The concepts and research progress: from heritability to microbiability
Chaoliang Wen, Congjiao Sun, Ning Yang,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science andTechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China No. (31930105) China Agriculture Research Systems No. (CARS-40) Programs for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research in Universities No.(IRT_15R62)
作者简介 About authors 文超良,博士研究生,专业方向:动物遗传育种与繁殖E-mail:clwen@cau.edu.cn。
Abstract Heritability, one of the central quantitative genetic parameters, is critically important to measure the genetic variation of traits, especially in the studies of the response to selection in evolutionary biology and agriculture, and the prediction of disease risks in medicine. The statistical model and method for estimating heritability have been continually developed and improved, since the genetic variance components was first proposed by Fisher in 1918. Recently, the term “microbiability” (m2), an analogous concept and estimated method to heritability, was introduced in gut microbiome research for evaluating the effect of entire microbiota on a host phenotype. In this review, we summarize the progress of statistical methods in the heritability estimation, as well as the current state of gut microbiome associations with the host genome, with a particular focus on the concept and estimated methods of microbiability. Our review will provide a reference for the future study of host phenotypic variation that can be inferred by the gut microbiota. Keywords:heritability;microbiability;association study;quantitative trait;variance component;relationship matrix
PDF (909KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 文超良, 孙从佼, 杨宁. 从遗传力到肠菌力:概念及研究进展[J]. 遗传, 2019, 41(11): 1023-1040 doi:10.16288/j.yczz.19-130 Chaoliang Wen, Congjiao Sun, Ning Yang. The concepts and research progress: from heritability to microbiability[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2019, 41(11): 1023-1040 doi:10.16288/j.yczz.19-130
Fig. 1The interactions between host and gut microbiota and related research methods
1 宿主基因组与性状间的关系
1.1遗传力的定义
遗传力是一个基于数理统计、主要反映宿主数量性状遗传特征的重要参数,习惯上用h2表示,该符号最早是1920年美国遗传学家Wright[10]在豚鼠(Cavia porcellus)斑纹的通径分析(path analysis)中,用来表示宿主遗传因素对机体表型的决定程度。一般情况下指狭义遗传力(narrow sense heritability),即加性方差(即育种值方差)占据表型方差的比率,其生物统计学概念等同于加性效应对表型值的回归系数,或加性效应与表型值的相关系数的平方[11]。需要强调的是,世代更迭,只有基因通过配子进行传递,因此遗传力不能真实反映性状的传递能力,仅说明的是群体特定性状的变异情况[12]。
上述经典的遗传力估计方法虽然计算较为简单,但只能处理系谱关系简单、均衡的资料。对于系谱关系复杂(如多代和跨代)或者非均衡的群体,通过线性混合模型估计加性遗传方差和环境组分,再利用获得的方差组分计算遗传力则更为有效。1953年美国数量遗传学家Henderson发表了题为《Estimation of variance and covariance components》的论文[17],提出了3种适用于非均衡资料的方差组分估计方法,引起遗传学家和统计学家的广泛关注。为提高方差组分的估计准确性,各国的遗传育种工作者及对此感兴趣的统计学家进行了大量的探索,估计方法也随着新理论、新技术和新工具的不断涌现而更新和发展,如约束最大似然法(restricted maximum likelihood, REML)[18]、贝叶斯估计法(Bayesian method)[19]和Gibbs抽样法[20]等。此后,虽然新方法仍在不断出现,但是REML法和贝叶斯估计法已在全球范围内占据主导地位。
A:基于子代表型值对亲本中亲值的回归估计遗传力(根据参考文献[12]修改绘制);B:蛋鸡全同胞个体间的基因组关系系数分布(中间虚线为均值线,由于孟德尔抽样误差,全同胞个体间的亲缘系数可能偏离0.5);C:基于每条染色体上的SNP估计每条染色体所能解释目标性状的遗传方差。 Fig. 2The main source of information for heritability estimation
1996年,美国斯坦福医学院Risch等[42]发现复杂疾病遗传学研究中的关联分析比连锁分析具有更高的检测效力,随即提出全基因关联分析(genome-wide association study, GWAS)的概念:在整个基因组范围内筛选与目标性状相关联的分子标记。基于测序和基因分型技术,2005年Klein等[43]首次报道了一项有关年龄相关性视网膜黄斑变性的GWAS研究。之后,一系列与人类复杂疾病等相关表型的GWAS研究被陆续报道[44,45,46],并且GWAS在畜禽各种重要经济性状及复杂疾病抗性的遗传研究中也得到了广泛应用[47,48,49]。GWAS研究为揭示机体复杂性状的遗传奥秘开辟了新的渠道,筛选出大量与目标性状关联的主效和微效基因,并被纳入临床应用[50]和遗传选育[51]。
2宿主基因组与肠道菌群的关系
动物表型变异除了受宿主自身遗传因素的影响,肠道内栖息的数量庞大而复杂的微生物及其代谢产物的作用亦不能小觑,它们通过肠-肝[52]、肠-脑[53]等调控轴与宿主免疫疾病[54,55,56]、营养代谢[57,58,59]和机体行为[60,61,62]等诸多方面密切联系。肠道菌群究竟是先天遗传因素主导,还是后天环境因素驱动?这一直是肠道微生物研究领域的焦点之一。国内外****采用各种研究手段和方法,持续追问“nature or nurture?”
2010年美国内布拉斯加大学Beason等[5]提出将肠道微生物作为宿主的复杂数量性状进行研究。此后,诸多****将肠道菌群丰度、α和β多样性以及微生物基因功能丰度等视为数量性状(稀有的分类群视为二分类性状),估计它们的遗传力,辨别受宿主遗传因素调控的微生物群落,并进一步通过微生物全基因组关联分析(microbial genome-wide association study, mGWAS)挖掘导致肠道菌群可遗传性的宿主遗传变异。
A:宿主自身基因型矩阵和肠道菌群丰度矩阵,部分菌群受到宿主基因型的影响;B:利用A图中的两个矩阵构建的基因组关系矩阵和微生物相似矩阵;C:两两个体间基因组关系系数与Bray-Curtis相异度的散点图,两者相关性不显著。 Fig. 3The association between host genetics and gut microbiota
Fig. 4The diagram of microbial relationship matrix construction using high-throughput sequencing technologies
3.3 宏基因组关联分析
为了能够高分辨率的研究肠道微生物组与宿主表型的关联,Qin等[121]借鉴GWAS研究,于2012年提出了宏基因组关联分析(metagenome-wide association study, MWAS)的概念和方法。该研究对345个中国参与者的粪便微生物进行了两阶段MWAS,共鉴定出约6万个与Ⅱ型糖尿病相关的分子标记,并从菌种、功能以及微生态群落详尽展示了肠道微生物与宿主表型的关联特征。
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