,
,1,*Effects of transportation direction of photosynthate on soil microbial processes in the rhizosphere of Phyllostachys bissetii
ZOU Zan1, CHEN Jin-Song2, LI Yang1, SONG Hui-Xing,,1,*通讯作者:
编委: 于飞海
责任编辑: 李敏
收稿日期:2018-04-9网络出版日期:2018-08-20
| 基金资助: |
Received:2018-04-9Online:2018-08-20
| Supported by: | SupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina( |
摘要
关键词：
Abstract
Methods By removing the aboveground parts of the ramets, acropetal treatment and basipetal treatment were applied in this study to control the transportation direction of photosynthate. In acropetal treatment, aboveground parts of distal ramets were cut off (with 20 cm above ground kept), and proximal ramets were left intact. While in basipetal treatment, aboveground parts of proximal ramets were cut off (with 20 cm above ground kept), and distal ramets were left intact. Rhizomes between the two ramets were either connected or severed. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) availabilities, and enzyme activities in the rhizosphere soils were measured.
Important findings In acropetal treatment, total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and soil inorganic nitrogen (NH4+-N and NO3--N) content in the rhizosphere soil of distal ramets with connected rhizomes were significantly higher than those with severed rhizome. The activities of urease, polyphenol oxidase (POXase), N-acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAGase) were significantly enhanced. Further, clonal integration had a significant effect on C and N availability, and microbial processes in the rhizosphere soil of neighbouring ramets. In basipetal treatment, clonal integration did not show a significant effect on C availability in the rhizosphere soil of proximal ramets, but microbial processes along with soil enzyme activities were altered accordingly. Effects of transportation direction of photosynthate on microbial processes in the rhizosphere of P. bissetii provides insights into the adaptation mechanisms of clonal plant populations.
Keywords：
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引用本文
邹瓒, 陈劲松, 李洋, 宋会兴. 光合产物传输方向对蓉城竹根际微生物过程的影响. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(8): 863-872 doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0078
ZOU Zan, CHEN Jin-Song, LI Yang, SONG Hui-Xing.
通过维管组织的传输, 植物实现光合产物在各器官中资源分配的权衡(平晓燕等, 2010); 根系通过根际沉积作用为土壤环境提供可利用碳源(Kuzyakov, 2002; Jones et al., 2009; Rajaniemi & Allison, 2009), 这些易溶性碳源促进了土壤微生物生长代谢过程, 调控土壤有机质的矿化、降解和转移、氮(N)循环等过程(Schimel & Weintraub, 2003; Trudell et al., 2004; Lei et al., 2014)。树木环割实验结果证实, 阻断Fagus sylvatica地上部分碳同化产物向根系的传输, 会削弱根际土壤碳(C)的有效性, 显著影响根际微生物过程(Koranda et al., 2011)。
相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(张称意等, 2001; Li et al., 2002; 王昱生等, 2004; 彭一可等, 2013; 胡俊靖等, 2015)。对欧活血丹(Glechoma hederacea)、羊柴(Hedysarum laeve)、Carex bigelowii资源传输格局的同位素示踪研究表明, 光合产物在连接分株间均存在顶向传输和基向传输(Jónsdóttir & Callaghan, 1990; Price & Hutchings, 1992; 张称意等, 2001); 分株间主要的资源传输格局是顶向传输, 即年长分株向年幼分株的物质传输比从年幼分株向年长分株的物质传输要普遍得多(Pitelka & Ashmmun, 1985; Marshall, 1990; Stuefer, 1996; 王长爱等, 2006; 张文军, 2014), 这在N资源的整合中尤为明显(Alpert et al., 2002)。
克隆植物分株间资源传输的方向性差异对邻体分株根际微生物过程的影响尚不清晰, 现有研究结果也不尽相同。Lei等(2014)研究发现, 分株之间的克隆整合作用使得遮阴远端分株根际C、N的有效性显著增加, 微生物群落结构也发生显著性变化, 表现出较强的根际过程。在蓉城竹(Phyllostachys bissetii)中, 尽管克隆整合显著增加了遮阴蓉城竹分株根际C的有效性, 但根状茎切断处理并没有对遮阴分株根际细菌的群落结构产生显著性影响(薛阁等, 2018)。推测这可能与植物种类不同有关, 更与资源类型(如C和N)不同而表现出的不同传输方向密切关联(Alpert et al., 2002)。
竹林是中国森林植被的重要组成部分。竹类植物是以木本为主的克隆植物, 其克隆生长特征对异质性生境具有很强的适应能力(施建敏等, 2014)。这一方面有利于高异质性生境的植被保持和生物多样性保育(邱尔发等, 2001; 李睿等, 2003); 另一方面竹林入侵其他群落所造成的群落结构破坏、生物多样性降低、生态功能下降等负面影响日益受到关注(白尚斌等, 2013; 刘骏等, 2013; 杨清培, 2017)。
因此, 我们提出如下假设: 克隆植物分株间光合产物的传输格局使得远端分株(年幼分株)获得更多的光合碳分配, 根际可利用碳资源的增加影响根际微生物过程; 而近端分株(年长分株)获得较少或不能获得光合碳分配, 克隆整合不会对近端分株根际微生物过程产生显著影响。本研究以单轴散生型克隆植物——蓉城竹为对象, 探讨克隆分株间光合产物传输对邻体分株根际微生物过程的影响, 这对于理解竹类植物的种群适应机制具有重要的理论意义。
1 材料和方法
1.1 研究材料
蓉城竹别名白夹竹, 属禾本科刚竹属(Phyllostachys), 株高3-6 m, 基径约2 cm。蓉城竹为单轴散生竹, 通过竹鞭(根状茎)进行克隆生长, 鞭梢生长期6-11月, 11月后停止生长, 次年3-4月发笋, 5月出笋成竹(曾林等, 1998)。蓉城竹竹竿可用于造纸、编篾, 笋可食用, 具有重要的经济价值, 同时也是大熊猫的主食竹之一(宋会兴等, 2011)。1.2 实验设计
实验样地位于四川省成都市邛崃市南宝山镇(103.19° E, 30.45° N), 海拔1 217 m, 年平均气温16.3 ℃, 年日照时间1 107.9 h, 年降水量1 117.3 mm。2015年11月, 选取当年生、长势一致的蓉城竹分株对, 控制分株间距在(30 ± 5) cm (n = 12)范围内, 依据竹鞭走向分别标记分株对的近端分株和远端分株。切断分株对外围竹鞭, 用双层加厚塑料膜包裹蓉城竹根部土块(大小为0.5 m × 0.5 m)与周围环境隔离, 以排除外界土壤环境对实验分株对的影响。实验分顶向传输(A)和基向传输(B)两组: 顶向传输组中, 将远端分株地上部分剪除(保留地面以上20 cm), 近端分株自然生长; 基向传输组中, 将近端分株地上部分剪除(保留地面以上20 cm), 远端分株自然生长。两组实验中保持根状茎连接或切断处理, 每处理3个重复, 共12个分株对(图1)。图1
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图1实验设计图。
Fig. 1Schematic diagram of experiment design.
1.3 土壤样品收集及相关指标测定
2016年11月, 按照Riley和Barber (1970)的“抖落法”, 对地上部分剪除的分株根际进行土壤取样。具体操作为: 将没有黏附在根上的非根际土壤抖落, 紧密黏附在根上、距离根系表面1-3 mm的土壤作为根际土壤, 用无菌毛刷轻轻刷下, 手工捡出动植物残体、砾石等, 过筛(<2 mm)后保存于干燥灭菌的自封袋中(孙悦等, 2014; Guo et al., 2016), 用于相关指标的测定。不能及时测量的土壤样品置于-20 ℃冰箱备用。1.3.1 根际土壤碳氮有效性
土壤总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量采用元素分析仪(vario MACRO cube, Elementar, Langenselbold, Germany)测定; 溶解性有机碳(DOC)和溶解性有机氮(DON)用0.5 mol·L-1 K2SO4溶液浸提, 于TOC/TN分析仪(TOC-L analyzer, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan)中测定其含量; 土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和生物量氮(MBN)采用氯仿熏蒸提取法(CFAP)进行提取(Witt et al., 2000; Setia et al., 2012), 于TOC/TN分析仪中测定其熏蒸处理和未熏蒸处理后的DOC、DON含量, 通过Vance等(1987)和Wu等(1990)提出的公式计算土壤微生物生物量碳(氮)含量:
MBC (N) = EB/0.45
其中EB是进行氯仿熏蒸处理与未熏蒸处理的浸提液DOC、DON含量差值, 0.45为转换系数。
土壤无机氮即铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N), 用2 mol·L-1 KCl溶液浸提后分别采用靛酚蓝比色法和双波长比色法测定含量(Crepin & Johnson, 1993); 同时将等量土样于40 ℃恒温箱中培养7昼夜, 测定NH4+-N和NO3--N含量, 根据以下公式(Zhou et al., 2011)计算土壤样品的净矿化速率(Nmin)和硝化速率(Nnitri):
$N_{min}-\frac{(NH^{+}_{4}+NO^{-}_{3})_{培养后}- (NH^{+}_{4}+NO^{-}_{3})_{培养前}}{培养时间t}$
$N_{nitri}=\frac{(NO^{-}_{3})_{培养后}-(NO^{-}_{3})_{培养前}}{培养时间t}$
1.3.2 土壤酶活性
N-乙酰基-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)、多酚氧化酶(POXase)和脲酶(Urease)均为在根际土壤C、N转化过程中起重要作用的土壤酶, 其中NAGase参与壳多糖水解, 是决定土壤有机碳来源的重要因子(Smucker & Kim, 1987); POXase则对土壤腐殖质碳的形成有重要作用(关松荫, 1986); 而Urease参与土壤中有机氮向有效氮的转化过程, 一定程度上反映土壤无机氮的供应能力(Gianfreda et al., 2005)。本研究中NAGase采用Parham和Deng (2000)的方法, 以对硝基苯酚-N-乙酰基-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷(ρNP- NAG)为底物进行测定, 活性用μg·g-1 soil·h-1表示; Urease采用Kandeler和Gerber (1988)的方法, 以尿素作为底物进行测定, 活性用μg·g-1 soil·h-1表示; POXase采用Perucci等(2000)等的方法, 以邻苯二酚为底物进行测定, 活性用μmol·g-1·min-1表示。
1.4 数据分析
采用IBM SPSS Statistics 19软件对数据进行正态检验, 以S-W检验结果为准, p值设置为0.05; 对数据进行方差齐性检验(Levene’s test), 检验的显著性概率临界值为0.05; 通过单因素方差分析方法分析根状茎连接与否对根际土壤C、N有效性、酶活性、矿化速率及硝化速率的影响。采用OriginPro 8软件完成绘图。2 结果
2.1 根际土壤C、N有效性
光合产物顶向传输中, 根状茎连接的远端分株根际的TOC、DOC、DON、NH4+-N和NO3--N含量显著高于根状茎切断的远端分株, 但TN含量差异不显著; 光合产物基向传输中, 根状茎连接的近端分株根际DON、NH4+-N和NO3--N的含量显著低于根状茎切断分株, 而根状茎切断与否对TOC、TN和DOC含量无显著影响(表1)。Table 1
表1
表1光合产物传输方向对蓉城竹根际土壤性质的影响(平均值±标准偏差)
Table 1
| 土壤性质 Soil properties | 顶向传输组 Acropetal treatment | 基向传输组 Basitpetal treatment | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 连接 Connected | 切断 Severed | 连接 Connected | 切断 Severed | |
| TOC (g·kg-1) | 8.859 ± 0.139 | 8.221 ± 0.048** | 8.513 ± 0.108 | 8.697 ± 0.170 |
| TN (g·kg-1) | 1.707 ± 0.149 | 1.560 ± 0.172 | 1.569 ± 0.073 | 1.617 ± 0.088 |
| DOC (mg·kg-1) | 62.683 ± 0.293 | 58.23 ± 0.621*** | 56.017 ± 0.180 | 56.163 ± 0.295 |
| DON (mg·kg-1) | 7.99 ± 0.105 | 6.674 ± 0.042*** | 7.126 ± 0.079 | 7.422 ± 0.041** |
| MBC (mg·kg-1) | 20.052 ± 1.725 | 14.621 ± 0.719** | 21.467 ± 1.156 | 19.238 ± 1.186 |
| MBN (mg·kg-1) | 2.456 ± 0.414 | 3.084 ± 0.151 | 2.522 ± 0.244 | 1.599 ± 0.138** |
| MBC/MBN | 8.282 ± 1.225 | 4.750 ± 0.371** | 8.551 ± 0.716 | 12.083 ± 1.148* |
| NH4+-N (mg·kg-1) | 7.206 ± 0.234 | 5.557 ± 0.368** | 5.531 ± 0.127 | 6.957 ± 0.181*** |
| NO3--N (mg·kg-1) | 1.908 ± 0.120 | 1.224 ± 0.203** | 1.467 ± 0.175 | 2.304 ± 0.441* |
新窗口打开|下载CSV
2.2 根际土壤微生物生物量特征
光合产物顶向传输中, 根状茎保持连接的远端分株根际土壤MBC含量显著高于根状茎切断的分株, 但切断根状茎并没有显著影响根际土壤MBN含量; 光合产物基向传输中, 切断根状茎没有显著影响根际土壤MBC含量, 却显著改变了根际土壤MBN含量, 使得根状茎保持连接的近端分株根际土壤MBN含量显著高于根状茎切断的近端分株根际(表1)。MBC/MBN值在两个实验中也表现出了不同的变化趋势, 在光合产物顶向传输中, 根状茎保持连接的远端分株根际MBC/MBN值为8.282, 显著高于切断根状茎的远端分株根际; 在光合产物基向传输中恰好相反, 表现为根状茎保持连接的近端分株根际MBC/MBN值显著低于切断根状茎的近端分株根际(表1)。
2.3 根际土壤酶活性
光合产物顶向传输中, 根状茎保持连接的远端分株根际NAGase、POXase和Urease活性均显著高于根状茎切断的远端分株根际; 但在光合产物基向传输实验中3个酶的变化趋势并不一致: 其中Urease与POXase活性变化与顶向传输组一致, 表现为根状茎连接近端分株显著高于根状茎切断的近端分株; NAGase活性变化与顶向传输实验相反, 表现为根状茎连接近端分株显著低于根状茎切断的近端分株(图2)。图2
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图2光合产物传输对蓉城竹根际土壤酶活性的影响(平均值±标准偏差). ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; *, p < 0.05。
Fig. 2Effects of transportation direction of photosynthate on soil enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of Phyllostachys bissetii (means ± SD). NAGase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase; POXase, phenol oxidase. ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; *, p < 0.05.
2.4 根际土壤N矿化、硝化速率
光合产物顶向传输中, 根状茎切断并没有对远端分株根际土壤Nmin与Nnitri产生显著性影响; 在光合产物基向传输中, 根状茎保持连接与否没有对近端分株根际Nmin产生显著影响, 但显著影响了其Nnitri, 根状茎保持连接的近端分株根际Nnitri显著高于根状茎切断分株(图3)。图3
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图3光合产物传输对蓉城竹根际土壤氮素矿化速率(Nmin)和硝化速率(Nnitri)的影响(平均值±标准偏差)。***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; *, p < 0.05。
Fig. 3Effects of transportation direction of photosynthate on soil N mineralization rate(Nmin) and nitrification rate(Nnitri) in the rhizosphere of Phyllostachys bissetii(means ± SD). ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; *, p < 0.05.
3 讨论
3.1 光合产物传输对蓉城竹根际C、N有效性的影响
根际沉积作用是植物根系为土壤环境提供可利用碳源的重要方式(Kuzyakov, 2002; Jones et al., 2009)。在蓉城竹中, 根状茎保持连接的远端分株根际TOC、DOC含量均显著高于根状茎切断的远端分株, 这与遮阴活血丹(Glechoma longituba)远端分株具有较高的DOC含量是一致的(Lei et al., 2014), 暗示了地上部分被剪除的远端分株根际, 获得了近端分株光合产物的支持。而根际氮肥有效性的增加能显著增加绿竹(Dendrocalamopsis oldhami)的竹笋产量(曾爱平等, 2007), 意味着蓉城竹远端分株地上部分被剪除后出笋量可能增加。光合产物基向传输中, 根状茎保持切断与否并没有显著影响近端分株根际TOC、DOC含量, 这一方面是由于植物地上部分去除会引起植物的补偿效应, 即将根系积累的碳水化合物重新输送到地上部分, 进而影响根系的沉积作用(Giese et al., 2013); 另一方面, 光合产物的传输主要是顶向传输, 而基向传输中传输的量较少, 从而影响了近端分株根际C有效性(D’Hertefeldt & Jónsdóttir, 1999)。
植株根际C有效性的增加, 促进了土壤微生物生长代谢过程(赵劲松等, 2003), 加快了微生物调控的N转化过程, 使得根状茎保持连接的蓉城竹远端分株根际具有较高的N有效性(表1), 这与对活血丹的研究结果是一致的(Lei et al., 2014)。而在光合产物基向传输中, 根状茎保持连接的近端分株根际NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度显著低于切断分株。同位素示踪实验发现, 年龄较大的无叶分株可以保持较高的根系吸收活力, 其功能特化为吸收地下资源并传递给年龄较小的具叶分株, 维持年幼分株的顶端优势和生长(Jónsdóttir & Callaghan, 1990)。此外, 光合产物基向传输中根状茎连接近端分株根系分泌的有机碳促进了根际土壤微生物的生长, 表现出了较高的微生物生物量, 但其对根际N的竞争能力远远强于微生物对营养的摄取, 这种植物和微生物对N的竞争策略同时也是生态系统N循环的重要环节(Schimel & Bennett, 2004; 章晴, 2016)。因此, 根际土壤N有效性同时受到植物根系吸收、土壤微生物摄取以及根际土壤N矿化硝化作用等多方面因素的影响, 且根系吸收的能力与根系的生理年龄、根量等有关(钦绳武和刘芷宇, 1984; 章晴, 2016)。同时, 由于光合产物在不同方向上传输量的差异, 使得地上部分剪除后蓉城竹近端、远端分株根际N有效性发生了迥异变化。
3.2 光合产物传输对蓉城竹根际土壤酶活性的影响
根际区域土壤酶活性主要受到根系分泌物、根系凋落物及土壤微生物群落结构组成和土壤微生物活性等因素的影响(Toberman et al., 2011)。在远端分株根际, 根状茎保持连接的植株土壤酶活性显著高于根状茎断开植株。这在紫竹(Phyllostachys nigra)(张云和陈劲松, 2017)、活血丹(Lei et al., 2014)等中也有发现, 这与根状茎保持连接的远端分株根际通过整合作用获得了更多的光合碳资源, 改变了土壤微生物群落结构和活性有关(Rajaniemi & Allison, 2009)。树木环割(Koranda et al., 2011)以及牧草刈割(章家恩等, 2005)后土壤酶活性的变化也间接证明了我们的研究结果。在光合产物基向传输中, 根状茎连接近端分株根际土壤Urease和POXase活性依旧高于根状茎切断的近端分株, 而NAGase活性恰好相反, 根状茎切断近端分株显著高于根状茎保持连接近端分株。有关植物根系活力与Urease、POXase活性正相关的研究结果在烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)(李艳平等, 2016)、番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)(吴瑕等, 2015)中均有报道。因此我们推测土壤Urease和POXase活性变化可能与根状茎连接分株较切断分株具有更高的根系活力有关; 而根际NAGase活性与土壤真菌Glomeromycota (球囊菌门)丰度显著负相关(李丽华, 2016)。球囊菌是构成陆生植物丛枝菌根的主体, 需从宿主植物中获取碳及能量才能生存。由此推测, 尽管在蓉城竹中光合产物基向传输的量不足以引起根际TOC、DOC浓度的显著变化, 但依旧能够维持共生的丛枝菌根菌的生存, 从而影响着根际NAGase活性。
3.3 光合产物传输对蓉城竹根际土壤微生物量特征的影响
土壤微生物参与了土壤有机质的转化过程, 在植物养分有效性和腐殖质形成过程中发挥着重要作用(Bardgett et al., 2005)。通常采用MBC/MBN来评价土壤微生物种群结构(Paul & Clark, 1989)。有研究表明, 少量的根系分泌物会影响土壤微生物活性, 而在根系分泌物量较大时, 细菌与真菌的相对多度发生改变, 影响土壤微生物群落结构(de Graaff et al., 2010)。在根状茎保持连接的蓉城竹远端分株根际, MBC含量显著高于切断分株, 连接和切断分株MBC/MBN差异显著, 是蓉城竹生理整合作用下远端分株根际沉积作用的结果。光合产物顶向传输实验中根状茎切断与否并没有对MBN含量产生显著影响。黑杨(Populus nigra)、水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)根际的添加实验表明, C/N较高的低分子量有机碳对根际土壤MBN含量没有显著影响(章晴, 2016)。在光合产物基向传输中, MBC/MBN在保持连接的蓉城竹分株根际与根状茎切断的分株根际存在显著差异, 预示着根状茎连接与否对近端分株根际土壤微生物群落组成产生了显著影响。这可能是根状茎切断后与近端分株根系共生的丛枝菌根真菌生长受限及(或)腐生真菌增多的原因(Koranda et al., 2011)。
3.4 光合产物传输对蓉城竹根际土壤N矿化、硝化速率特征的影响
N矿化是土壤氮循环一个最重要的过程, 微生物是土壤N矿化过程重要的参与者, 土壤有机质与根际沉积物可促进微生物的矿化作用(Rajaniemi & Allison, 2009)。通过向土壤中添加易分解有机碳, 发现根系分泌物的增加会加速或抑制N矿化过程, 而表现为正激发效应(Hamer & Marschner, 2005; Kuzyakov et al., 2007)或负激发效应(Kuzyakov & Bol, 2006; Blagodatskaya et al., 2007)。de Graaff等(2010)认为这是根系分泌物量的高低造成的结果。在我们的研究中, 无论在光合产物顶向传输还是基向传输实验中, Nmin都没有发生显著性变化, Nnitri仅仅是在基向传输实验中连接分株显著高于根状茎断开分株。由于实验并没有对根系分泌物的数量进行研究, 出现这一结果的机制并不清楚。此外, 测定的土壤N矿化、硝化速率属于瞬时变化, 不同于根际C、N有效性及土壤酶活性等具有累积效应(Zhou et al., 2011); 同时, 土壤Nmin、Nnitri受温度、湿度等因子的影响(Mcmurtrie et al., 2001; Zaman & Chang, 2004), 季节性变化明显, 对土壤Nmin、Nnitri动态的研究有助于揭示这一研究结果的详细机制。总之, 控制性实验造成的光合产物传输方向差异使得蓉城竹近端和远端分株根际C有效性产生不同变化, 进而对根际土壤酶活性等微生物过程产生了不同的影响, 意味着克隆植物分株间光合产物传输的非对称性。光合产物顶向传输的优势促进了远端分株根际N有效性, 可能有利于受动物取食或人为砍伐等干扰影响的蓉城竹分株的再生长(如新生笋的萌发和生长)(周世强等, 2009; 魏宇航, 2013)。而根状茎保持连接的近端分株地上部分剪除后地下部分功能特化, 保持较高的根系活力(Jónsdóttir & Callaghan, 1990), 但其根际较低的N有效性似乎暗示了其根际存在一定的营养转移(可能供给幼嫩分株或土壤微生物)。因此, 蓉城竹分株地上部分剪除形成的分株间光合产物非对称性传输, 影响了根际微生物过程, 这可能是蓉城竹对动物取食或人为砍伐等干扰的有益权衡, 是对自身克隆片段的“取舍”, 这有助于克隆植物对生存环境的适应调节。
致谢
长江上游生态安全协同创新中心开放基金项目资助,特此致谢！参考文献 原文顺序
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被引期刊影响因子
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DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.08258URL [本文引用: 1]
为探讨毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)入侵对周围森林群落的影响,作者于2005-2011年在天目山自然保护区进行了7年长期定位观测实验,研究了毛竹入侵地森林群落的植物物种多样性变化.结果表明:毛竹入侵对周围森林群落植物物种多样性产生了不利影响:毛竹林乔木层和灌木层植物的Simpson指数小于针阔混交林和毛竹-针阔混交林,而草本层的Simpson指数则大于针阔混交林和毛竹-针阔混交林.植物物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数随时间发生了较大变化:毛竹入侵的森林群落其乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数显著降低(P＜0.05),草本层的物种丰富度显著提高(P＜0.05),Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数未表现出明显的变化.毛竹-针阔混交林去除毛竹后,乔木层和灌木层物种丰富度和Simpson指数增加,草本层物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数明显下降.可见,毛竹入侵使森林群落植物多样性发生实质性的变化,对自然保护区植物群落造成了重大影响.由此可见,要使保护区物种多样性得到保护,除进行科学的管理外,还需要控制毛竹蔓延.
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.08258URL [本文引用: 1]
为探讨毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)入侵对周围森林群落的影响,作者于2005-2011年在天目山自然保护区进行了7年长期定位观测实验,研究了毛竹入侵地森林群落的植物物种多样性变化.结果表明:毛竹入侵对周围森林群落植物物种多样性产生了不利影响:毛竹林乔木层和灌木层植物的Simpson指数小于针阔混交林和毛竹-针阔混交林,而草本层的Simpson指数则大于针阔混交林和毛竹-针阔混交林.植物物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数随时间发生了较大变化:毛竹入侵的森林群落其乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数显著降低(P＜0.05),草本层的物种丰富度显著提高(P＜0.05),Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数未表现出明显的变化.毛竹-针阔混交林去除毛竹后,乔木层和灌木层物种丰富度和Simpson指数增加,草本层物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数明显下降.可见,毛竹入侵使森林群落植物多样性发生实质性的变化,对自然保护区植物群落造成了重大影响.由此可见,要使保护区物种多样性得到保护,除进行科学的管理外,还需要控制毛竹蔓延.
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URL [本文引用: 1]
This chapter examines the vast diversity of organisms that live in the soil and discusses the various factors that regulate its spatial and temporal patterning. There is a dearth of information available on the diversity of soil biota, especially at the species level, but existing data provide little support for the idea that the same forces that regulate patterns of diversity above-ground (i.e...
DOI:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.05.002URL [本文引用: 1]
Input of easily available C and N sources increases microbial activity in soil and may induce priming effects (PE) hort-term changes in SOM decomposition after substrate addition. The relationship between the origin of priming and growth characteristics of the microbial community is still unclear. We related real and apparent PEs induced by glucose and N addition with growth strategies of soil microorganisms. Two concentrations of uniformly labeled 14C glucose with and without N were added to Chernozem, and the released 14CO 2 and CO 2 efflux were monitored over a 300 h period. The shift in strategies after glucose addition was monitored by microbial growth kinetics based on the estimation of maximal specific growth rate. The production of unlabelled extra CO 2 induced by glucose was completed after 3 days and amounted to about 15 19% of the microbial biomass-C. The presence of real or apparent PE depended on the level of added C and N. An apparent positive PE was observed when the amount of applied glucose-C was 13 times lower than the amount of microbial biomass-C, i.e. under C-limiting conditions. Apparent PE was accompanied by a higher maximal microbial specific growth rate, i.e. by a shift towards r-strategy features. The absence of a priming effect was observed under N-limiting conditions at an eightfold excess of glucose-C versus microbial biomass-C. A large excess of glucose and N lowered maximal specific growth rates of soil microorganisms and had a negative priming effect. Accordingly, slow-growing microorganisms (K-strategists) switched from SOM mineralization to glucose uptake, probably due to preferential substrate utilization. Analysis of microbial growth kinetics was an efficient approach for evaluating short-term changes in the response of microorganisms to substrate addition; this approach is therefore suitable for assessing transitions between K and r strategies.
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DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00345.xURL [本文引用: 1]
1 Carex arenaria forms large clonal fragments (up to 12 m long) in environments in which soil-bound resources limit growth. 2 We hypothesized that extensive integration of C. arenaria would facilitate the exploitation of scarce and patchily distributed soil resources and that the continued functioning of old roots would enable exploitation of resources that are temporally variable. 3 We used labelling with14C and acid fuchsin to study the degree and extent of physiological integration and root function of intact clonal systems of C. arenaria in a sand dune area in south Sweden. 4 The uptake and translocation of dye suggests that old roots remain capable of taking up water and nutrients, in contrast with negative reports from previous studies. Water was translocated both acropetally and basipetally. 5 Thirty per cent of the assimilated carbon was found to be translocated towards the growing apex. Smaller, but significant, amounts of carbon were translocated basipetally throughout the fragments (17-74 ramet generations). 6 The results are discussed in terms of the source-sink relations of large clonal systems in the field. The translocation patterns are considered in relation to soil moisture and nutrient availability.
DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03427.xURLPMID:21058948 [本文引用: 2]
090004Root carbon (C) inputs may regulate decomposition rates in soil, and in this study we ask: how do labile C inputs regulate decomposition of plant residues, and soil microbial communities?090004In a 14 d laboratory incubation, we added C compounds often found in root exudates in seven different concentrations (0, 0.7, 1.4, 3.6, 7.2, 14.4 and 21.7 mg C g0908081 soil) to soils amended with and without 13C-labeled plant residue. We measured CO2 respiration and shifts in relative fungal and bacterial rRNA gene copy numbers using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).090004Increased labile C input enhanced total C respiration, but only addition of C at low concentrations (0.7 mg C g0908081) stimulated plant residue decomposition (+2%). Intermediate concentrations (1.4, 3.6 mg C g0908081) had no impact on plant residue decomposition, while greater concentrations of C (> 7.2 mg C g0908081) reduced decomposition (09080850%). Concurrently, high exudate concentrations (> 3.6 mg C g0908081) increased fungal and bacterial gene copy numbers, whereas low exudate concentrations (< 3.6 mg C g0908081) increased metabolic activity rather than gene copy numbers.090004These results underscore that labile soil C inputs can regulate decomposition of more recalcitrant soil C by controlling the activity and relative abundance of fungi and bacteria.
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.005URLPMID:15833257 [本文引用: 1]
The activity of a range of enzymes related to the cycling of the main biologically important nutrients C, N, P and S was investigated in cultivated and non-cultivated soils from various parts of Europe. Two agricultural sites from North Italy under continuous corn ( Zea mays L.) with and without organic fertilization were compared. Two other agricultural sites from South Italy under hazel ( Corylus avellana L.) never flooded or repeatedly flooded over by uncontrolled urban and industrial wastes were investigated. The non-cultivated soils were from Middle and South Europe with different pollution history such as no-pollution and pollution with organic contaminants, which is phenanthrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Agricultural soils showed significant differences in some of physical hemical properties (i.e. organic C, total and labile phosphate contents, available Ca and Mg) between the two sites studied. Enzyme activities of hazel sites periodically flooded by wastes were mainly higher than in the hazel sites never flooded. Sites under many years of continuous corn showed dehydrogenase, invertase, arylsulphatase and -glucosidase activities generally lower than the soils under hazel either flooded or not by wastes. As compared to agricultural soils, non-cultivated soils heavily or moderately polluted by organic contaminants displayed much lower values or complete absence of enzymatic activities. Dissimilar, contradictory correlations between soil enzyme activities and the majority of soil properties were observed separately in the two groups of soils. When the whole set of enzyme activities and soil properties were considered, all significant correlations found separately for the groups of soils were lost. The overall results seem to confirm that no direct cause ffect relationships can be derived between the changes of a soil in response to a given factor and both the variations of the activity and the behaviour of the enzymes in soil.
DOI:10.1890/12-0114.1URL [本文引用: 1]
ABSTRACT Increasing grazing pressure and climate change affect nitrogen (N) dynamics of grassland ecosystems in the Eurasian steppe belt with unclear consequences for future delivery of essential services such as forage production, C sequestration, and diversity conservation. The identification of key processes responsive to grazing is crucial to optimize grassland management. In this comprehensive case study of a Chinese typical steppe, we present an in-depth analysis of grazing effects on N dynamics, including the balance of N gains and losses, and N cycling. N pools and fluxes were simultaneously quantified on three grassland sites of different long-term grazing intensities. Dust deposition, wind erosion, and wet deposition were the predominant but most variable processes contributing to N losses and gains. Heavy grazing increased the risk of N losses by wind erosion. Hay-making and sheep excrement export to folds during nighttime keeping were important pathways of N losses from grassland sites. Compared to these fluxes, gaseous N losses (N2O, NO, N-2,N- and NH3) and N losses via export of sheep live mass and wool were of minor relevance. Our N balance calculation indicated mean annual net N losses of 0.9 +/- 0.8 g N/m(2) (mean +/- SD) at the heavily grazed site, whereas the long-term ungrazed site was an N sink receiving mean annual inputs of 1.8 +/- 1.1 g N/m(2), mainly due to dust deposition. Heavy grazing reduced pool sizes of topsoil organic N, above- and belowground biomass, and N fluxes with regard to plant N uptake, decomposition, gross microbial N turnover, and immobilization. Most N-related processes were more intensive in seasons of higher water availability, indicating complex interactions between land use intensity and climate variability. The projected increase of atmospheric N depositions and changes in rainfall pattern imposed by land use change will likely affect N sink-source pathways and N flux dynamics, indicating high potential impact on grassland ecosystem functions. Land use practices will be increasingly important for the management of N dynamics in Chinese typical steppe and, therefore, must be considered as key component to maintain, restore or optimize ecosystem services.
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DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.07.014URL [本文引用: 1]
61Tall fescue cultivar and fungal endophyte strain influence pasture soil C and N cycling.61Fescue cultivar had greatest influence on rhizosphere microbial community structure.61Endophyte strain significantly effects POM-C concentrations in rhizosphere soils.61Greater POM-N in bulk soils influenced by endophyte02×02cultivar interaction.61Reveals the influence cultivar and endophyte have within bulk and rhizosphere soils.
DOI:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.12.014URL [本文引用: 1]
In incubation experiments with soil samples from two forest soil profiles (Dystric Cambisol, Haplic Podzol), we investigated the influence of the addition of easily available 14C-labelled organic substrates on the mineralisation of soil organic carbon (SOC). Substrates were added in combination (fructose, alanine) or repeatedly at different time intervals (fructose, alanine, oxalic acid, catechol). During the 1 4-month incubation, CO 2-evolution was monitored hourly, while 14CO 2 and microbial biomass 12C and 14C were determined at different time intervals. The combined addition of fructose and alanine to the Bs horizon of the Haplic Podzol induced a higher positive priming effect (+127%) than the single substrate additions (+91% and +85%, respectively). During the first 4 days, seven times more SOC was mineralised than in the control, while microbial biomass only increased by a factor of 1.4. These results and the C-balance at the end of the incubation indicate that the observed priming effects can not be solely attributed to co-metabolism or to the turnover of microbial biomass. When added repeatedly, most substrates induced higher positive priming effects, than single additions, thus indicating that the SOC pool affected by priming was not depleted. Since priming effects were not depressed after extended pre-incubation of a soil sample, it seems unlikely that only the labile SOC-pool is susceptible. With repeated substrate additions, substrate mineralisation increased with time, indicating changes in the microbial community structure. In the case of catechol, the increased substrate utilisation was accompanied by subsiding negative priming effects, which in one case even became positive. Although many factors controlling priming effects still remain unclear, the study shows that some of the priming mechanisms discussed by other authors such as co-metabolism and microbial biomass turnover are insufficient to explain the observed data.
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2015.12.2532URL [本文引用: 1]
克隆植物分株间隔子长度(即相邻分株间距离)可能对生理整合产生显著的影响,其抗氧化系统与光合色素的变化可能影响植物对水分异质性的响应能力。该研究以克隆植物美丽箬竹(Indocalamus decorus)为材料,设高[H,(90±5)%]、中[M,(60±5)%]和低[L,(30±5)%]3个基质相对含水率和2个水势梯度(H-L和M-L),测定了3种间隔子长度(10、25和40cm)根状茎相连克隆分株叶片抗氧化酶活性、相对电导率以及丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白质和光合色素含量,分析美丽箬竹水分生理整合的水分梯度效应、间隔子长度效应与时间效应。结果显示:(1)随处理时间的延长,分株叶片CAT活性、相对电导率及MDA含量均先升高后降低,而叶片SOD活性则与之相反;叶片POD活性和光合色素含量总体上呈"N"型变化,而可溶性蛋白质含量的变化趋势与POD活性呈倒"N"型。(2)水分梯度和间隔子长度均会对美丽箬竹分株间水分生理整合产生影响,随分株间隔子长度增大和水势梯度差减小,低水势受体分株叶片抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白质含量和光合色素含量明显降低,而其相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量明显升高;供体分株水势越高,分株间间隔子越长,供体分株叶片抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白质和光合色素含量越高,而其相对电导率和MDA含量明显降低。研究表明,在异质水分环境下美丽箬竹克隆系统发生了从高水势向低水势分株的水分转移,分株间水势梯度差越大、间隔子长度越短,水分传输的整合强度越高,低水势受体分株获益越明显;随着处理时间的延长,分株间水分生理整合强度在处理前期增强,而在处理后期减弱,反映出供体分株与受体分株间损耗-受益在时间序列上是有变化的,且处理前期损耗-受益表现更为明显。
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2015.12.2532URL [本文引用: 1]
克隆植物分株间隔子长度(即相邻分株间距离)可能对生理整合产生显著的影响,其抗氧化系统与光合色素的变化可能影响植物对水分异质性的响应能力。该研究以克隆植物美丽箬竹(Indocalamus decorus)为材料,设高[H,(90±5)%]、中[M,(60±5)%]和低[L,(30±5)%]3个基质相对含水率和2个水势梯度(H-L和M-L),测定了3种间隔子长度(10、25和40cm)根状茎相连克隆分株叶片抗氧化酶活性、相对电导率以及丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白质和光合色素含量,分析美丽箬竹水分生理整合的水分梯度效应、间隔子长度效应与时间效应。结果显示:(1)随处理时间的延长,分株叶片CAT活性、相对电导率及MDA含量均先升高后降低,而叶片SOD活性则与之相反;叶片POD活性和光合色素含量总体上呈"N"型变化,而可溶性蛋白质含量的变化趋势与POD活性呈倒"N"型。(2)水分梯度和间隔子长度均会对美丽箬竹分株间水分生理整合产生影响,随分株间隔子长度增大和水势梯度差减小,低水势受体分株叶片抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白质含量和光合色素含量明显降低,而其相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量明显升高;供体分株水势越高,分株间间隔子越长,供体分株叶片抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白质和光合色素含量越高,而其相对电导率和MDA含量明显降低。研究表明,在异质水分环境下美丽箬竹克隆系统发生了从高水势向低水势分株的水分转移,分株间水势梯度差越大、间隔子长度越短,水分传输的整合强度越高,低水势受体分株获益越明显;随着处理时间的延长,分株间水分生理整合强度在处理前期增强,而在处理后期减弱,反映出供体分株与受体分株间损耗-受益在时间序列上是有变化的,且处理前期损耗-受益表现更为明显。
DOI:10.1007/s11104-009-9925-0URL [本文引用: 2]
The loss of organic and inorganic carbon from roots into soil underpins nearly all the major changes that occur in the rhizosphere. In this review we explore the mechanistic basis of organic carbon and nitrogen flow in the rhizosphere. It is clear that C and N flow in the rhizosphere is extremely complex, being highly plant and environment dependent and varying both spatially and temporally along the root. Consequently, the amount and type of rhizodeposits (e.g. exudates, border cells, mucilage) remains highly context specific. This has severely limited our capacity to quantify and model the amount of rhizodeposition in ecosystem processes such as C sequestration and nutrient acquisition. It is now evident that C and N flow at the soil oot interface is bidirectional with C and N being lost from roots and taken up from the soil simultaneously. Here we present four alternative hypotheses to explain why high and low molecular weight organic compounds are actively cycled in the rhizosphere. These include: (1) indirect, fortuitous root exudate recapture as part of the root's C and N distribution network, (2) direct re-uptake to enhance the plant's C efficiency and to reduce rhizosphere microbial growth and pathogen attack, (3) direct uptake to recapture organic nutrients released from soil organic matter, and (4) for inter-root and root icrobial signal exchange. Due to severe flaws in the interpretation of commonly used isotopic labelling techniques, there is still great uncertainty surrounding the importance of these individual fluxes in the rhizosphere. Due to the importance of rhizodeposition in regulating ecosystem functioning, it is critical that future research focuses on resolving the quantitative importance of the different C and N fluxes operating in the rhizosphere and the ways in which these vary spatially and temporally.
DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00409.xURL [本文引用: 3]
Carex bigelowii Torr. ex Schwein. forms extensive rhizome systems consisting of numerous long-lived tiller generations with only the roots and the rhizome remaining alive, and only few tillers with above-ground shoots. The hypothesis that benefits to the young photosynthetic tillers are provided by the non-photosynthetic tiller generations through the uptake and translocation of nutrients was tested by tracing the movement of nitrogen within clones growing in the field in the Swedish Lapland. Application of nitrate to individual roots of 3- to 7-year-old tillers induced nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in the youngest tiller generations after 2-3 days. The subsequent application of 15 N-nitrate and 15 N-ammonium to individual roots of old tiller generations showed that both ions were taken up by these old roots, but ammonium-N was taken up in greater quantities. The l5 N was mainly translocated distally to the younger tillers, but some Proximal translocation was also detected which was greater for ammonium-N. Nitrate-N was translocated at a higher rate than ammonium-N, resulting in a greater accumulation of nitrate-N in the youngest tiller generation during the 2 days of the experiment. The independent NRA and 15 N methods confirm ( a ) the continuing resource acquisition by old non-photosynthetic tillers; ( b ) a long period of ramet interdependence extending over at least 7 years; ( c ) a division of labour between ramet generations and ( d ) the abilities of C. bigelowii clones to assimilate both ammonium and nitrate nitrogen. These aspects of clonal integration have important consequences for the fitness of C. bigelowii in its cold and nutrient-poor environments.
DOI:10.1007/BF00257924URL [本文引用: 1]
A rapid assay for soil urease in the absence of bacteriostatic agents has been developed. The method comprises incubation of soil with an aqueous or buffered urea solution, extraction of ammonium with 1 N KCl and 0.01 N HCl and colorimetric NH 4 + determination by a modified indophenol reaction. The method is characterized by high sensitivity and stability of the coloured complex formed. Measurements obtained by this method showed that no change in urease activity occurred when field-moist samples of soils were stored at 6120°C for as long as 5 months. Air-drying of field-moist soil samples may lead to an increase in urease activity.
DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.11.022URLPMID:21412402 [本文引用: 3]
Plant roots strongly influence C and N availability in the rhizosphere via rhizodeposition and uptake of nutrients. This study aimed at investigating the effect of resource availability on microbial processes and community structure in the rhizosphere. We analyzed C and N availability, as well as microbial processes and microbial community composition in rhizosphere soil of European beech and compared it to the bulk soil. Additionally, we performed a girdling experiment in order to disrupt root exudation into the soil. By this novel approach we were able to demonstrate that enhanced resource availability positively affected N mineralization and hydrolytic enzyme activities in the rhizosphere, but negatively affected nitrification rates and oxidative enzyme activities, which are involved in the degradation of soil organic matter. Both rhizosphere effects on N mineralization and oxidative enzyme activities disappeared in the girdling treatment. Microbial community structure in the rhizosphere, assessed by phospholipid fatty acid analysis, differed only slightly from bulk soil but was markedly altered by the girdling treatment, indicating additional effects of the girdling treatment beyond the reduction of root exudation. Differences in oxidative enzyme activities and nitrification rates between rhizosphere soil and bulk soil, however, suggest considerable differences in the (functional) microbial community composition.
[本文引用: 2]
DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.06.025URL [本文引用: 1]
The mechanisms and specific sources of priming effects, i.e. short term changes of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition after substance addition, are still not fully understood. These uncertainties are partly method related, i.e. until now only two C sources in released CO 2 could be identified. We used a novel approach separating three carbon (C) sources in CO 2 efflux from soil. The approach is based on combination of different substances originated from C 3 or C 4 plants in different treatments and identical transformation of substances like C 3 sugar (from sugar beet) and C 4 sugar (from sugar cane). We investigated the influence of the addition of two substances having different microbial utilizability, i.e. slurry and sugar on the SOM or/and slurry decomposition in two grassland soils with different levels of C org (2.3 vs. 5.1% C). Application of slurry to the soil slightly accelerated the SOM decomposition. Addition of sugar lead to changes of SOM and slurry decomposition clearly characterized by two phases: immediately after sugar addition, the microorganisms switched from the decomposition of hardly utilizable SOM to the decomposition of easily utilizable sugar. This first phase was very short (2 3 days), hence was frequently missed in other experiments. The second phase showed a slightly increased slurry and SOM decomposition (compared to the soil without sugar). The separation of three sources in CO 2 efflux from grassland soils allowed us to conclude that the C will be utilized according to its utilizability: sugar>slurry>SOM. Additionally, decomposition of more inert C (here SOM) during the period of intensive sugar decomposition was strongly reduced (negative priming effect). We conclude that, priming effects involve a chain of mechanisms: (i) preferential substrate utilization, (ii) activation of microbial biomass by easily utilizable substrate (iii) subsequent increased utilization of following substrates according to their utilizability, and (iv) decline to initial state.
DOI:10.1007/s11104-006-9162-8URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0108259URLPMID:4171514 [本文引用: 5]
The effects of rhizodeposition on soil C and N availabilities lead to substantial changes of microbial community composition and processes in the rhizosphere of plants. Under heterogeneous light, photosynthates can be translocated or shared between exposed and shaded ramets by clonal integration. Clonal integration may enhance the rhizodeposition of the shaded ramets, which further influences nutrient recycling in their rhizosphere. To test the hypothesis, we conducted a pot experiment by the stoloniferous herb Glechoma longituba subjected to heterogeneous light. Microbial biomass and community composition in the rhizosphere of shaded offspring ramets, assessed by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis, were markedly altered by clonal integration. Clonal integration positively affected C, N availabilities, invertase and urease activities, N mineralization (Nmin) and nitrification rates (Nnitri) in the rhizosphere of shaded offspring ramets. However, an opposite pattern was also observed in phenoloxidase (POXase) and peroxidase (PODase) activities. Our results demonstrated that clonal integration facilitated N assimilation and uptake in the rhizosphere of shaded offspring ramets. The experiment provides insights into the mechanism of nutrient recycling mediated by clonal integration.
[本文引用: 1]
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1007/s00468-002-0172-8URL [本文引用: 1]
Carbohydrate stores may hold the answer to the old question whether treeline trees are carbon limited. However, it is still unknown how sensitively mobile carbon pools reflect the carbon supply status of trees in cold climates. There may be an inherent lower limit to the depletion of these pools, which could restrict their usefulness as indicator values. Here we examined the responsiveness of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations in tissues of trees which were either defoliated (removal of sources), debudded (removal of sinks) or pruned (removal of both sources and sinks) in naturally grown Pinus cembra L. at the upper treeline in the Swiss Central Alps. Complete defoliation and pruning of 66% of all branches in late winter caused a massive reduction of NSC (glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch) in all tissues during and after the following growing season, whereas 100% debudding led to a small increase of NSC, except in new buds. The NSC concentration in roots was most sensitive. Commonly, starch represented the greatest fraction of NSC. Complete defoliation before budbreak significantly reduced height growth of trees and the length of new needles; 66% pruning reduced height growth as well, but led to greater length of current-year needles. We conclude that the NSC pool in treeline trees responds to a perturbation of the source/sink balance over a wide range of NSC concentrations. Growth responses reflect the availability of carbohydrates. The seasonal variation of whole tree NSC appears to be a promising marker for testing the carbon-limitation hypothesis in treeline trees.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6567.2003.04.002URL [本文引用: 1]
中国有竹类植物39个属509种,属数和种数分别占世界总数的36%和39%.中国的竹林面积约500万hm2,约占全国森林总面积的4%,占全球竹林面积的25%.竹类植物具有作为建筑材料、工艺品原料、造纸原料、竹炭原料、竹笋食品及制药原料等直接使用价值,并具有作为园林观赏对象的间接使用价值,还具有水土保持、调节气候、净化空气、减少噪声及维护竹林野生生物的生物多样性等生态服务功能.中国已经在竹类植物迁地保护--建立竹类专题植物园和竹类植物就地保护--建立森林生态系统自然保护区等保护实践方面取得了可喜的成就,今后应该重点加紧对濒危、渐危竹类植物的识别并研究其致危机制,加强低温种子保存、超干燥种子保存及组织培养等技术在竹类植物生物多样性保护中的应用.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6567.2003.04.002URL [本文引用: 1]
中国有竹类植物39个属509种,属数和种数分别占世界总数的36%和39%.中国的竹林面积约500万hm2,约占全国森林总面积的4%,占全球竹林面积的25%.竹类植物具有作为建筑材料、工艺品原料、造纸原料、竹炭原料、竹笋食品及制药原料等直接使用价值,并具有作为园林观赏对象的间接使用价值,还具有水土保持、调节气候、净化空气、减少噪声及维护竹林野生生物的生物多样性等生态服务功能.中国已经在竹类植物迁地保护--建立竹类专题植物园和竹类植物就地保护--建立森林生态系统自然保护区等保护实践方面取得了可喜的成就,今后应该重点加紧对濒危、渐危竹类植物的识别并研究其致危机制,加强低温种子保存、超干燥种子保存及组织培养等技术在竹类植物生物多样性保护中的应用.
DOI:10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2016.01.006URL [本文引用: 1]
有机肥施用对土壤根际生态区域的影响关系密切,为探讨混合有机肥(草炭、芝麻饼肥、腐植酸、矿质肥)作用下烤烟根际的动态变化,采用盆栽试验,研究了混合有机肥用量对烤烟根系活力、土壤酶活性及微生物量碳(SMBC)的影响。结果表明:(1)增施混合有机肥500 g/株对烤烟根系活力提高效应最大,于移栽后60 d较对照提高了200.06%。(2)增施混合有机肥500 g/株对土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶的提高作用最显著,于移栽后60 d土壤酶活性较对照依次提高了53.45%、33.98%、61.90%,而增施混合有机肥750 g/株对土壤微生物量碳的提高作用最明显,其次为500 g/株的处理,在移栽后60 d分别较对照提高了97.51%和82.04%。(3)混合有机肥作用下,各处理的烤烟根系活力、土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶及微生物量碳均有显著提高,均在移栽后60 d出现峰值。总之,施用适量混合有机肥能提高烤烟根系活力,改善根际土壤环境,以500 g/株的处理最佳。
DOI:10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2016.01.006URL [本文引用: 1]
有机肥施用对土壤根际生态区域的影响关系密切,为探讨混合有机肥(草炭、芝麻饼肥、腐植酸、矿质肥)作用下烤烟根际的动态变化,采用盆栽试验,研究了混合有机肥用量对烤烟根系活力、土壤酶活性及微生物量碳(SMBC)的影响。结果表明:(1)增施混合有机肥500 g/株对烤烟根系活力提高效应最大,于移栽后60 d较对照提高了200.06%。(2)增施混合有机肥500 g/株对土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶的提高作用最显著,于移栽后60 d土壤酶活性较对照依次提高了53.45%、33.98%、61.90%,而增施混合有机肥750 g/株对土壤微生物量碳的提高作用最明显,其次为500 g/株的处理,在移栽后60 d分别较对照提高了97.51%和82.04%。(3)混合有机肥作用下,各处理的烤烟根系活力、土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶及微生物量碳均有显著提高,均在移栽后60 d出现峰值。总之,施用适量混合有机肥能提高烤烟根系活力,改善根际土壤环境,以500 g/株的处理最佳。
[本文引用: 1]
[本文引用: 1]
In: van Groenendael, de Kroon eds.
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1093/treephys/21.12-13.831URLPMID:11498330 [本文引用: 1]
The terrestrial biosphere is currently thought to be a significant sink for atmospheric carbon (C). However, the future course of this sink under rising [CO2] and temperature is uncertain. Some contrasting possibilities that have been suggested are: that the sink is currently increasing through CO2 fertilization of plant growth but will decline over the next few decades because of CO2 saturation and soil nutrient constraints; that the sink will continue to increase over the next century because rising temperature will stimulate the release of plant-available soil nitrogen (N) through increased soil decomposition; that, alternatively, the sink will not be sustained because the additional soil N released will be immobilized in the soil rather than taken up by plants; or that the sink will soon become negative because loss of soil C through temperature stimulation of soil respiration will override any CO2 or temperature stimulation of plant growth. Soil N immobilization is thus a key process; however, it remains poorly understood. In this paper we use a forest ecosystem model of plant oil C and N dynamics to gauge the importance of this uncertainty for predictions of the future C sink of forests under rising [CO2] and temperature. We characterize soil N immobilization by the degree of variability of soil N:C ratios assumed in the model. We show that the modeled C sink of a stand of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in northern Sweden is highly sensitive to this assumption. Under increasing temperature, the model predicts a strong C sink when soil N:C is inflexible, but a greatly reduced C sink when soil N:C is allowed to vary. In complete contrast, increasing atmospheric [CO2] leads to a much stronger C sink when soil N:C is variable. When both temperature and [CO2] increase, the C sink strength is relatively insensitive to variability in soil N:C; significantly, however, with inflexible soil N:C the C sink is primarily a temperature response whereas with variable soil N:C, it is a combined temperature O2 response. Simulations with gradual increases of temperature and [CO2] indicate a sustained C sink over the next 100 years, in contrast to recent claims that the C sink will decline over the next few decades. Nevertheless, in using a relatively simple model, our primary aim is not to make precise predictions of the C sink over the next 100 years, but rather to highlight key areas of model uncertainty requiring further experimental clarification. Here we show that improved understanding of the processes underlying soil N immobilization is essential if we are to predict the future course of the forest carbon sink.
DOI:10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00034-1URL [本文引用: 1]
A simple and sensitive method was developed to detect and quantify N-acetyl-β- D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) activity in soil. This enzyme is also listed as β-hexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.52) in Enzyme Nomenclature. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme were approximately pH 5.5 and 63°C, respectively. The K m and V max values were calculated from three linear transformations of the Michaelis–Menten equation. The K m values of the enzymatic reaction in the two soils tested ranged from 0.56 to 1.48 mM and the V max values ranged from 29 to 40 mg ρ-nitrophenol released kg 611soil h 611. The activation energy ( E a) for the enzymatic reaction was about 58 kJ mol 611 for soils tested. The Q 10 values ranged from 1.35 to 2.50 at temperatures ranging from 10 to 60°C. With the exception of field-moist Renfrow soil, neither chloroform fumigation nor toluene pretreatment of soil samples affected the activity of β-glucosaminidase significantly. The activity of this enzyme in field-moist Renfrow soil increased about 20% upon fumigation or toluene treatment. Autoclaving the soils reduced β-glucosaminidase activity by about 58% in the air-dried soils and 96% in the field-moist soils. Air-drying of field-moist soil samples reduced β-glucosaminidase activity by 12% and 22% in Renfrow and Teller soil, respectively. Our results suggest that activity of β-glucosaminidase is mostly due to extracellular enzymes.
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00033URL [本文引用: 1]
土壤养分的空间异质性在自然界普遍存在，而克隆植物被认为能很好地适应和利用土壤养分异质性。尽管尺度和对比度是异质性的两个重要属性，但有关土壤养分异质性的尺度和对比度及其交互作用对克隆植物生长和分株分布格局影响的研究仍比较缺乏。在一个温室实验中，根状茎型草本克隆植物扁秆荆三棱（Bolboschoenus planiculm＆）被种植在由高养分斑块和低养分斑块组成的异质性环境中。实验为两种尺度处理（大斑块和小斑块）和两种对比度处理（高对比度和低对比度）交叉组成的4种处理组合。在每个处理中，高养分和低养分斑块的总面积相同；在所有4种处理中，土壤养分的总量也完全相同。无论在整个克隆（植株）水平，还是在斑块水平，尺度、对比度及其交互作用对扁秆荆三棱的生物量、分株数、根状茎长和块茎数的影响均不显著。然而，在斑块水平，扁秆荆三棱在高养分斑块中的生物量、分株数、根状茎长和块茎数均显著高于低养分斑块，而在高养分斑块中相邻分株间的距离（间隔物长）小于低养分斑块，并且这种效应均不依赖于斑块尺度的大小和对比度的高低。凶此，在上壤养分异质性环境中，扁秆荆三棱可以通过缩短间隔物长，并可能通过提高根状茎的分枝强度，把较多的分株和潜在分株放置在养分条件好的斑块中。这种响应格局体现出克隆植物的觅食行为，有利于整个克隆对异质性资源的吸收和利用。然而，该实验中的尺度和对比度对扁秆荆三棱分株的放置格局均没有显著效应。作者推测，在一个更大的斑块尺度和（或）对比度范围内，扁秆荆三棱对土壤养分异质性的响应可能不同。因此，下一步的研究应涉及更广泛的尺度和对比度。
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00033URL [本文引用: 1]
土壤养分的空间异质性在自然界普遍存在，而克隆植物被认为能很好地适应和利用土壤养分异质性。尽管尺度和对比度是异质性的两个重要属性，但有关土壤养分异质性的尺度和对比度及其交互作用对克隆植物生长和分株分布格局影响的研究仍比较缺乏。在一个温室实验中，根状茎型草本克隆植物扁秆荆三棱（Bolboschoenus planiculm＆）被种植在由高养分斑块和低养分斑块组成的异质性环境中。实验为两种尺度处理（大斑块和小斑块）和两种对比度处理（高对比度和低对比度）交叉组成的4种处理组合。在每个处理中，高养分和低养分斑块的总面积相同；在所有4种处理中，土壤养分的总量也完全相同。无论在整个克隆（植株）水平，还是在斑块水平，尺度、对比度及其交互作用对扁秆荆三棱的生物量、分株数、根状茎长和块茎数的影响均不显著。然而，在斑块水平，扁秆荆三棱在高养分斑块中的生物量、分株数、根状茎长和块茎数均显著高于低养分斑块，而在高养分斑块中相邻分株间的距离（间隔物长）小于低养分斑块，并且这种效应均不依赖于斑块尺度的大小和对比度的高低。凶此，在上壤养分异质性环境中，扁秆荆三棱可以通过缩短间隔物长，并可能通过提高根状茎的分枝强度，把较多的分株和潜在分株放置在养分条件好的斑块中。这种响应格局体现出克隆植物的觅食行为，有利于整个克隆对异质性资源的吸收和利用。然而，该实验中的尺度和对比度对扁秆荆三棱分株的放置格局均没有显著效应。作者推测，在一个更大的斑块尺度和（或）对比度范围内，扁秆荆三棱对土壤养分异质性的响应可能不同。因此，下一步的研究应涉及更广泛的尺度和对比度。
DOI:10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00168-1URL [本文引用: 1]
Phenolic compounds are intermediary transformation products of many naturally occurring substances and synthetic chemicals, including crop residues, organic wastes, pesticides and industrial products. They are suitable substrates for the phenolases and peroxidases produced by the soil microflora. Although measurement of the enzymatic oxidation of phenolic compounds is an important measure of the soil microflora's capacity to degrade potentially recalcitrant organics, the proposed methods to perform this measurement are few and questionable. In this paper a new, reliable and simple method to measure the o-diphenol oxidase activity in whole soil sample is proposed. The method is based on a spectrophotometric determination of a red compound (4-( N-proline)- o-benzoquinone) developed from enzymatic oxidation of catechol in the presence of proline.
DOI:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.01.013URL [本文引用: 1]
植物光合产物分配受环境因子和生物因子的共同影响。为增进对植物对全球变化响应的理解,从植物个体水平与群落/生态系统水平综述了植物光合产物分配的影响因子与影响机理的最新研究进展。植物个体在光照增强及受水分和养分胁迫时,会将光合产物更多地分配到根系;CO2浓度升高对植物光合产物分配的影响受土壤氮素的制约,植物受氮素胁迫时,CO2浓度升高会促进光合产物更多地分配到根系;反之,对植物光合产物分配没有影响。植物群落/生态系统的光合产物分配对环境因子的响应不敏感;光合产物向根系的分配比例随其生长阶段逐渐降低。功能平衡假说、源汇关系假说和相关生长关系假说分别从环境因子、个体发育和环境因子与个体发育协同作用方面阐述了植物光合产物分配的影响机理。在此基础上,指出了未来拟重点加强的研究方向:1)生态系统尺度的光合产物向呼吸部分的分配研究;2)地下净初级生产力(belowground net primary productivity,BNPP)研究;3)温室和野外条件下及幼苗和成熟林光合产物分配对环境因子响应的比较研究;4)生态系统尺度的多因子控制试验;5)整合环境因子和个体发育对植物光合产物分配格局的影响研究。
DOI:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.01.013URL [本文引用: 1]
植物光合产物分配受环境因子和生物因子的共同影响。为增进对植物对全球变化响应的理解,从植物个体水平与群落/生态系统水平综述了植物光合产物分配的影响因子与影响机理的最新研究进展。植物个体在光照增强及受水分和养分胁迫时,会将光合产物更多地分配到根系;CO2浓度升高对植物光合产物分配的影响受土壤氮素的制约,植物受氮素胁迫时,CO2浓度升高会促进光合产物更多地分配到根系;反之,对植物光合产物分配没有影响。植物群落/生态系统的光合产物分配对环境因子的响应不敏感;光合产物向根系的分配比例随其生长阶段逐渐降低。功能平衡假说、源汇关系假说和相关生长关系假说分别从环境因子、个体发育和环境因子与个体发育协同作用方面阐述了植物光合产物分配的影响机理。在此基础上,指出了未来拟重点加强的研究方向:1)生态系统尺度的光合产物向呼吸部分的分配研究;2)地下净初级生产力(belowground net primary productivity,BNPP)研究;3)温室和野外条件下及幼苗和成熟林光合产物分配对环境因子响应的比较研究;4)生态系统尺度的多因子控制试验;5)整合环境因子和个体发育对植物光合产物分配格局的影响研究。
In: Jackson JBC, Buss LW, Cook RE eds.
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.2307/3544963URL [本文引用: 1]
The clonal species Glechoma hederacea shows both physiological integration and physiological independence between its ramets at different structural levels. The cause of these differences in intra-clone integration is analysed, using (1) acid fuchsin dye to reveal the vascular connections between different ramets through the xylem, (2) 14 C as a marker to demonstrate and quantify photoassimilate translocation patterns in the phloem, and (3) anatomical studies. Dye movement in the xylem was strictly acropetal and highly sectorial, and the sectoriality was determined by phyllotaxy. Patterns of movement of 14 C were qualitatively similar to those of xylem-based resources, although there was some basipetal movement of photoassimilate. The patterns of physiological integration and independence between ramets are explained from these results and shown to be governed by simple rules which depend on vascular continuity and discontinuity between ramets. The growth form of G. hederacea changes substantially as availability of resources alters. One marked change concerns stolon cross-sectional area, which decreases as nutrient supply falls. Evidence is presented suggesting that clones grown under low nutrient regimes may be able to transport soluble resources with relatively greater efficiency than clones growing under higher nutrient supply. An experiment using different defoliation intensities, and different defoliation patterns at the same overall intensity, demonstrates that the precise positions of leaves removed from a clone have unique consequences for its subsequent development. Removal of different ramets and leaves also alters the predictability of growth; the C.V. of various measures of the growth of replicate plants is altered by each defoliation pattern to a different extent. Since herbivory rarely removes leaves in predictable or repeatable patterns, this makes it unlikely that general predictions of its effects upon size hierarchies in plant populations will be achievable. The vascular and physiological organization in G. hederacea seems likely to contribute to its success in biotically and abiotically heterogeneous environments. Physiological support to developing stolon apices results in rapid movement through the habitat and early acquisition of relative branch autonomy, and these attributes probably promote the proliferation of the clone in more favourable habitat patches.
URL [本文引用: 1]
The variation of fertilizer-N in rice rhizosphere was studiedied means of the dense root plane in contact with soil blocks labelled by 15N and fresh frozen sections.Meanwhile some conditions of research method were determined.Results revealed that there existed a depletion zone of nitrogen in rice rhizosphere which was induced mainly by the decrease of fertiliter-N.The extension of depletion zone in soil was consistent with the rate of depletion.There was a exponential correlation between the rate of depletion () and the distance from root plane () in accordance with the equation y=a+bx,The content and depletion rate of fertilizer-N in soil varied with the cultivated time of rice.The amount of depletion in the rhizosphere soil of upper part of roots (below root node 4-6 cm) was greater than that of the lower part of roots (below root node 8-10 cm) due to the upper part of roots with more vigorous branches and higher ability of nitrogen absorption.In addition,raising temperefute during the growing period of rice promoted the rate of nitrogen uptake by root system and expanded the extension of depletion zone of fertilizer-N in soil.Therefore increased supplying capacity of nitrogen in soil to a certain extent may reduce the rate and extension of depletion of fertilizer-N in rhizosphere soil.Experiment showed that nylon cloth (pore radius<25 )and cellulose micropore membrance (pore radius<2 c)were ideal materials for separation between the soil and root interface.These materials can allow water and nutrients to pass the membrance freely,but prevent the roots penetrating into soil.
URL [本文引用: 1]
The variation of fertilizer-N in rice rhizosphere was studiedied means of the dense root plane in contact with soil blocks labelled by 15N and fresh frozen sections.Meanwhile some conditions of research method were determined.Results revealed that there existed a depletion zone of nitrogen in rice rhizosphere which was induced mainly by the decrease of fertiliter-N.The extension of depletion zone in soil was consistent with the rate of depletion.There was a exponential correlation between the rate of depletion () and the distance from root plane () in accordance with the equation y=a+bx,The content and depletion rate of fertilizer-N in soil varied with the cultivated time of rice.The amount of depletion in the rhizosphere soil of upper part of roots (below root node 4-6 cm) was greater than that of the lower part of roots (below root node 8-10 cm) due to the upper part of roots with more vigorous branches and higher ability of nitrogen absorption.In addition,raising temperefute during the growing period of rice promoted the rate of nitrogen uptake by root system and expanded the extension of depletion zone of fertilizer-N in soil.Therefore increased supplying capacity of nitrogen in soil to a certain extent may reduce the rate and extension of depletion of fertilizer-N in rhizosphere soil.Experiment showed that nylon cloth (pore radius<25 )and cellulose micropore membrance (pore radius<2 c)were ideal materials for separation between the soil and root interface.These materials can allow water and nutrients to pass the membrance freely,but prevent the roots penetrating into soil.
[本文引用: 1]
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.10.001URL [本文引用: 3]
Dune systems are characterized by strong gradients of physical stress, with blowing sand and salt spray decreasing with distance from the ocean, and soil nutrients increasing. In this study we ask how soil microbial community composition and biomass change along transects away from the ocean, and whether these changes are regulated by abiotic stress or by resource availability. We collected bulk soil from under three plant species representative of the dune front, back, and flat: Ammophila breviligulata, Rosa rugosa, and Myrica pensylvanica. The biomass and composition of microbial communities were examined using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis under patches of dominant vegetation, and in paired bare plots. We found that microbial biomass was strongly correlated with soil C, and thus the presence of vegetation. Community composition, on the other hand, varied with abiotic stresses, especially soil salinity. These variables in turn depended on distance from the shore, and were ameliorated in some cases by vegetation. These findings demonstrate that biomass and community composition are influenced by different environmental variables. Thus, relationships between biomass and composition are unlikely to be readily predicted on the basis of a single resource.
DOI:10.2136/sssaj1970.03615995003400010042xURL [本文引用: 1]
In pot experiments soyabean plants were grown under conditions of low r.h. (25 10%, high transpiration rate) and high r.h. (80-100%, low transpiration rate) and were given Ca and Mg solutions to maintain a constant salt concentration in the soil solution. Water-soluble salts accumulated at the soyabean root/soil interface and in the rhizosphere soil when salts dissolved in the soil solution m...
DOI:10.1890/03-8002URL [本文引用: 1]
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2012.09.005URL [本文引用: 1]
Soil microbial biomass, a small and highly dynamic organic matter pool, plays a critical role in soil fertility. Therefore it is important to have an accurate and rapid method to measure microbial biomass carbon (C). The chloroform fumigation extraction (CFE) method is used by most researchers, but it is quite time-consuming. The direct extraction method where the chloroform exposure and extraction steps are combined is quicker but not often used because it is not clear if it is as reliable as the CFE method. Using 20 Australian soils with a wide range in soil properties, we measured microbial biomass C with the CFE and the direct method. Chloroform labile C extracted by the two methods was correlated (r02=020.87), but it was significantly (p02<020.05) higher with the direct extraction method compared to CFE. Chloroform labile C extracted by both methods was significantly (p02<020.05) positively correlated with clay content, but the correlation coefficient was higher with the direct extraction method. The coefficient of variation for chloroform labile C was greater with the CFE than with the direct extraction method. Chloroform labile C extracted by the direct extraction method did not change between 0.5 and 402h of shaking with K2SO4 solution and chloroform. We conclude that the chloroform labile C concentrations measured with the CFE method are comparable with those determined by the direct extraction method which is quicker and has a lower variability among replicates.
DOI:10.5846/stxb201308062036URL [本文引用: 1]
竹类植物是一类以木本为主的克隆植物,凭借表型可塑性的优势,对异质生境具有很强适应能力.然而,目前对竹类植物表型可塑性的实现方式及其异质生境适应对策未见系统总结,从而在一定程度上限制了竹类生态学的发展.从形态可塑性、选择性放置、克隆整合和克隆分工等4个方面对竹类植物的表型可塑性研究进行分析和梳理,结果表明:竹类植物在异质生境中具有明显的表型可塑反应,主要采用形态可塑性、选择性放置和克隆整合来适应异质生境,而克隆分工的普遍性仍有待验证;目前侧重于研究构件形态和生物量分配格局,而很少深入探讨形态、生理和行为等可塑性机理.今后竹类植物表型可塑性研究重点在于:1)克隆整合的格局与机理;2)克隆整合对生态系统的影响;3)克隆分工的形成及其与环境关系;4)表型可塑性的等级性及环境影响;5)不同克隆构型的表型可塑性特征及其内在机制.
DOI:10.5846/stxb201308062036URL [本文引用: 1]
竹类植物是一类以木本为主的克隆植物,凭借表型可塑性的优势,对异质生境具有很强适应能力.然而,目前对竹类植物表型可塑性的实现方式及其异质生境适应对策未见系统总结,从而在一定程度上限制了竹类生态学的发展.从形态可塑性、选择性放置、克隆整合和克隆分工等4个方面对竹类植物的表型可塑性研究进行分析和梳理,结果表明:竹类植物在异质生境中具有明显的表型可塑反应,主要采用形态可塑性、选择性放置和克隆整合来适应异质生境,而克隆分工的普遍性仍有待验证;目前侧重于研究构件形态和生物量分配格局,而很少深入探讨形态、生理和行为等可塑性机理.今后竹类植物表型可塑性研究重点在于:1)克隆整合的格局与机理;2)克隆整合对生态系统的影响;3)克隆分工的形成及其与环境关系;4)表型可塑性的等级性及环境影响;5)不同克隆构型的表型可塑性特征及其内在机制.
In: Llewellyn GC, O’Rear CE eds.
DOI:10.1007/978-1-4613-0949-9_39URL [本文引用: 1]
Chitinase induction in marine sediments has not been previously documented. This is surprising since the ubiquitous presence of chitin ( 3-1-4-linked N-acetyl-D-gucosamine (GlcNAc)) is well recognized. Muzzarelli (1977) has review ed the general features of chitin occurrence. Chitin biodeterioration has often been associated with bacterial activities (Benecke, 1905; Reynolds, 1954; Seki and Taga, 1963; Goodrich and Morita, 1977; Bennett and Hood, 1980; Williams and Robinson, 1981; Lindsay and Gooday, 1985), but vertebrates and inverte brates also produce chitinases. Gadus morhua (cod) produces constituitive chitinase independent of bacterial populations (Lindsay and Gooday, 1985). Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (American oyster) also produces constituitive chitinases even under chloramphenicol herapy1, a situation in which chitinolytic bacteria are absent in the crystalline style (Mayasich and Smucker, in press). Chrysaora quinquecirrha (sea nettle ) is a prolific producer of chitinases (Smucker, 1982). By virtue of their feeding and depuration activities these higher order organisms could conceivably also contribute to extracellular chitinase pools. High molecular weight molecules such as chitin are usually digested by extracellular enzymes. Aholistic appraisal of extracellular digestion activities in the estuary, or in any environment, may be reflected in measurements of extant enzyme activities (Skujins, 1978).
URL [本文引用: 1]
采用点格局分析方法对华西雨屏区白夹竹分株种群的分布格局以及不同龄级分株之间的相互关系进行分析.结果表明：白夹竹分株种群在0～0.32m空间尺度上呈集群分布,0.64～4.48m空间尺度上呈均匀分布,〉4.48m空间尺度上呈随机分布.各龄级分株种群在0～8.00m空间尺度上主要呈随机分布,龄级间略有差别.其中,Ⅰ龄级与Ⅱ、Ⅲ龄级分别在1.76～4.16m、0.32～4.16m尺度上接近或达到空间负关联,与Ⅳ龄级在0.32～3.04m尺度上呈显著空间负关联,表现为随着龄级差距的加大,幼龄分株与高龄级分株的空间负关联增加.白夹竹分株种群的空间格局及不同龄级分株之间的相互关系由尺度、分株龄级及环境因素共同决定.
URL [本文引用: 1]
采用点格局分析方法对华西雨屏区白夹竹分株种群的分布格局以及不同龄级分株之间的相互关系进行分析.结果表明：白夹竹分株种群在0～0.32m空间尺度上呈集群分布,0.64～4.48m空间尺度上呈均匀分布,〉4.48m空间尺度上呈随机分布.各龄级分株种群在0～8.00m空间尺度上主要呈随机分布,龄级间略有差别.其中,Ⅰ龄级与Ⅱ、Ⅲ龄级分别在1.76～4.16m、0.32～4.16m尺度上接近或达到空间负关联,与Ⅳ龄级在0.32～3.04m尺度上呈显著空间负关联,表现为随着龄级差距的加大,幼龄分株与高龄级分株的空间负关联增加.白夹竹分株种群的空间格局及不同龄级分株之间的相互关系由尺度、分株龄级及环境因素共同决定.
DOI:10.1007/BF00054847URL [本文引用: 1]
Plant ecologists have spent considerable effort investigating the physiological mechanisms and ecological consequences of clonal growth in plants. One line of research is concerned with the response of clonal plants to environmental heterogeneity. Several concepts and hypotheses have been formulated so far, suggesting that intra-clonal resource translocation, morphological plasticity on different organizational levels (e.g. leaves, ramets, fragments), and other features of clonal plants may represent potentially adaptive traits enabling stoloniferous and rhizomatous species to cope better with habitat patchiness. Although each of these concepts contributes substantially to our understanding of the ecology of clonal species, it is difficult to combine them into a consistent theoretical frame-work. This apparent lack of conceptual coherence seems partly be caused by an uncritical use of the term 'habitat heterogeneity'. Researchers have not always acknowledged the fact that 'heterogeneity' may refer to a number of fundamentally different aspects of environmental variability (i.e. scale, contrast, predictability, temporal vs. spatial heterogeneity), and that each of these aspects may, on one hand, allow for the evolution of specific plant responses to heterogeneity and, on the other, severely constrain the viability of potentially adaptive traits. Since adaptive responses are operational only in a narrow range of conditions (delimited by external environmental conditions and constraints internal to plants) it seems imperative to clearly define the context and the limits within which concepts regarding clonal plants' responses to heterogeneity are valid. In this paper an attempt is made to review a number of these concepts and to try and identify the necessary conditions for them to be operational. Special attention is paid (1) to different aspects of environmental heterogeneity and how they may affect clonal plants, and (2) to possible constraints (e.g. sectoriality, perception of environmental signals, morphological plasticity) on plant responses to patchiness.
[本文引用: 1]
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1071/SR11202URL [本文引用: 1]
Via vast exchanges of energy, water, carbon, and nutrients, tropical forests are a major driving force in the regulation of Earth biogeochemical, hydrological, and climatic cycles. Given the critical role of rhizosphere processes in nutrient cycling, it is likely that rhizosphere processes in tropical rainforests form a major component of the biome interactions with global cycles. Little is known, however, about rhizospheric processes in rainforest soils. In order to investigate the influence of rhizosphere processes upon rainforest nutrient cycling, we compared the nutrient status and microbial activity of rhizospheric soil from Australian lowland tropical rainforest with that of the surrounding bulk soil. We found a marked difference in the biological and chemical nature of the rhizosphere and bulk soils. Total carbon, microbial biomass carbon, total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, and a suite of trace element concentrations, alongside microbial respiration and the rate and diversity of carbon substrate use, were all significantly higher in the rhizosphere soil than the bulk soil. Rhizosphere soil 15N was significantly lower than that of the bulk soil. Ratios of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur differed significantly between the rhizosphere and bulk soil. These clear differences suggest that rhizosphere processes strongly influence nutrient cycling in lowland tropical rainforest, and are likely to play an important role in its interaction with global cycles. This role may be under-represented with composite sampling of rhizosphere and bulk soil. Further research is required regarding the mechanisms of rainforest rhizospheric processes and their relationship with ecosystem productivity, stability, and environmental change.
DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01162.xURL [本文引用: 1]
61 To further assess the usefulness of stable isotope ratios for understanding elemental cycling and fungal ecology, we measured δ 15 N and δ 13 C in ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic macrofungi, plants, woody debris and soils from two old-growth conifer forests in Olympic National Park, Washington, USA. 61 Ecosystem isotope patterns were similar at the two forests, but differences existed that appear to reflect soil nitrogen availability and C allocation within the ectomycorrhizal symbioses. δ 15 N and δ 13 C of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi differed in both forests, and a dual δ 15 N/δ 13 C plot provided the best means of distinguishing them. Within both groups, δ 15 N and δ 13 C differed among genera and species, and the difference in species composition was an important determinant of the different overall δ 15 N of the ectomycorrhizal fungi at the two forests. 61 Variation in multiple ecophysiological traits such as organic N use, mycelial morphology and transfer of N to phytobionts appears to underlie the variation in the isotope signatures of ectomycorrhizal fungi. 61 The varied isotope signatures of ectomycorrhizal fungi suggest considerable functional diversity among them. Life-history strategies could provide a framework for interpreting these patterns.
DOI:10.1016/0038-0717(87)90052-6URL [本文引用: 1]
The effects of fumigation on organic C extractable by 0.5 M K 2SO 4 were examined in a contrasting range of soils. E C (the difference between organic C extracted by 0.5 M K 2SO 4 from fumigated and non-fumigated soil) was about 70% of F C (the flush of CO 2-C caused by fumigation during a 10 day incubation), meaned for ten soils. There was a close relationship between microbial biomass C, measured by fumigation-incubation (from the relationship Biomass C = F C/0.45) and E C given by the equation: Biomass C = (2.64 0.060) E C that accounted for 99.2% of the variance in the data. This relationship held over a wide range of soil pH (3.9 8.0). ATP and microbial biomass N concentrations were measured in four of the soils. The (ATP) (E C) ratios were very similar in the four soils, suggesting that both ATP and the organic C rendered decomposable by CHCl 3 came from the soil microbial biomass. The C:N ratio of the biomass in a strongly acid (pH 4.2) soil was greater (9.4) than in the three less-acid soils (mean C:N ratio 5.1). We propose that the organic C rendered extractable to 0.5 m K 2SO 4 after a 24 h CHCl 3-fumigation ( E C) comes from the cells of the microbial biomass and can be used to estimate soil microbial biomass C in both neutral and acid soils.
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DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2004.05.006URL [本文引用: 1]
羊草 (L eymuschinensis)是具有克隆生长习性的多年生根茎植物。其分株系统能存活 7a,其根茎甚至可在地上部分死亡后继续存活。羊草分株可分为 7个年龄 (AC) ,有 :AC0、AC1、AC2、AC3、AC4、AC5和 AC6 ;4个世代 ,即祖代开花分株世代 (G(1) )或祖代营养分株世代 (G1)、母代开花分株世代 (G(2 ) )或母代营养分株世代 (G2 )、当代开花分株世代 (G(3) )或当代营养分株世代 (G3)和子代营养分株世代 (G4 )。揭示了羊草克隆分株之间存在 3种光合产物的转移格局 ,它们是向项性转移、向基性转移和水平性转移。还观察到 ,不同类型分株可调节不同类型分株之间的光合产物转移量。对于向项性转移 ,光合产物主要输出到营养分株 (VR) ,以低转移速率输出到开花分株 (FR)。对于向基性转移 ,光合产物主要输出到 FR,而以低转移速率输出到 VR。对于水平性转移 ,该种转移出现在同一世代的姊妹分株 (SR)之间 ,在从 FR到 VR的转移或在从 VR到 FR的转移 ,转移速率较高 ,但在同种类型分株 (即从 FR到 FR或从 VR到 VR)之间的转移速率较低。幼嫩的 VR比同一世代的 FR能保留更多的光合产物
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2004.05.006URL [本文引用: 1]
羊草 (L eymuschinensis)是具有克隆生长习性的多年生根茎植物。其分株系统能存活 7a,其根茎甚至可在地上部分死亡后继续存活。羊草分株可分为 7个年龄 (AC) ,有 :AC0、AC1、AC2、AC3、AC4、AC5和 AC6 ;4个世代 ,即祖代开花分株世代 (G(1) )或祖代营养分株世代 (G1)、母代开花分株世代 (G(2 ) )或母代营养分株世代 (G2 )、当代开花分株世代 (G(3) )或当代营养分株世代 (G3)和子代营养分株世代 (G4 )。揭示了羊草克隆分株之间存在 3种光合产物的转移格局 ,它们是向项性转移、向基性转移和水平性转移。还观察到 ,不同类型分株可调节不同类型分株之间的光合产物转移量。对于向项性转移 ,光合产物主要输出到营养分株 (VR) ,以低转移速率输出到开花分株 (FR)。对于向基性转移 ,光合产物主要输出到 FR,而以低转移速率输出到 VR。对于水平性转移 ,该种转移出现在同一世代的姊妹分株 (SR)之间 ,在从 FR到 VR的转移或在从 VR到 FR的转移 ,转移速率较高 ,但在同种类型分株 (即从 FR到 FR或从 VR到 VR)之间的转移速率较低。幼嫩的 VR比同一世代的 FR能保留更多的光合产物
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00073URL [本文引用: 1]
动物对植物的采食会刺激植物进行补偿性更新生长,克隆整合效应能够通过分株之问的物质传输增强克隆植物的这种补偿生长.现今对克隆整合效应在箭竹(Fargesia)补偿更新中的作用仍未得到全面认识.2011年10月到2012年11月,设立了糙花箭竹(Fargesia scabrida)和缺苞箭竹(F.denudata)各40个样方,分别进行不剪除样方内分株和剪除样方内分株数量的25％、50％、75％四种模拟采食干扰处理,并将样方四周的根状茎切断或保持连接.从2012年6月起观测并统计了箭竹分株种群的累积出笋率、总出笋率、补充率,以及新生分株的株高、基径和单株生物量.结果表明:(1)在不剪除分株的样方,切断根状茎连接显著增加了糙花箭竹的出笋率和补充率,但降低了新生分株的株高和单株生物量,也显著降低了缺苞箭竹的出笋率和补充率；(2)保持根状茎连接时,25％的剪除强度仅仅降低了糙花箭竹新生分株的单株生物量；同样在保持根状茎连接的条件下,25％、50％的剪除强度使缺苞箭竹种群的补充率有所降低,而切断根状茎后缺苞箭竹在25％的剪除强度下的分株补充率反而升高；(3)75％的剪除强度并未影响两种箭竹新生分株数量更新,但造成新生分株质量显著下降；切断根状茎连接显著降低了糙花箭竹的新生分株的株高和基径,对缺苞箭竹影响不显著.实验证明克隆整合影响了两种箭竹新生分株的萌发、存活和生长,但不是两种箭竹进行补偿更新的主要机制,仅在糙花箭竹分株种群受到重度采食干扰后的更新中才起到明显的促进作用；两种箭竹均能在50％的剪除强度下通过补偿生长恢复种群的稳定,75％的剪除强度则会造成箭竹新生分株质量的下降.
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00073URL [本文引用: 1]
动物对植物的采食会刺激植物进行补偿性更新生长,克隆整合效应能够通过分株之问的物质传输增强克隆植物的这种补偿生长.现今对克隆整合效应在箭竹(Fargesia)补偿更新中的作用仍未得到全面认识.2011年10月到2012年11月,设立了糙花箭竹(Fargesia scabrida)和缺苞箭竹(F.denudata)各40个样方,分别进行不剪除样方内分株和剪除样方内分株数量的25％、50％、75％四种模拟采食干扰处理,并将样方四周的根状茎切断或保持连接.从2012年6月起观测并统计了箭竹分株种群的累积出笋率、总出笋率、补充率,以及新生分株的株高、基径和单株生物量.结果表明:(1)在不剪除分株的样方,切断根状茎连接显著增加了糙花箭竹的出笋率和补充率,但降低了新生分株的株高和单株生物量,也显著降低了缺苞箭竹的出笋率和补充率；(2)保持根状茎连接时,25％的剪除强度仅仅降低了糙花箭竹新生分株的单株生物量；同样在保持根状茎连接的条件下,25％、50％的剪除强度使缺苞箭竹种群的补充率有所降低,而切断根状茎后缺苞箭竹在25％的剪除强度下的分株补充率反而升高；(3)75％的剪除强度并未影响两种箭竹新生分株数量更新,但造成新生分株质量显著下降；切断根状茎连接显著降低了糙花箭竹的新生分株的株高和基径,对缺苞箭竹影响不显著.实验证明克隆整合影响了两种箭竹新生分株的萌发、存活和生长,但不是两种箭竹进行补偿更新的主要机制,仅在糙花箭竹分株种群受到重度采食干扰后的更新中才起到明显的促进作用；两种箭竹均能在50％的剪除强度下通过补偿生长恢复种群的稳定,75％的剪除强度则会造成箭竹新生分株质量的下降.
DOI:10.1007/s003740050030URL [本文引用: 1]
A chloroform-fumigation extraction method with fumigation at atmospheric pressure (CFAP, without vacuum) was developed for measuring microbial biomass C (C BIO ) and N (N BIO ) in water-saturated rice soils. The method was tested in a series of laboratory experiments and compared with the standard chloroform-fumigation extraction (CFE, with vacuum). For both methods, there was little interference from living rice roots or changing soil water content (0.44–0.5565kg kg –1 wet soil). A comparison of the two techniques showed a highly significant correlation for both C BIO and N BIO ( P <0.001) suggesting that the simple and rapid CFAP is a reliable alternative to the CFE. It appeared, however, that a small and relatively constant fraction of well-protected microbial biomass may only be lysed during fumigation under vacuum. Determinations of microbial C and N were highly reproducible for both methods, but neither fumigation technique generated N BIO values which were positively correlated with C BIO . The range of observed microbial C:N ratios of 4–15 was unexpectedly wide for anaerobic soil conditions. Evidence that this was related to inconsistencies in the release, degradation, and extractability of N BIO rather than C BIO came from the observation that increasing the fumigation time from 465h to 4865h significantly increased N BIO but not C BIO . The release pattern of C BIO indicated that the standard fumigation time of 2465h is applicable to water-saturated rice soils. To correct for the incomplete recovery of C BIO , we suggest applying the k C factor of 2.64, commonly used for aerobic soils (Vance et al. 1987), but caution is required when correcting N BIO data. Until differences in fumigation efficiencies among CFE and CFAP are confirmed for a wider range of rice soils, we suggest applying the same correction factor for both methods.
DOI:10.1016/0038-0717(90)90046-3URL [本文引用: 1]
Biomass C measurements were compared using the fumigation-extraction (FE) method and the fumigation-incubation (FI) method; K2SO4 extractable C was measured by dichromate digestion and by automated UV persulfate oxidation. Results suggest that automated analysis of organic C in 0.5 M K2SO4 by UV persulfate oxidation provides a rapid and reliable method for measuring microbial biomass C by FE. I...
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0321URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】连作栽培已严重影响国内保护地番茄的产量和品质。番茄-分蘖洋葱伴生栽培能缓解番茄连作障碍,保持土壤健康,有效减少番茄生理性卷叶,显著控制土传病害的发生,提高产量5%10%。探索伴生对分蘖洋葱和番茄生长、矿质养分吸收及番茄灰霉病发生的影响有重要意义。【方法】本研究于2012年在温室内采用盆栽的方法,以分蘖洋葱与番茄伴生的栽培模式为研究对象,试验设番茄单作、分蘖洋葱单作、分蘖洋葱与番茄伴生等3个处理,在伴生30 d后测定生长指标(株高,地上干重和地下干重)和根系活力,同时对所有番茄植株进行发病率和病情指数调查。植株称干重并测定N、P、K和Mn含量。用抖根法取番茄和分蘖洋葱根际土,测定其理化性质和土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性。【结果】1)与单作相比,伴生条件下番茄株高、地上部干重、地下部干重、根系活力显著升高(P<0.05),而伴生条件下分蘖洋葱地上部干重、地下部干重、根系活力显著降低(P<0.05);番茄根际土壤脱氢酶与多酚氧化酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),而分蘖洋葱根际土壤脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),伴生番茄和分蘖洋葱根际土壤间脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性差异不显著。2)与单作相比,伴生条件下番茄根际土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效锰和分蘖洋葱根际的有效磷、有效锰含量显著降低(P<0.05),番茄根际土壤中p H、有机质以及分蘖洋葱根际碱解氮、速效钾、p H、有机质无显著变化。3)与单作相比,伴生条件下番茄植株全磷、全锰和分蘖洋葱植株内全氮、全锰均显著升高(P<0.05),但番茄植株全氮、全钾含量和分蘖洋葱植株内全磷和全钾含量均无显著变化。4)伴生番茄灰霉病病情指数显著低于单作(P<0.05)。番茄灰霉病病情指数与番茄植株全锰含量显著负相17
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0321URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】连作栽培已严重影响国内保护地番茄的产量和品质。番茄-分蘖洋葱伴生栽培能缓解番茄连作障碍,保持土壤健康,有效减少番茄生理性卷叶,显著控制土传病害的发生,提高产量5%10%。探索伴生对分蘖洋葱和番茄生长、矿质养分吸收及番茄灰霉病发生的影响有重要意义。【方法】本研究于2012年在温室内采用盆栽的方法,以分蘖洋葱与番茄伴生的栽培模式为研究对象,试验设番茄单作、分蘖洋葱单作、分蘖洋葱与番茄伴生等3个处理,在伴生30 d后测定生长指标(株高,地上干重和地下干重)和根系活力,同时对所有番茄植株进行发病率和病情指数调查。植株称干重并测定N、P、K和Mn含量。用抖根法取番茄和分蘖洋葱根际土,测定其理化性质和土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性。【结果】1)与单作相比,伴生条件下番茄株高、地上部干重、地下部干重、根系活力显著升高(P<0.05),而伴生条件下分蘖洋葱地上部干重、地下部干重、根系活力显著降低(P<0.05);番茄根际土壤脱氢酶与多酚氧化酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),而分蘖洋葱根际土壤脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),伴生番茄和分蘖洋葱根际土壤间脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性差异不显著。2)与单作相比,伴生条件下番茄根际土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效锰和分蘖洋葱根际的有效磷、有效锰含量显著降低(P<0.05),番茄根际土壤中p H、有机质以及分蘖洋葱根际碱解氮、速效钾、p H、有机质无显著变化。3)与单作相比,伴生条件下番茄植株全磷、全锰和分蘖洋葱植株内全氮、全锰均显著升高(P<0.05),但番茄植株全氮、全钾含量和分蘖洋葱植株内全磷和全钾含量均无显著变化。4)伴生番茄灰霉病病情指数显著低于单作(P<0.05)。番茄灰霉病病情指数与番茄植株全锰含量显著负相17
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DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0528-9017.2007.05.008URL [本文引用: 1]
春分前后提早晒目并给予充足的晒目时间以及在笋芽萌发时（2月份）对林地进行覆盖虽然都能提早马蹄笋的出笋时间并延长笋期,但提早晒目能提高产量而林地覆盖产量却有所下降;此外,提早晒目技术投入少、操作简单,比林地覆盖技术更为实用。施肥虽然不能有效提早马蹄笋的出笋时间,但能显著增加马蹄笋的产量,因此在绿竹生长过程中要施加足量的肥料,特别要保证氮肥的用量。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0528-9017.2007.05.008URL [本文引用: 1]
春分前后提早晒目并给予充足的晒目时间以及在笋芽萌发时（2月份）对林地进行覆盖虽然都能提早马蹄笋的出笋时间并延长笋期,但提早晒目能提高产量而林地覆盖产量却有所下降;此外,提早晒目技术投入少、操作简单,比林地覆盖技术更为实用。施肥虽然不能有效提早马蹄笋的出笋时间,但能显著增加马蹄笋的产量,因此在绿竹生长过程中要施加足量的肥料,特别要保证氮肥的用量。
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经观察，白夹竹鞭梢生长期６－１１月，鞭分布在土壤上层１－１５ｃｍ。鞭年生长１ｍ左右。笋芽３－４月萌动，笋从５月初长出地面至５月底不再出笋，历时２８天左右，每公顷大年笋１００００个左右，上林率为２９．５４％，虫退笋率为４３．９８％，自然 笋率为２６．４８％，上林率，大年高于小年，初期，盛期出笋高于末期出笋。竹笋从出土到长成幼竹，历时６０天左右，竹笋高生长，一般夜晚稍大于白天，笋箨有吐水同象，１９８５
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经观察，白夹竹鞭梢生长期６－１１月，鞭分布在土壤上层１－１５ｃｍ。鞭年生长１ｍ左右。笋芽３－４月萌动，笋从５月初长出地面至５月底不再出笋，历时２８天左右，每公顷大年笋１００００个左右，上林率为２９．５４％，虫退笋率为４３．９８％，自然 笋率为２６．４８％，上林率，大年高于小年，初期，盛期出笋高于末期出笋。竹笋从出土到长成幼竹，历时６０天左右，竹笋高生长，一般夜晚稍大于白天，笋箨有吐水同象，１９８５
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2001.12.004URL [本文引用: 2]
羊柴为根茎半灌木,主要分布于我国北方半干旱区的沙地.该种的营养繁殖是由根茎的水平延伸使顶端分生组织与腋生分生组织序列化不断产生而进行的.本项研究采用14C标记和去叶实验,探讨了母株-子株所组成的分株对内的光合同化物的整合.在24h的传输中,相当可观量的14C-光合同化物自母株传输给子株、子株的根系和根茎,且它们的汇活度均超过了10%.在14C-光合同化物向基向传输(由子株向母株)中,传输率较小,且汇活度不足1%,但根茎在这一传输中的汇活度却超过2%.去叶影响着母株与子株之间的光合同化物整合.保持完整的母株增大向遭受去叶的子株传输光合产物;反之亦然.母株和子株都向根茎传输一定量的同化物,表明根茎自分株获得光合同化物的支持.羊柴的相连分株间通过根茎而发生克隆整合,可能使其分株和基株在不利的沙地生境中都获得净收益.
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2001.12.004URL [本文引用: 2]
羊柴为根茎半灌木,主要分布于我国北方半干旱区的沙地.该种的营养繁殖是由根茎的水平延伸使顶端分生组织与腋生分生组织序列化不断产生而进行的.本项研究采用14C标记和去叶实验,探讨了母株-子株所组成的分株对内的光合同化物的整合.在24h的传输中,相当可观量的14C-光合同化物自母株传输给子株、子株的根系和根茎,且它们的汇活度均超过了10%.在14C-光合同化物向基向传输(由子株向母株)中,传输率较小,且汇活度不足1%,但根茎在这一传输中的汇活度却超过2%.去叶影响着母株与子株之间的光合同化物整合.保持完整的母株增大向遭受去叶的子株传输光合产物;反之亦然.母株和子株都向根茎传输一定量的同化物,表明根茎自分株获得光合同化物的支持.羊柴的相连分株间通过根茎而发生克隆整合,可能使其分株和基株在不利的沙地生境中都获得净收益.
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Soil is a complex ecosystem with multi-interface. Anumerous studies on soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) were carried out, and proved that DOM was one of the most active chemical components in the environment. Increasing attention has been paid on the study of soil DOM, especially in recent years, and the study has become an interdisciplinary focus in the fields of soil science, ecology, and environmental science due to the important roles of DOM in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc. In addition, DOM has significant effects on pedogenesis, growth and metabolism of soil microorganisms, decomposition and transformation of soil organic matter, and transport of pollutants in soils. The recent literatures about extraction methods, origin, composition, contents and controlling factors, bioavailability,and environmental significance of DOM were therefore reviewed, and future research aspects on this topic were also proposed.
URL [本文引用: 1]
Soil is a complex ecosystem with multi-interface. Anumerous studies on soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) were carried out, and proved that DOM was one of the most active chemical components in the environment. Increasing attention has been paid on the study of soil DOM, especially in recent years, and the study has become an interdisciplinary focus in the fields of soil science, ecology, and environmental science due to the important roles of DOM in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc. In addition, DOM has significant effects on pedogenesis, growth and metabolism of soil microorganisms, decomposition and transformation of soil organic matter, and transport of pollutants in soils. The recent literatures about extraction methods, origin, composition, contents and controlling factors, bioavailability,and environmental significance of DOM were therefore reviewed, and future research aspects on this topic were also proposed.
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.09.026URL [本文引用: 1]
2003—2007年,采用样 方法和定位观察法测量了卧龙自然保护区拐棍竹无性系种群密度、地径和高度,研究野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群更新的影响;并用 Weibull概率密度分布函数的尺度和形状参数比较分析了不同处理方式(大熊猫采食、人为砍伐和对照)对拐棍竹无性系种群结构(年龄、径级和高度级)的 影响.结果表明:在相同种群数量和环境条件的基础上,大熊猫采食和人为砍伐有利于拐棍竹的无性系更新,经过3年多的自然恢复,竹子的种群密度趋于一致,并 达到较稳定的状态.大熊猫采食样方的拐棍竹径级和高度级分布曲线、尺度参数和形状参数与对照样方无明显差异;而人为砍伐样方的分布曲线大多呈倒"J"型, 且尺度参数和形状参数均明显小于大熊猫采食和对照样方,当年生竹笋和多年生竹的生长质量远不及大熊猫采食影响下的竹子种群,难以达到大熊猫取食的选择标 准.
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.09.026URL [本文引用: 1]
2003—2007年,采用样 方法和定位观察法测量了卧龙自然保护区拐棍竹无性系种群密度、地径和高度,研究野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群更新的影响;并用 Weibull概率密度分布函数的尺度和形状参数比较分析了不同处理方式(大熊猫采食、人为砍伐和对照)对拐棍竹无性系种群结构(年龄、径级和高度级)的 影响.结果表明:在相同种群数量和环境条件的基础上,大熊猫采食和人为砍伐有利于拐棍竹的无性系更新,经过3年多的自然恢复,竹子的种群密度趋于一致,并 达到较稳定的状态.大熊猫采食样方的拐棍竹径级和高度级分布曲线、尺度参数和形状参数与对照样方无明显差异;而人为砍伐样方的分布曲线大多呈倒"J"型, 且尺度参数和形状参数均明显小于大熊猫采食和对照样方,当年生竹笋和多年生竹的生长质量远不及大熊猫采食影响下的竹子种群,难以达到大熊猫取食的选择标 准.
DOI:10.1007/s13595-011-0100-4URLPMID:10017995 [本文引用: 2]
The long wavelength vacuum wave function and mass gap of SU(2) lattice gauge theory in 2+1 dimensions are calculated by a truncated eigenvalue equation method. The mass gap shows good scaling behavior at both third and fourth order
Hormonal modification of resource sharing in the clonal plant Fragaria chiloensis
2
2002
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
... 克隆植物分株间资源传输的方向性差异对邻体分株根际微生物过程的影响尚不清晰, 现有研究结果也不尽相同.
天目山保护区森林群落植物多样性对毛竹入侵的响应及动态变化
1
2013
... 竹林是中国森林植被的重要组成部分.竹类植物是以木本为主的克隆植物, 其克隆生长特征对异质性生境具有很强的适应能力(
天目山保护区森林群落植物多样性对毛竹入侵的响应及动态变化
1
2013
... 竹林是中国森林植被的重要组成部分.竹类植物是以木本为主的克隆植物, 其克隆生长特征对异质性生境具有很强的适应能力(
Patterns and determinants of soil biological diversity
1
2005
... 土壤微生物参与了土壤有机质的转化过程, 在植物养分有效性和腐殖质形成过程中发挥着重要作用(
Priming effects in Chernozem induced by glucose and N in relation to microbial growth strategies
1
2007
... N矿化是土壤氮循环一个最重要的过程, 微生物是土壤N矿化过程重要的参与者, 土壤有机质与根际沉积物可促进微生物的矿化作用(
Soil sampling and methods of analysis
1
1993
... 土壤无机氮即铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N), 用2 mol·L-1 KCl溶液浸提后分别采用靛酚蓝比色法和双波长比色法测定含量(
Extensive physiological integration in intact clonal systems of Carex arenaria
1
1999
... 光合产物基向传输中, 根状茎保持切断与否并没有显著影响近端分株根际TOC、DOC含量, 这一方面是由于植物地上部分去除会引起植物的补偿效应, 即将根系积累的碳水化合物重新输送到地上部分, 进而影响根系的沉积作用(
Labile soil carbon inputs mediate the soil microbial community composition and plant residue decomposition rates
2
2010
... 土壤微生物参与了土壤有机质的转化过程, 在植物养分有效性和腐殖质形成过程中发挥着重要作用(
... N矿化是土壤氮循环一个最重要的过程, 微生物是土壤N矿化过程重要的参与者, 土壤有机质与根际沉积物可促进微生物的矿化作用(
Soil enzyme activities as affected by anthropogenic alterations: Intensive agricultural practices and organic pollution
1
2005
... N-乙酰基-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)、多酚氧化酶(POXase)和脲酶(Urease)均为在根际土壤C、N转化过程中起重要作用的土壤酶, 其中NAGase参与壳多糖水解, 是决定土壤有机碳来源的重要因子(
N balance and cycling of Inner Mongolia typical steppe: A comprehensive case study of grazing effects
1
2013
... 光合产物基向传输中, 根状茎保持切断与否并没有显著影响近端分株根际TOC、DOC含量, 这一方面是由于植物地上部分去除会引起植物的补偿效应, 即将根系积累的碳水化合物重新输送到地上部分, 进而影响根系的沉积作用(
1
1986
... N-乙酰基-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)、多酚氧化酶(POXase)和脲酶(Urease)均为在根际土壤C、N转化过程中起重要作用的土壤酶, 其中NAGase参与壳多糖水解, 是决定土壤有机碳来源的重要因子(
1
1986
... N-乙酰基-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)、多酚氧化酶(POXase)和脲酶(Urease)均为在根际土壤C、N转化过程中起重要作用的土壤酶, 其中NAGase参与壳多糖水解, 是决定土壤有机碳来源的重要因子(
Fungal endophyte and tall fescue cultivar interact to differentially affect bulk and rhizosphere soil processes governing C and N cycling
1
2016
... 2016年11月, 按照
Priming effects in soils after combined and repeated substrate additions
1
2005
... N矿化是土壤氮循环一个最重要的过程, 微生物是土壤N矿化过程重要的参与者, 土壤有机质与根际沉积物可促进微生物的矿化作用(
间隔子长度对美丽箬竹克隆分株水分生理整合效应的影响
1
2015
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
间隔子长度对美丽箬竹克隆分株水分生理整合效应的影响
1
2015
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
Carbon flow in the rhizosphere: Carbon trading at the soil-root interface
2
2009
... 通过维管组织的传输, 植物实现光合产物在各器官中资源分配的权衡(
... 根际沉积作用是植物根系为土壤环境提供可利用碳源的重要方式(
Intraclonal translocation of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen in Carex bigelowii Torr. ex Schwein. using 15N and nitrate reductase assays
3
1990
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
... 植株根际C有效性的增加, 促进了土壤微生物生长代谢过程(
... 总之, 控制性实验造成的光合产物传输方向差异使得蓉城竹近端和远端分株根际C有效性产生不同变化, 进而对根际土壤酶活性等微生物过程产生了不同的影响, 意味着克隆植物分株间光合产物传输的非对称性.光合产物顶向传输的优势促进了远端分株根际N有效性, 可能有利于受动物取食或人为砍伐等干扰影响的蓉城竹分株的再生长(如新生笋的萌发和生长)(
Short-term assay of soil Urease activity using colorimetric determination of ammonium
1
1988
... N-乙酰基-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)、多酚氧化酶(POXase)和脲酶(Urease)均为在根际土壤C、N转化过程中起重要作用的土壤酶, 其中NAGase参与壳多糖水解, 是决定土壤有机碳来源的重要因子(
Microbial processes and community composition in the rhizosphere of European beech—The influence of plant C exudates
3
2011
... 通过维管组织的传输, 植物实现光合产物在各器官中资源分配的权衡(
... 根际区域土壤酶活性主要受到根系分泌物、根系凋落物及土壤微生物群落结构组成和土壤微生物活性等因素的影响(
... 在光合产物基向传输中, MBC/MBN在保持连接的蓉城竹分株根际与根状茎切断的分株根际存在显著差异, 预示着根状茎连接与否对近端分株根际土壤微生物群落组成产生了显著影响.这可能是根状茎切断后与近端分株根系共生的丛枝菌根真菌生长受限及(或)腐生真菌增多的原因(
Factors affecting rhizosphere priming effects
2
2002
... 通过维管组织的传输, 植物实现光合产物在各器官中资源分配的权衡(
... 根际沉积作用是植物根系为土壤环境提供可利用碳源的重要方式(
Sources and mechanisms of priming effect induced in two grassland soils amended with slurry and sugar
1
2006
... N矿化是土壤氮循环一个最重要的过程, 微生物是土壤N矿化过程重要的参与者, 土壤有机质与根际沉积物可促进微生物的矿化作用(
Root exudate components change litter decomposition in a simulated rhizosphere depending on temperature
1
2007
... N矿化是土壤氮循环一个最重要的过程, 微生物是土壤N矿化过程重要的参与者, 土壤有机质与根际沉积物可促进微生物的矿化作用(
Effects of clonal integration on microbial community composition and processes in the rhizosphere of the stoloniferous herb Glechoma longituba(Nakai) Kuprian
5
2014
... 通过维管组织的传输, 植物实现光合产物在各器官中资源分配的权衡(
... 克隆植物分株间资源传输的方向性差异对邻体分株根际微生物过程的影响尚不清晰, 现有研究结果也不尽相同.
... 根际沉积作用是植物根系为土壤环境提供可利用碳源的重要方式(
... 植株根际C有效性的增加, 促进了土壤微生物生长代谢过程(
... 根际区域土壤酶活性主要受到根系分泌物、根系凋落物及土壤微生物群落结构组成和土壤微生物活性等因素的影响(
1
2016
... 在光合产物基向传输中, 根状茎连接近端分株根际土壤Urease和POXase活性依旧高于根状茎切断的近端分株, 而NAGase活性恰好相反, 根状茎切断近端分株显著高于根状茎保持连接近端分株.有关植物根系活力与Urease、POXase活性正相关的研究结果在烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)(
1
2016
... 在光合产物基向传输中, 根状茎连接近端分株根际土壤Urease和POXase活性依旧高于根状茎切断的近端分株, 而NAGase活性恰好相反, 根状茎切断近端分株显著高于根状茎保持连接近端分株.有关植物根系活力与Urease、POXase活性正相关的研究结果在烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)(
Source/sink removal affects mobile carbohydrates in Pinus cembra at the Swiss treeline
1
2002
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
中国竹类植物生物多样性的价值及保护进展
1
2003
... 竹林是中国森林植被的重要组成部分.竹类植物是以木本为主的克隆植物, 其克隆生长特征对异质性生境具有很强的适应能力(
中国竹类植物生物多样性的价值及保护进展
1
2003
... 竹林是中国森林植被的重要组成部分.竹类植物是以木本为主的克隆植物, 其克隆生长特征对异质性生境具有很强的适应能力(
混合有机肥用量对烤烟根系活力及根际土壤生物特性的影响
1
2016
... 在光合产物基向传输中, 根状茎连接近端分株根际土壤Urease和POXase活性依旧高于根状茎切断的近端分株, 而NAGase活性恰好相反, 根状茎切断近端分株显著高于根状茎保持连接近端分株.有关植物根系活力与Urease、POXase活性正相关的研究结果在烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)(
混合有机肥用量对烤烟根系活力及根际土壤生物特性的影响
1
2016
... 在光合产物基向传输中, 根状茎连接近端分株根际土壤Urease和POXase活性依旧高于根状茎切断的近端分株, 而NAGase活性恰好相反, 根状茎切断近端分株显著高于根状茎保持连接近端分株.有关植物根系活力与Urease、POXase活性正相关的研究结果在烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)(
毛竹种群向常绿阔叶林扩张的细根策略
1
2013
... 竹林是中国森林植被的重要组成部分.竹类植物是以木本为主的克隆植物, 其克隆生长特征对异质性生境具有很强的适应能力(
毛竹种群向常绿阔叶林扩张的细根策略
1
2013
... 竹林是中国森林植被的重要组成部分.竹类植物是以木本为主的克隆植物, 其克隆生长特征对异质性生境具有很强的适应能力(
Source-sink relations of interconnected ramets
1
1990
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
Increased understanding of nutrient immobilization in soil organic matter is critical for predicting the carbon sink strength of forest ecosystems over the next 100 years
1
2001
... N矿化是土壤氮循环一个最重要的过程, 微生物是土壤N矿化过程重要的参与者, 土壤有机质与根际沉积物可促进微生物的矿化作用(
Detection, quantification and characterization of beta-glucosaminidase activity in soil
1
2000
... N-乙酰基-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)、多酚氧化酶(POXase)和脲酶(Urease)均为在根际土壤C、N转化过程中起重要作用的土壤酶, 其中NAGase参与壳多糖水解, 是决定土壤有机碳来源的重要因子(
Preface-soil microbiology and biochemistry
1
1989
... 土壤微生物参与了土壤有机质的转化过程, 在植物养分有效性和腐殖质形成过程中发挥着重要作用(
根状茎型植物扁秆荆三棱对土壤养分异质性尺度和对比度的生长响应
1
2013
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
根状茎型植物扁秆荆三棱对土壤养分异质性尺度和对比度的生长响应
1
2013
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
An improved method to evaluate the o-diphenol oxidase activity of soil
1
2000
... N-乙酰基-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)、多酚氧化酶(POXase)和脲酶(Urease)均为在根际土壤C、N转化过程中起重要作用的土壤酶, 其中NAGase参与壳多糖水解, 是决定土壤有机碳来源的重要因子(
植物光合产物分配及其影响因子研究进展
1
2010
... 通过维管组织的传输, 植物实现光合产物在各器官中资源分配的权衡(
植物光合产物分配及其影响因子研究进展
1
2010
... 通过维管组织的传输, 植物实现光合产物在各器官中资源分配的权衡(
Physiology and integration of ramets in clonal plants
1
1985
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
The causes and developmental effects of integration and independence between different parts of Glechoma hederacea clones
1
1992
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
土壤—根系微区养分状况的研究——Ⅲ. 水稻根际氮素的变化
1
1984
... 植株根际C有效性的增加, 促进了土壤微生物生长代谢过程(
土壤—根系微区养分状况的研究——Ⅲ. 水稻根际氮素的变化
1
1984
... 植株根际C有效性的增加, 促进了土壤微生物生长代谢过程(
中国竹子多样性及其利用评述
1
2001
... 竹林是中国森林植被的重要组成部分.竹类植物是以木本为主的克隆植物, 其克隆生长特征对异质性生境具有很强的适应能力(
中国竹子多样性及其利用评述
1
2001
... 竹林是中国森林植被的重要组成部分.竹类植物是以木本为主的克隆植物, 其克隆生长特征对异质性生境具有很强的适应能力(
Abiotic conditions and plant cover differentially affect microbial biomass and community composition on dune gradients
3
2009
... 通过维管组织的传输, 植物实现光合产物在各器官中资源分配的权衡(
... 根际区域土壤酶活性主要受到根系分泌物、根系凋落物及土壤微生物群落结构组成和土壤微生物活性等因素的影响(
... N矿化是土壤氮循环一个最重要的过程, 微生物是土壤N矿化过程重要的参与者, 土壤有机质与根际沉积物可促进微生物的矿化作用(
Salt accumulation at the soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr) root-soil interface
1
1970
... 2016年11月, 按照
Nitrogen mineralization: Challenges of a changing paradigm
1
2004
... 植株根际C有效性的增加, 促进了土壤微生物生长代谢过程(
The implications of exoenzyme activity on microbial carbon and nitrogen limitation in soil: A theoretical model
1
2003
... 通过维管组织的传输, 植物实现光合产物在各器官中资源分配的权衡(
Measuring microbial biomass carbon by direct extraction—Comparison with chloroform fumigation-extraction
1
2012
... 土壤总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量采用元素分析仪(vario MACRO cube, Elementar, Langenselbold, Germany)测定; 溶解性有机碳(DOC)和溶解性有机氮(DON)用0.5 mol·L-1 K2SO4溶液浸提, 于TOC/TN分析仪(TOC-L analyzer, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan)中测定其含量; 土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和生物量氮(MBN)采用氯仿熏蒸提取法(CFAP)进行提取(
竹类植物对异质生境的适应——表型可塑性
1
2014
... 竹林是中国森林植被的重要组成部分.竹类植物是以木本为主的克隆植物, 其克隆生长特征对异质性生境具有很强的适应能力(
竹类植物对异质生境的适应——表型可塑性
1
2014
... 竹林是中国森林植被的重要组成部分.竹类植物是以木本为主的克隆植物, 其克隆生长特征对异质性生境具有很强的适应能力(
Chitinase induction in an estuarine system
1
1987
... N-乙酰基-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)、多酚氧化酶(POXase)和脲酶(Urease)均为在根际土壤C、N转化过程中起重要作用的土壤酶, 其中NAGase参与壳多糖水解, 是决定土壤有机碳来源的重要因子(
华西雨屏区白夹竹分株种群的点格局分析
1
2011
... 蓉城竹别名白夹竹, 属禾本科刚竹属(Phyllostachys), 株高3-6 m, 基径约2 cm.蓉城竹为单轴散生竹, 通过竹鞭(根状茎)进行克隆生长, 鞭梢生长期6-11月, 11月后停止生长, 次年3-4月发笋, 5月出笋成竹(
华西雨屏区白夹竹分株种群的点格局分析
1
2011
... 蓉城竹别名白夹竹, 属禾本科刚竹属(Phyllostachys), 株高3-6 m, 基径约2 cm.蓉城竹为单轴散生竹, 通过竹鞭(根状茎)进行克隆生长, 鞭梢生长期6-11月, 11月后停止生长, 次年3-4月发笋, 5月出笋成竹(
Potential and limitations of current concepts regarding the response of clonal plants to environmental heterogeneity
1
1996
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
根际激发效应的发生机制及其生态重要性
1
2014
... 2016年11月, 按照
根际激发效应的发生机制及其生态重要性
1
2014
... 2016年11月, 按照
Rhizosphere effects on soil nutrient dynamics and microbial activity in an Australian tropical lowland rainforest
1
2011
... 根际区域土壤酶活性主要受到根系分泌物、根系凋落物及土壤微生物群落结构组成和土壤微生物活性等因素的影响(
Patterns of nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios in macrofungi, plants and soils in two old-growth conifer forests
1
2004
... 通过维管组织的传输, 植物实现光合产物在各器官中资源分配的权衡(
An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass
1
1987
... 土壤总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量采用元素分析仪(vario MACRO cube, Elementar, Langenselbold, Germany)测定; 溶解性有机碳(DOC)和溶解性有机氮(DON)用0.5 mol·L-1 K2SO4溶液浸提, 于TOC/TN分析仪(TOC-L analyzer, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan)中测定其含量; 土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和生物量氮(MBN)采用氯仿熏蒸提取法(CFAP)进行提取(
克隆植物生理整合作用的研究方法及其应用
1
2006
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
克隆植物生理整合作用的研究方法及其应用
1
2006
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
羊草种群克隆分株之间光合产物的转移
1
2004
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
羊草种群克隆分株之间光合产物的转移
1
2004
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
模拟采食干扰下克隆整合对两种箭竹分株种群更新的影响
1
2013
... 总之, 控制性实验造成的光合产物传输方向差异使得蓉城竹近端和远端分株根际C有效性产生不同变化, 进而对根际土壤酶活性等微生物过程产生了不同的影响, 意味着克隆植物分株间光合产物传输的非对称性.光合产物顶向传输的优势促进了远端分株根际N有效性, 可能有利于受动物取食或人为砍伐等干扰影响的蓉城竹分株的再生长(如新生笋的萌发和生长)(
模拟采食干扰下克隆整合对两种箭竹分株种群更新的影响
1
2013
... 总之, 控制性实验造成的光合产物传输方向差异使得蓉城竹近端和远端分株根际C有效性产生不同变化, 进而对根际土壤酶活性等微生物过程产生了不同的影响, 意味着克隆植物分株间光合产物传输的非对称性.光合产物顶向传输的优势促进了远端分株根际N有效性, 可能有利于受动物取食或人为砍伐等干扰影响的蓉城竹分株的再生长(如新生笋的萌发和生长)(
A rapid chloroform-fumigation extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in flooded rice soils
1
2000
... 土壤总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量采用元素分析仪(vario MACRO cube, Elementar, Langenselbold, Germany)测定; 溶解性有机碳(DOC)和溶解性有机氮(DON)用0.5 mol·L-1 K2SO4溶液浸提, 于TOC/TN分析仪(TOC-L analyzer, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan)中测定其含量; 土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和生物量氮(MBN)采用氯仿熏蒸提取法(CFAP)进行提取(
Measurement of soil microbial biomass C by fumigation-extraction—An automated procedure
1
1990
... 土壤总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量采用元素分析仪(vario MACRO cube, Elementar, Langenselbold, Germany)测定; 溶解性有机碳(DOC)和溶解性有机氮(DON)用0.5 mol·L-1 K2SO4溶液浸提, 于TOC/TN分析仪(TOC-L analyzer, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan)中测定其含量; 土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和生物量氮(MBN)采用氯仿熏蒸提取法(CFAP)进行提取(
分蘖洋葱伴生对番茄矿质养分吸收及灰霉病发生的影响
1
2015
... 在光合产物基向传输中, 根状茎连接近端分株根际土壤Urease和POXase活性依旧高于根状茎切断的近端分株, 而NAGase活性恰好相反, 根状茎切断近端分株显著高于根状茎保持连接近端分株.有关植物根系活力与Urease、POXase活性正相关的研究结果在烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)(
分蘖洋葱伴生对番茄矿质养分吸收及灰霉病发生的影响
1
2015
... 在光合产物基向传输中, 根状茎连接近端分株根际土壤Urease和POXase活性依旧高于根状茎切断的近端分株, 而NAGase活性恰好相反, 根状茎切断近端分株显著高于根状茎保持连接近端分株.有关植物根系活力与Urease、POXase活性正相关的研究结果在烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)(
克隆整合对遮阴白夹竹分株根际土壤细菌生物特征的影响
1
2018
... 克隆植物分株间资源传输的方向性差异对邻体分株根际微生物过程的影响尚不清晰, 现有研究结果也不尽相同.
克隆整合对遮阴白夹竹分株根际土壤细菌生物特征的影响
1
2018
... 克隆植物分株间资源传输的方向性差异对邻体分株根际微生物过程的影响尚不清晰, 现有研究结果也不尽相同.
竹子扩张对阔叶林物种多样性的影响: 两竹种的叠加效应
1
2017
... 竹林是中国森林植被的重要组成部分.竹类植物是以木本为主的克隆植物, 其克隆生长特征对异质性生境具有很强的适应能力(
竹子扩张对阔叶林物种多样性的影响: 两竹种的叠加效应
1
2017
... 竹林是中国森林植被的重要组成部分.竹类植物是以木本为主的克隆植物, 其克隆生长特征对异质性生境具有很强的适应能力(
Substrate type, temperature, and moisture content affect gross and net N mineralization and nitrification rates in agroforestry systems
1
2004
... N矿化是土壤氮循环一个最重要的过程, 微生物是土壤N矿化过程重要的参与者, 土壤有机质与根际沉积物可促进微生物的矿化作用(
马蹄笋促成栽培技术研究
1
2007
... 根际沉积作用是植物根系为土壤环境提供可利用碳源的重要方式(
马蹄笋促成栽培技术研究
1
2007
... 根际沉积作用是植物根系为土壤环境提供可利用碳源的重要方式(
白夹竹生物学特性观察
1
1998
... 蓉城竹别名白夹竹, 属禾本科刚竹属(Phyllostachys), 株高3-6 m, 基径约2 cm.蓉城竹为单轴散生竹, 通过竹鞭(根状茎)进行克隆生长, 鞭梢生长期6-11月, 11月后停止生长, 次年3-4月发笋, 5月出笋成竹(
白夹竹生物学特性观察
1
1998
... 蓉城竹别名白夹竹, 属禾本科刚竹属(Phyllostachys), 株高3-6 m, 基径约2 cm.蓉城竹为单轴散生竹, 通过竹鞭(根状茎)进行克隆生长, 鞭梢生长期6-11月, 11月后停止生长, 次年3-4月发笋, 5月出笋成竹(
根茎半灌木羊柴对光合同化物的克隆整合
2
2001
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
... ;
根茎半灌木羊柴对光合同化物的克隆整合
2
2001
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
... ;
刈割对牧草地下部根区土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响
1
2005
... 根际区域土壤酶活性主要受到根系分泌物、根系凋落物及土壤微生物群落结构组成和土壤微生物活性等因素的影响(
刈割对牧草地下部根区土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响
1
2005
... 根际区域土壤酶活性主要受到根系分泌物、根系凋落物及土壤微生物群落结构组成和土壤微生物活性等因素的影响(
3
2016
... 植株根际C有效性的增加, 促进了土壤微生物生长代谢过程(
... ;
... 土壤微生物参与了土壤有机质的转化过程, 在植物养分有效性和腐殖质形成过程中发挥着重要作用(
3
2016
... 植株根际C有效性的增加, 促进了土壤微生物生长代谢过程(
... ;
... 土壤微生物参与了土壤有机质的转化过程, 在植物养分有效性和腐殖质形成过程中发挥着重要作用(
1
2014
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
1
2014
... 相比非克隆植物, 克隆植物不仅存在分株内地上部分与地下部分资源分配的权衡关系, 分株之间也存在光合产物、水分和矿质养分的整合(
克隆整合对异质性光照环境下紫竹根际土壤氮素有效性的影响
1
2017
... 根际区域土壤酶活性主要受到根系分泌物、根系凋落物及土壤微生物群落结构组成和土壤微生物活性等因素的影响(
克隆整合对异质性光照环境下紫竹根际土壤氮素有效性的影响
1
2017
... 根际区域土壤酶活性主要受到根系分泌物、根系凋落物及土壤微生物群落结构组成和土壤微生物活性等因素的影响(
土壤溶解性有机质的特性与环境意义
1
2003
... 植株根际C有效性的增加, 促进了土壤微生物生长代谢过程(
土壤溶解性有机质的特性与环境意义
1
2003
... 植株根际C有效性的增加, 促进了土壤微生物生长代谢过程(
野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群更新的影响
1
2009
... 总之, 控制性实验造成的光合产物传输方向差异使得蓉城竹近端和远端分株根际C有效性产生不同变化, 进而对根际土壤酶活性等微生物过程产生了不同的影响, 意味着克隆植物分株间光合产物传输的非对称性.光合产物顶向传输的优势促进了远端分株根际N有效性, 可能有利于受动物取食或人为砍伐等干扰影响的蓉城竹分株的再生长(如新生笋的萌发和生长)(
野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群更新的影响
1
2009
... 总之, 控制性实验造成的光合产物传输方向差异使得蓉城竹近端和远端分株根际C有效性产生不同变化, 进而对根际土壤酶活性等微生物过程产生了不同的影响, 意味着克隆植物分株间光合产物传输的非对称性.光合产物顶向传输的优势促进了远端分株根际N有效性, 可能有利于受动物取食或人为砍伐等干扰影响的蓉城竹分株的再生长(如新生笋的萌发和生长)(
Effect of freezing-thawing on nitrogen mineralization in vegetation soils of four landscape zones of Changbai Mountain
2
2011
... 土壤无机氮即铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N), 用2 mol·L-1 KCl溶液浸提后分别采用靛酚蓝比色法和双波长比色法测定含量(
... N矿化是土壤氮循环一个最重要的过程, 微生物是土壤N矿化过程重要的参与者, 土壤有机质与根际沉积物可促进微生物的矿化作用(
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