赵建华^,,
孙建好,
李伟绮
甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所 兰州 730070
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2017YFD0201808-02
国家公益性行业农业专项201103003-09
甘肃省农业科学院青年基金项目2016GAAS33

详细信息

作者简介:赵建华, 主要从事生物多样性与资源高效利用方面的研究。E-mail:zhaojianhuatt@163.com

中图分类号:S181

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收稿日期:2018-01-31
录用日期:2018-06-03
刊出日期:2018-11-01

Effect of maize sowing date on yield and interspecific competition in soybean/maize intercropping system

ZHAO Jianhua^,,
SUN Jianhao,
LI Weiqi
Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Water-Saving Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2017YFD0201808-02
the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201103003-09
the Youth Foundation of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences2016GAAS33

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Corresponding author:ZHAO Jianhua, E-mail: zhaojianhuatt@163.com

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摘要
摘要:在间作系统中，间作作物间合理的共生期可有效提高间作系统作物对时空资源的高效利用。而间作作物播期直接影响间作作物间共生期的长短，由此导致的时空生态位分离会直接影响到作物生产力和种间相互作用。为明确大豆/玉米间作系统中玉米播期对间作作物产量、系统生产力及间作作物间资源竞争力的影响，本研究设置3个玉米播期处理——M1（4月24日与大豆同时播种，与大豆共生期165 d）、M2（5月4日播种，与大豆共生期150 d）、M3（5月14日播种，与大豆共生期140 d），通过对单间作条件下作物产量、干物质累积的测定，研究了玉米不同播期下大豆/玉米间作系统作物产量、系统生产力、共生期内种间竞争力变化。结果表明：3个播期处理不影响间作产量优势，土地当量比（land equivalent ratio，LER）均大于1；但随播期延迟，LER变小，M1处理LER最大，达1.37。玉米播期变化对间作大豆产量无显著影响；随玉米播期延迟，间作玉米产量下降，间作系统生产力随之下降。玉米播期对间作大豆产量构成无显著影响；随玉米播期延迟，间作玉米的百粒重随之减小，M3的百粒重（26.1 g）仅为M1（36.6 g）的71%。玉米播期延迟抑制了大豆玉米共生后期玉米资源竞争力的恢复，在大豆和玉米共生前期，大豆的资源竞争力强于玉米，而共生后期（9月至收获），玉米的资源竞争力显著提升；M3处理大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力（aggressivity，A_sm）始终高于M1和M2，玉米相对拥挤指数随播期延迟而降低，表现为M1 > M2 > M3，而竞争比率为M3 > M2 > M1。因此，就本研究而言，甘肃河西灌区大豆/玉米间作系统中4月24日大豆和玉米同时播种是此系统间作作物的适宜播期，两作物同时播种可有效稳定间作作物产量及系统生产力，间作玉米播种延迟会导致间作系统生产力下降。
关键词:大豆/玉米间作/
玉米播期/
共生期/
产量/
种间竞争力/
生态位
Abstract:A reasonable co-growth period between intercrop species can effectively improve the use efficiency of soil resources in time-space fabric. However, sowing date of intercrop plants directly determines the length of co-growth period of intercrop plants. This can directly affect intercropped plant productivity and interspecific interaction due to niche differentiation over time. Thus, a study was carried out to determine the effect of sowing date of intercropped maize on yield, productivity and interspecific competitiveness of crops of soybean/maize intercropping system. A total of three sowing dates of maize were set up, which were 24^th April (M1, co-growth period of maize and soybean was 165 days), 4^th May (M2, co-growth period of maize and soybean was 150 days) and 14^th May (M3, co-growth period of maize and soybean was 140 days). Then yield and dry matter accumulation of crops were investigated in both intercropping and sole systems, and system productivity and interspecific competitiveness also analyzed. The result showed that yield of soybean/maize intercropping was not affected by maize sowing date. Land equivalent ratio (LER) of all intercropping systems was greater than 1. However, LER value decreased with delay of sowing date of intercropped maize. The largest LER was for M1 (1.37) treatment. There were no significant differences in yields and yield components of intercropped soybeans with different maize sowing dates. Yield of intercropped maize and productivity of intercropping system decreased with delay of sowing date of intercropped maize. The 100-grain weight of intercropped maize decreased with delay of sowing date, 100-grain weight of M3 (26.1 g) was 71% that of M1 (36.6 g) treatment. The competitive ability of intercropped maize decreased during later co-growth period due to delay in sowing date. During early co-growth period, the competitive ability of soybean for growth resources was stronger than that of maize. However, in later co-growth period (from September to harvest), the competitive ability of maize significantly increased and was greater than that of soybean. However, the aggressiveness of soybean relative to maize (A_sm) under M3 was significantly higher than those under M1 and M2. Meanwhile, relative crowding coefficient of maize also was higher than that of soybean. This decreased with delay in sowing date of intercropped maize in the order of M1 > M2 > M3 and with competitive ratio values of M1 > M2 > M3. Therefore, the most reasonable sowing date of maize in soybean/maize intercropping system in Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province was on 24^th April. Here, yield of intercropped plants and the productivity of intercropping systems were maintained. The delayed sowing dates of maize decreased yield and productivity of intercropping system.
Key words:Soybean/maize intercropping system/
Sowing time of maize/
Co-growth period/
Yield/
Interspecific competition/
Niche

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图1不同玉米播期下大豆/玉米间作系统的土地当量比
IM1: 4月24日播种间作玉米; IM2: 5月4日播种间作玉米; IM3: 5月14日播种间作玉米。不同小写字母表示不同处理在0.05水平上差异显著。IM1: intercropped maize was sowed in 24^th April; IM2: intercropped maize was sowed in 4^th May; IM3: intercropped maize was sowed in 14^th May. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at 0.05 level.
Figure1.The land equivalent ratio of maize/soybean intercropping systems with different sowing dates of maize


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图2玉米播期对间作系统中大豆相对于玉米的相对竞争力的影响
IM1: 4月24日播种间作玉米; IM2: 5月4日播种间作玉米; IM3: 5月14日播种间作玉米。IM1: intercropped maize was sowed in 24^th April; IM2: intercropped maize was sowed in 4^th May; IM3: intercropped maize was sowed in 14^th May.
Figure2.Dynamics of aggressivity of soybean relative to maize in soybean/maize intercropping system as affected by sowing date of maize


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图3玉米播期对间作系统间作期间大豆(a)和玉米(b)相对拥挤指数的影响
IM1: 4月24日播种间作玉米; IM2: 5月4日播种间作玉米; IM3: 5月14日播种间作玉米。IM1: intercropped maize was sowed in 24^th April; IM2: intercropped maize was sowed in 4^th May; IM3: intercropped maize was sowed in 14^th May.
Figure3.Dynamic of relative crowding coefficient of soybean (a) and maize (b) in soybean/maize intercropping system during the sampling period as affected by sowing date of maize


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图4不同玉米播期下间作系统中大豆相对于玉米的竞争比率动态变化
IM1: 4月24日播种间作玉米; IM2: 5月4日播种间作玉米; IM3: 5月14日播种间作玉米。IM1: intercropped maize was sowed in 24^th April; IM2: intercropped maize was sowed in 4^th May; IM3: intercropped maize was sowed in 14^th May.
Figure4.Dynamics of competitive ratio of soybean relative to maize in soybean/maize intercropping system during the sampling period as affected by sowing date of maize


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表1玉米播期对大豆/玉米间作体系作物产量的影响
Table1.Effect of maize sowing date on yield of crops in maize/soybean intercropping system

kg·hm-2
处理 Treatment	大豆Soybean			玉米Maize		混合产量 Total yield of soybean and maize	间作系统生产力 System productivity
	间作Intercropping	单作Monoculture		间作Intercropping	单作Monoculture
M1	706.8±81.7a	1 333.4±328.3		10 310.6±724.1a	12 341.7±950.2a	11 017.3±643.3a	5 220.56±297.52a
M2	661.5±125.3a	1 333.4±328.3		8 853.2±497.4a	13 938.7±577.8a	9 514.7±617.1a	4 511.60±297.32a
M3	542.1±95.2a	1 333.4±328.3		6 465.4±1 020.1b	9 705.9±1 976.9b	6 940.9±811.6b	3 290.76±369.00b
表中数据为平均值±标准差, 同列数据中不同小写字母表示0.05水平上差异显著。M1: 4月24日播种玉米; M2: 5月4日播种玉米; M3: 5月14日播种玉米。The data were means ± S.E. (n=3). Values in the same column followed by different small letters were significantly different at 0.05 level. M1: maize was sowed in 24th April; M2: maize was sowed in 4th May; M3: maize was sowed in 14th May.

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表2玉米播期对间作大豆产量构成因素的影响
Table2.The yield components of soybean in maize/soybean intercropping system as affected by sowing date of maize

处理 Treatment	有效株数 Effective stalks(plants?m-2)	单株荚数 Pod number per plant	单株粒数 Grain number per plant	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)	收获指数 Harvest index
IM1	9.30	26.53±1.85a	45.37±6.92a	20.49±0.70a	0.20±0.02a
IM2	9.30	25.03±2.29a	41.53±1.93a	22.32±2.37a	0.19±0.01a
IM3	9.30	29.53±7.78a	45.90±9.13a	22.22±1.23a	0.13±0.05ab
SS	20.00	22.47±6.22a	42.70±4.91a	19.37±1.53a	0.10±0.03b
表中数据为平均值±标准差, 同列数据中不同小写字母表示0.05水平上差异显著。IM1: 4月24日播种间作玉米; IM2: 5月4日播种间作玉米; IM3: 5月14日播种间作玉米; SS:单作大豆。The data were means ± S.E. (n=3). Values in the same column followed by different small letters were significantly different at 0.05 level. IM1: intercropped maize was sowed in 24th April; IM2: intercropped maize was sowed in 4th May; IM3: intercropped maize was sowed in 14th May; SS: soybean monoculture.

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表3玉米播期对与大豆间作的玉米产量构成因素的影响
Table3.The yield components of maize intercropped with soybean as affected by sowing date of maize

处理 Treatment	穗粒数Grains per spike			百粒重100-grain weight (g)			收获指数Harvest index
	间作 intercropped	单作 Monoculture		间作 Intercropped	单作 Monoculture		间作 Intercropped	单作 Monoculture
M1	552.63±37.01a	550.13±19.69a		36.64±1.89a	35.96±0.62a		0.54±0.03a	0.43±0.12a
M2	577.97±43.00a	598.43±33.12a		33.17±1.13b	34.28±1.44a		0.50±0.03a	0.50±0.03a
M3	525.32±14.57a	568.71±35.24a		26.12±0.61c	32.62±5.06a		0.41±0.02a	0.42±0.04b
显著性Significance
种植方式Cropping pattern (C)	NS			NS			NS
播期Sowing date (S)	NS			*			*
C × S	NS			NS			NS
M1: 4月24日播种玉米; M2: 5月4日播种玉米; M3: 5月14日播种玉米。*表示在P < 0.05水平显著, NS表示不显著。M1: maize was sowed in 24th April; M2: maize was sowed in 4th May; M3: maize was sowed in 14th May.* indicate significant difference at 0.05 level, NS indicates no significant difference.

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