating area in total. The cultural layers were 1 to 2 meters in depth including Song and Yuan Dynasty, Han Dynasty, late Western and Eastern Zhou Dynasty and Qujialing Culture Period.
The Shanggang animal bone assemblage was identified in the zooarchaeology lab of the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences using comparative collections and several bone catalogs. Taxonomy, standard measurements, age, gender, pathologies and bone surface modifications were recorded.
Thirteen taxa were identified at Shangang, including domestic animals such as pigs(Sus scrofa domestrica), dogs(Canis familiaris), horses(Equus ferus caballus), cattle(Bos taurus), sheep(Ovis aries)and goats(Capra aegagrus hircus)during the Zhou Dynasty. The ratios of NISP and MNI of domestic animals in the total were 91.73% and 70.67%, respectively. Pigs are the largest group among the domestic animals, accounting for a NISP of 69.04% and a MNI of 33.33%. The ratios of other domestic animals are between 1.78% to 14.67%. Comparing 41.52% of pigs and 22.22% of deer in NISP during the Qujialing Culture Period, it experienced a transition that the NISP ratio of pig raised to 69.04% while that of deer decreased to 7.13% in the later period, indicating herding industry played a more important role in Zhou. The survivorship that 25.00%~33.34% of pigs lived more than 2-year-old suggests it was consumed locally, and were probably provided to other regions through exchange systems. The main utilizations of animal resources were for food and labor. The meat provided by domestic animals account for 83.64% in the total while wild animals contributed 16.36%, suggesting a more developed breeding industry in Zhou. Cattle provided the largest amount of meats with a ratio of 36.41%. Combining its NISP(7.30%)and MNI(14.67%)ratio, it is concluded that cattle was an important herd in people's daily life. As for labor, a bevel on the right P₂(the lower second premolar)of horse was a sign of wearing organic or mental bits. Additionally, serious osteophytosis developed on both sides of the first phalange of horse were an extra evidence of labor exploitations. According to the previous studies, horses were only used by the elite and found in ritual contexts for sacrifice during the late Shang Dynasty. In our study, we infer that the horses were also consumed by ordinary people as a food resource, and this occurred in the small settlement, Shangang during the Zhou Dynasty, which may suggest versatile usages of horses and the changes of their role to quotidian life.
Key words:Shangang site/
Zhou Dynasty/
zooarchaeology/
horse



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