黄峰,
中国农业大学资源与环境学院/农业部华北耕地保育重点实验室 北京 100193
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0300801013
详细信息
作者简介:连勰, 主要从事流域水文-作物建模和水资源配置研究。E-mail:lianxie@cau.edu.cn
通讯作者:黄峰, 主要从事流域生态水文建模与全国/区域生态与粮食安全用水权衡研究。E-mail:fhuang@cau.edu.cn
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出版历程
收稿日期:2019-01-09
录用日期:2019-03-20
刊出日期:2019-09-01
Green/blue water allocation as affected by Grain-for-Green practices in the upper reaches of the Yiluo River
LIAN Xie,HUANG Feng,
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation(North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0300801013
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Corresponding author:HUANG Feng, E-mail:fhuang@cau.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:土地利用变化对区域水循环具有重要影响，土地利用决策就是水资源决策，这一命题已经被诸多研究证实并被研究者和决策者所认识。本文以黄河流域中游的伊洛河上游流域为研究区域，应用分布式流域农业生态水文模型SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool），在我国退耕还林还草的生态恢复和重建的重大背景下，分别设置了6种不同的土地利用变化情景，基于蓝水和绿水的视角，研究土地利用/覆被对流域水循环的影响。本文对SWAT模型输出的月径流结果进行了率定和验证，证明该模型对研究流域水文循环的模拟达到了可接受水平的准确性与合理性。采用单因素方差分析和多重比较，分析基于不同水文年型下土地利用变化对各水文要素变化的影响。结果表明：1）2010-2015年多年平均降水资源总量为34.94亿m3，多年平均蓝水绿水资源总量为34.09亿m3，蓝水资源量占多年蓝水绿水资源总量的33.73%，绿水资源量占多年蓝水绿水资源总量的66.27%。2）不同情景退耕还林或还草，蓝水资源量均减少，绿水流均增加，绿水库均减少。在丰水年和平水年，退耕还林还草对蓝水资源量中地表径流分量影响较明显。该结论对于加深认识伊洛河上游流域土地利用/覆被和水资源的相互关系具有一定意义，为该区域高效合理利用水土资源提供了科学依据。
关键词:蓝水/
绿水/
土地利用/
退耕还林还草/
伊洛河上游流域/
SWAT
Abstract:Land use/cover change (LUCC) is of significant impact on regional water cycle. Land use decision-making is water resources decision-making, which has been confirmed by many studies and recognized by researchers and decision makers. Taking the upper reaches of Yiluo River in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin as the case study area, this paper applied the distributed watershed agricultural eco-hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). According to the important background of ecological restoration and reconstruction of Grain-for-Green in China, six different land use change scenarios were set up to study the impact of land use/cover change on watershed water cycle from the perspective of blue/green water. This paper calibrated and validated the monthly runoff output of SWAT model, and proved that the model achieved acceptable accuracy and rationality in simulating the hydrological cycle of the river basin. One-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons were used to analyze the effects of land use change on the changes of various hydrological factors based on different hydrological years. The results showed that:1) From 2010 to 2015, the annual average precipitation resources was 3.494 billion m3, and the annual average of total blue water and green water resources was 3.409 billion m3. Blue water resources accounted for 33.73%, and green water resources accounted for 66.27% of the total blue water and green water resources in multi-year average. 2) Under different scenarios of Grain-for-Green, the amount of blue water resources decreased, the green water flow increased, and the green reservoirs decreased. In the year of the wet year and normal year, the impact of land use/cover change on the surface runoff component of the blue water resources was more obvious. This conclusion has certain significance for deepening the understanding of the relationship between land use/cover and water resources in the upper reaches of the Yiluo River, and provides a scientific basis for efficient and rational utilization of water and soil resources in the region.
Key words:Blue water/
Green water/
Land use/
Grain-for-Green/
Upper-stream basin of Yiluo River/
SWAT
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图1伊洛河上游流域地理位置及水文气象测站分布
Figure1.Geographical location and hydrometeorological station distribution in the upper reaches of the Yiluo River
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2伊洛河上游流域土地利用/覆被图(a)和土壤图(b)
Figure2.Land use/coverage map (a) and soil types map (b) of the upper reaches of the Yiluo River
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3伊洛河上游流域灵口水文站率定期(左)和验证期(右)的月平均流量模拟结果
Figure3.Monthly average flows in calibration (left) and validation (right) periods of the Lingkou Hydrological Station in the upper reaches of the Yiluo River
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4伊洛河上游流域卢氏水文站率定期(左)和验证期(右)的月平均流量模拟结果
Figure4.Monthly average flows in calibration (left) and validation (right) periods of the Lushi Hydrological Station in the upper reaches of the Yiluo River
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图5伊洛河上游流域多年平均降水量(PRECIP)、产水量(WYLD)、地表径流(SURQ)、壤中流(LATQ)、回归流(GWQ)、渗漏量(PERC)、实际蒸散量(ET)和土壤含水量(SW)
Figure5.Annual average precipitation (PRECIP), water yield (WYLD), surface runoff (SURQ), lateral flow (LATQ), return flow (GWQ), percolation flow (PERC), actual evapotranspiration (ET), and soil water content (SW) in the upper reaches of the Yiluo River
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1伊洛河上游流域基础数据内容及来源
Table1.Contents and sources of basic data in the upper reaches of the Yiluo River
| 数据类型Type of data | 数据描述Data description | 数据来源Data sources |
| 数字高程模型 Digital elevation model | 分辨率为30 m×30 m The resolution is 30 m × 30 m. | 地理空间数据云 Geospatial Data Cloud |
| 数字水系图 Digital water system | 1:100万数字水系图 1:1 million digital water system diagram | 全国地理信息资源目录服务系统 National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information |
| 土地利用/覆被数据 Land use/coverage data | 2015年土地利用/覆被数据(30 m × 30 m) Land use/coverage data in 2015 (30 m × 30 m) | 中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心 Resource and Environmental Science Data Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| 土壤空间数据 Soil spatial data | 0~30 cm、30~100 cm土壤机械组成(1 km × 1 km) 0-30 cm、30-100 cm soil mechanical composition (1 km × 1 km) | 中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心 Resource and Environmental Science Data Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| 土壤属性数据 Soil attribute data | 利用SPAW软件和EXCEL对土壤组成、容重等进行计算 Calculation of soil composition, bulk density, etc. using SPAW software and EXCEL | 中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心 Resource and Environmental Science Data Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| 气象数据 Meteorological data | 2009—2015年41个雨量站 Fourth-one rain stations from 2009 to 2015 | 黄河流域水文年鉴 Hydrological data of Yellow River Basin |
| 1980—2016年国家卢氏气象站日值气象数据 Daily value weather data of the National Lushi Weather Station from 1980 to 2016 | 中国气象数据网 China Meteorological Data Network | |
| 水文数据 Hydrological data | 2009—2015年灵口和卢氏水文站月平均流量 Monthly average flow of Lingkou and Lushi Hydrological Stations from 2009 to 2015 | 黄河流域水文年鉴 Hydrological data of Yellow River Basin |
下载: 导出CSV表2伊洛河上游流域退耕还林/还草情景设置
Table2.Scenarios of Grain-for-Green in the upper reaches of the Yiluo River
| 情景模拟 Scenario simulation | 描述 Description |
| 情景1 Scenario 1 | 大于25°以上坡耕地进行退耕还林 Sloping farmland above 25° returned to forest |
| 情景2 Scenario 2 | 大于15°以上坡耕地进行退耕还林 Sloping farmland above 15° returned to forest |
| 情景3 Scenario 3 | 全部耕地退耕还林 All farmland returned to forests |
| 情景4 Scenario 4 | 大于25°以上坡耕地退耕还草 Sloping farmland above 25° returned to grassland |
| 情景5 Scenario 5 | 大于15°以上坡耕地退耕还草 Sloping farmland above 15° returned to grassland |
| 情景6 Scenario 6 | 全部耕地退耕还草 All farmland returned to grassland |
下载: 导出CSV表3SWAT模型主要参数取值
Table3.Main parameters of the SWAT model
| 参数名称 Parameter name | 参数含义 Parameter meaning | 初始范围Initial range | 参数调整值 Parameter adjustment value | |
| 最小值 Minimum value | 最大值 Maximum value | |||
| v__SLSUBBSN.hru | 平均坡长Average slope length (m) | 10 | 150 | 13.15 |
| v__SMTMP.bsn | 融雪基温Snow melt base temperature (℃) | -5 | 5 | -1.43 |
| v__CANMX.hru | 最大冠层截留量Maximum canopy storage (mm) | 0 | 100 | 59.75 |
| r__SOL_K.sol | 土壤饱和导水率Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (mm·h -1) | -0.5 | 0.5 | -0.03 |
| v__ALPHA_BF.gw | 基流alpha因子Base flow alpha factor (d) | 0 | 1.0 | 0.95 |
| v__ESCO.hru | 土壤蒸发补偿系数Soil evaporation compensation factor | 0.01 | 1.0 | 0.18 |
| r__SOL_Z.sol | 土壤表层到底层的深度Depth from soil surface to bottom of layer (mm) | -0.5 | 0.5 | -0.17 |
| v__CH_N2.rte | 主河道河床曼宁系数Mainning’s n value for the main channel | 0 | 0.3 | 0.14 |
| r__SOL_ALB.sol | 湿润土壤反照率Moist soil albedo | -0.5 | 0.5 | 0.12 |
| v__REVAPMN.gw | 浅层含水层“再蒸发”或渗透到深层含水层的阈值深 Threshold depth of water in the shallow aquifer for “revap” or percolation to the deep aquifer to occur (mm) | 0 | 500 | 111.25 |
| v__:参数值被给定值代替或绝对变化; r__:参数值乘以(1+给定值)或相对改变。v__: the parameter value is replaced by given value or absolute change; r__: the parameter value is multiplied by (1 + a given value) or relative change. | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表4伊洛河上游流域逐年水文要素平衡和变化情况
Table4.Balance and change of hydrological elements in the upper reaches of the Yiluo River
| ×108m3 | |||||||||||
| 年份Year | PRECIP | WR | SURQ | LATQ | GWQ | WYLD | PERC | SW | ΔSW | ET | ΔSW* |
| 2010 | 38.63 | 37.77 | 7.26 | 6.16 | 3.09 | 16.51 | 3.95 | 3.29 | -2.51 | 23.77 | -2.51 |
| 2011 | 42.49 | 40.65 | 6.78 | 7.31 | 3.67 | 17.76 | 5.50 | 6.06 | 2.77 | 20.12 | 2.78 |
| 2012 | 26.09 | 26.48 | 2.09 | 3.71 | 0.73 | 6.53 | 0.36 | 3.72 | -2.34 | 22.29 | -2.36 |
| 2013 | 28.56 | 28.17 | 3.44 | 4.12 | 0.17 | 7.73 | 0.57 | 3.07 | -0.65 | 21.09 | -0.66 |
| 2014 | 37.81 | 35.99 | 3.71 | 6.32 | 1.25 | 11.28 | 3.08 | 5.81 | 2.75 | 21.96 | 2.74 |
| 2015 | 36.08 | 35.47 | 3.45 | 5.06 | 0.67 | 9.18 | 1.27 | 4.84 | -0.97 | 27.26 | -0.96 |
| 平均Average | 34.94 | 34.09 | 4.45 | 5.45 | 1.60 | 11.50 | 2.46 | 4.47 | -0.16 | 22.75 | -0.16 |
| PRECIP:多年平均降水量; WR:蓝水绿水资源总量; SURQ:地表径流; LATQ:壤中流; GWQ:回归流; WYLD:产水量; PERC:渗漏量; SW:土壤含水量; ΔSW:一段时间内土壤中的含水量变化; ET:实际蒸散量。PRECIP: annual average precipitation; WR: total amount of blue water and green water resources; SURQ: surface runoff; LATQ: lateral flow; GWQ: return flow; WYLD: water yield; PERC: percolation flow; SW: soil water content; ΔSW: change of soil water content; ET: actual evapotranspiration; ΔSW*=PRECIP-SURQ-ET-PERC-LATQ; WYLD=SURQ+LATQ+GWQ. | |||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表5不同退耕还林/还草情景模拟下丰水年伊洛河上游流域各水文要素变化率
Table5.Change rates of hydrological elements in the upper reaches of the Yiluo River during the wet year under different scenario simulation of Grain-for-Green
| % | ||||||||
| 年型 Year type | 情景模拟 Scenario simulation | SURQ | LATQ | GWQ | PERC | SW | ET | WYLD |
| 丰水年 Wet year | 情景1 Scenario 1 | -4.11 | 0.98 | 4.18 | 2.74 | -1.41 | 0.48 | -0.43 |
| 情景2 Scenario 2 | -12.79** | 5.98 | 7.33 | 4.72 | -4.44 | 1.33 | -1.36 | |
| 情景3 Scenario 3 | -21.55** | 5.38 | 19.85** | 14.12 | -6.83 | 2.35 | -2.57 | |
| 情景4 Scenario 4 | -2.63 | 0.26 | 0.58 | 0.32 | -2.28 | 0.54 | -0.85 | |
| 情景5 Scenario 5 | -8.74** | 3.66 | -1.31 | -1.21 | -6.50 | 1.59 | -2.38 | |
| 情景6 Scenario 6 | -13.29** | 1.80 | 1.05 | 0.88 | -10.49 | 3.06 | -4.48** | |
| SURQ:地表径流; LATQ:壤中流; GWQ:回归流; PERC:渗漏量; SW:土壤含水量; ET:实际蒸散量; WYLD:产水量。SURQ: surface runoff; LATQ: lateral flow; GWQ: return flow; PERC: percolation flow; SW: soil water content; ET: actual evapotranspiration; WYLD: water yield; **: P < 0.01, *: P < 0.05. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表6不同退耕还林/还草情景模拟下平水年伊洛河上游流域各个水文要素变化率
Table6.Change rates of hydrological elements in the upper reaches of the Yiluo River during the normal year under different scenario simulation of Grain-for-Green
| % | ||||||||
| 年型 Year type | 情景模拟 Scenario simulation | SURQ | LATQ | GWQ | PERC | SW | ET | WYLD |
| 平水年 Normal year | 情景1 Scenario 1 | -5.13** | 0.31 | 6.30 | 3.29 | -0.23 | 0.47 | -0.99 |
| 情景2 Scenario 2 | -17.00** | 4.79 | 8.31 | 3.90 | -1.21 | 1.20 | -2.44 | |
| 情景3 Scenario 3 | -28.48** | 4.02 | 35.47* | 15.89 | -1.61 | 2.16 | -4.20 | |
| 情景4 Scenario 4 | -3.20 | -0.18 | 1.71 | 0.70 | -1.24 | 0.42 | -1.04 | |
| 情景5 Scenario 5 | -11.71** | 2.84 | -4.25 | -2.64 | -3.61 | 1.17 | -2.91 | |
| 情景6 Scenario 6 | -18.28** | 0.97 | -4.81 | -3.42 | -5.23 | 2.30 | -6.26 | |
| SURQ:地表径流; LATQ:壤中流; GWQ:回归流; PERC:渗漏量; SW:土壤含水量; ET:实际蒸散量; WYLD:产水量。SURQ: surface runoff; LATQ: lateral flow; GWQ: return flow; PERC: percolation flow; SW: soil water content; ET: actual evapotranspiration; WYLD: water yield; **: P < 0.01, *: P < 0.05. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表7不同退耕还林/还草情景模拟下枯水年伊洛河上游流域各个水文要素变化率
Table7.Change rates of hydrological elements in the upper reaches of the Yiluo River during the dry year under different scenario simulation of Grain-for-Green
| % | ||||||||
| 年型 Year type | 情景模拟 Scenario simulation | SURQ | LATQ | GWQ | PERC | SW | ET | WYLD |
| 枯水年 Dry year | 情景1 Scenario 1 | -5.09 | 0.73 | 2.38 | 7.28 | -0.47 | 0.28 | -1.36 |
| 情景2 Scenario 2 | -17.54 | 5.75 | 4.20 | 15.51 | -0.70 | 0.77 | -3.28 | |
| 情景3 Scenario 3 | -27.80* | 4.97 | 32.61 | 50.83** | -1.00 | 1.29 | -5.68 | |
| 情景4 Scenario 4 | -3.85 | 0.41 | -1.19 | 1.16 | -3.38 | 0.57 | -1.33 | |
| 情景5 Scenario 5 | -13.87 | 4.08 | -6.64 | -0.28 | -10.41* | 1.60 | -3.55 | |
| 情景6 Scenario 6 | -20.40 | 2.23 | -5.62 | 4.53 | -18.84** | 3.25* | -7.00 | |
| SURQ:地表径流; LATQ:壤中流; GWQ:回归流; PERC:渗漏量; SW:土壤含水量; ET:实际蒸散量; WYLD:产水量。SURQ: surface runoff; LATQ: lateral flow; GWQ: return flow; PERC: percolation flow; SW: soil water content; ET: actual evapotranspiration; WYLD: water yield; **: P < 0.01, *: P < 0.05. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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