Abstract Mitochondrion is the metabolic center and powerhouse of cells producing cellular energy which plays an important role in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Recent research demonstrates that mitochondrial energy metabolism mediates the transmission of mitochondrial-nuclear signals through intermediate products which regulates epigenetic presentation of the chromatin and thereby affects gene expression. Epigenetic modification, a genetic regulatory model, is independent of DNA sequence and plays a major role in establishing and maintaining a specific gene’s expression profile. Disorders of mitochondrial metabolism can induce epigenetic reprogramming which in turn initiates aging phenotypes and degenerative diseases. This review introduces recent research progress on the relationship between mitochondrial metabolism and chromatin-related epigenetic modification, discusses the role of mitochondrial stress in chromatin recombination, and suggests future research directions and their application in the study of age-related diseases such as cognitive dysfunction. Keywords:mitochondrial metabolism;DNA methylation;histone modifications;aging;UPR mt
相似的转录应答在哺乳动物中也被揭示。线粒体应激时,氨基酸水平下降、ROS增加、核糖体滞留从而激活GCN2、PERK及HRI等激酶,使翻译起始因子elF2α磷酸化。磷酸化的elF2α减少蛋白质合成,但促进5°-UTR带有多个上游开放阅读框(upstream open reading frame, uORF)的mRNA序列的转录。由于编码CHOP、ATF4和ATF5的5'UTR中都存在多个uORFs,因此CHOP、ATF4及ATF5的表达量增加。Fiorese等[55,56,57]最新研究发现,线粒体压力时,哺乳动物bZIP转录因子ATF5转向定位于细胞核并上调UPRmt相关伴侣蛋白HSP60及蛋白酶LONP1,以及诸如MCL1及BCL2等抗凋亡基因表达,激活UPRmt。除了转录适应外,线粒体在发育过程中的应激还会引起长期的染色质变化,这些表观遗传修饰有助于激活线虫和哺乳动物中维持“年轻”状态的UPRmt[58]。生物体通过上调分子伴侣、蛋白酶等UPRmt基因来应对线粒体应激,这种对代谢功能障碍的早期反应将维持一生[59]。具体来说,线粒体应激导致组蛋白H3K9的二甲基化,由甲基转移酶met-2和核因子lin-65介导。这一变化导致染色质的整体沉默,但在与UPRmt激活相关的区域打开染色质,以利于DVE-1和ATFS-1结合启动子[60]。此外,需要两种组蛋白赖氨酸去甲基化酶即Jumonji家族蛋白jmjd-1.2和jmjd-3.1以激活UPRmt和线粒体应激,介导线虫的长寿。这些蛋白在哺乳动物中的同源物分别为PHF8和JMJD3,与UPRmt相关基因的甲基化状态、mRNA和蛋白表达呈正相关[61]。因此,发育期的线粒体应激通过特定的表观遗传修饰,允许基因选择性表达并延长寿命。但是,若损伤持续加重,上调的UPRmt相关基因表达不足以维持线粒体功能,持续改变的表观修饰导致细胞基因组不稳定,进而引发细胞凋亡及机体衰老[62]。
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