李敖, 张元红, 温鹏飞, 王瑞, 董朝阳, 宁芳, 李军^,西北农林科技大学农学院,陕西杨凌 712100

Effects of Tillage, Nitrogen Application, Planting Density and Their Interaction on Soil Moisture and Yield Formation of Spring Maize in Dryland

LI Ao, ZHANG YuanHong, WEN PengFei, WANG Rui, DONG ZhaoYang, NING Fang, LI Jun^,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi

通讯作者: 李军,E-mail： junli@nwsuaf.edu.cn

责任编辑: 杨鑫浩
收稿日期:2019-09-16接受日期:2019-12-13网络出版日期:2020-05-16

基金资助:

国家科技支撑计划.2015BAD22B02

Received:2019-09-16Accepted:2019-12-13Online:2020-05-16
作者简介 About authors
李敖,E-mail：1357070681@qq.com。









摘要
【目的】 黄土旱塬半湿润易旱区属于雨养农业区,水分亏缺为主要限制因素,因此,有必要筛选适于黄土旱塬半湿润易旱区春玉米综合栽培模式,从而提高旱地春玉米水分利用效率和产量。【方法】 2017—2018年玉米生长季,探讨不同耕作方式（翻耕、免耕、深松）、施氮（0、150、225 kg·hm^-2）和种植密度（52 500、67 500 株/hm²）对春玉米田土壤水分动态、水分利用效率、春玉米生长、产量及其构成因素的互作效应,提高玉米综合生产力。【结果】 （1）2017—2018年春玉米播种期0—200 cm土层土壤蓄水量均表现为免耕>深松>翻耕,2年平均免耕与深松播种期0—200 cm土层土壤蓄水量较翻耕分别提高6.1%和4.1%。2年春玉米水分利用效率均在深松高密高氮（STH2）处理最高。（2）深松与免耕处理较翻耕处理显著提高叶面积指数与干物质积累量,随密度与施氮量的增加,春玉米叶面积指数与干物质积累随之增加,耕作×密度对拔节、抽雄期叶面积指数有显著影响,密度×施氮对灌浆中期叶面积指数有显著影响。STH2处理下,玉米成熟期干物质积累量较其他处理提高3.3%—32.9%。（3）穗粒数和百粒重与施氮呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,深松与免耕处理玉米产量显著高于翻耕。STH2处理产量最高,2017年STH2产量较其他处理增幅为1.4%—63.3%;2018年增幅为2.9%—39.6%。【结论】 在黄土旱塬半湿润易旱区,深松耕配施150—225 kg·hm^-2施氮量与67 500株/hm²种植密度,不仅可以提高春玉米水分利用效率,还可获得较高的玉米产量效益;免耕配施225 kg·hm^-2施氮量与67 500株/hm²种植密度,可获得较高的经济效益。
关键词： 旱地春玉米;耕作;施氮;密度;水分利用效率;产量

Abstract
【Objective】The semi-humid and arid areas on the Loess Plateau belong to rain-fed agricultural areas, in which water deficit is the main limiting factor for agricultural production. Therefore, a comprehensive cultivation mode of spring maize suitable for semi-humid and drought-prone areas on the Loess Plateau was screened to improve maize water use efficiency and yield. 【Method】During the 2017 and 2018 maize growing season, the effects of different tillage methods (conventional tillage, no-tillage, and subsoil tillage), nitrogen application (0, 150, and 225 kg·hm^-2) and planting density (52 500 and 67 500 plants/hm²) on soil water dynamics, water use efficiency, crop growth, yield and its components in spring maize field were analyzed to improve the comprehensive utilization of maize. 【Result】 (1)The soil water storage (0-200 cm) of spring maize before sowing in 2017and 2018 showed the trend of NT>ST>CT, which under NT and ST increased by 6.1% and 4.1% than that under CT, respectively. In addition, water use efficiency was the highest under STH2 treatment during two consecutive years. (2) Compared with conventional tillage treatment, subsoiling and no-tillage treatment significantly increased leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation. LAI and dry matter accumulation of spring maize increased with the increase of density and nitrogen rates. The tillage×density interaction had significant effect on LAI at jointing and tasseling stages, and the effect of density×fertilization interaction had significant effect on LAI at filling stage. Compared with other treatments, the dry matter accumulation of STH2 treatment in maturity stage increased significantly by 3.3% -32.9%. (3)There was a significant positive correlation between nitrogen application and the number of grains per ear and 100-grain weight; the maize yield under subsoiling and no-tillage treatment was significantly higher than that under conventional tillage, among which the yield under STH2 treatment was the highest, and compared with other treatments, the maize yield under STH2 treatment increased by 1.4%-63.3% in 2017 and 2.9%-39.6% in 2018. 【Conclusion】Under the condition of subsoiling tillage, applying 150-225 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen and 67 500 plants/hm² planting density could not only improve water use efficiency of spring maize, but also obtain higher yield benefit, no-tillage, applying 225 kg·hm^-2nitrogen and 67 500 plants/hm² planting density could get the high economic benefit.
Keywords：spring maize in dryland;tillage;nitrogen application;density;water use efficiency;yield


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李敖, 张元红, 温鹏飞, 王瑞, 董朝阳, 宁芳, 李军. 耕作、施氮和密度及其互作对旱地春玉米土壤水分及产量形成的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(10): 1959-1970 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.10.004
LI Ao, ZHANG YuanHong, WEN PengFei, WANG Rui, DONG ZhaoYang, NING Fang, LI Jun. Effects of Tillage, Nitrogen Application, Planting Density and Their Interaction on Soil Moisture and Yield Formation of Spring Maize in Dryland[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(10): 1959-1970 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.10.004

0 引言

【研究意义】黄土旱塬区为我国典型的旱作农区^[1,2],降水年际间波动剧烈,且季节分布不均,加之休闲期多采用翻耕作业,地表裸露加速了水分蒸发散失,土壤蓄水保墒能力差,水分亏缺是作物增产的主要限制因素^[3,4,5]。但本区土层深厚,土壤结构疏松,蓄水保墒能力强,成为降水高效利用的有利条件^[6,7]。因此,如何减少土壤水分无效蒸发,增加农田蓄水保墒能力,提高水分利用效率是旱作玉米高产高效的关键任务。【前人研究进展】王浩等^[8]研究表明,保护性耕作与施肥能提高玉米籽粒产量与水分利用效率,“深松+平衡施肥”处理玉米产量较“翻耕+低肥”处理增产 659—1 495 kg·hm^-2,水分利用效率提高0.65—3.82 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。代快等^[9]研究表明,在氮磷用量为 105 kg·hm^-2,少耕模式下玉米平均产量和水分利用效率较传统耕作提高 9.9%和9.7%。尚金霞等^[3]研究表明,冬闲期免耕和深松处理 0—200 cm土层土壤贮水量分别较翻耕处理高33.4和31.1 mm,玉米生育期平均土壤贮水量分别较翻耕处理高36.3和37.3 mm;平衡施肥（150 kg N·hm^-2+120 kg P·hm^-2+90 kg K·hm^-2）深松处理春玉米产量和水分利用效率分别达到 10 341 kg·hm^-2和25 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。侯海鹏等^[10]研究表明,条带深松耕作方式下夏玉米获得最高产量的最适密度为9.0×10⁴ 株/hm²,较常规耕作增加16.9%。王新兵等^[11]研究表明,高密条件下条带深松耕作玉米产量显著提高。【本研究切入点】在休闲期保护性耕作蓄水保墒基础上,需要进一步采取合理施氮量与合理密植来提升玉米水分高效利用,协调旱地春玉米田土壤蓄水及春玉米生长用水关系。因而,比较耕作、施氮、密度三因素不同组合条件下春玉米生长、产量与水分利用效率响应,研究休闲期保护性土壤耕作蓄水保墒效果和玉米生长期施氮与密植水分调控的效应,对优化黄土旱塬春玉米抗旱增产综合栽培模式具有重要意义。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究通过比较不同耕作、施氮、密度处理对春玉米生长、土壤水分利用和产量影响,旨在进一步优化黄土旱塬春玉米抗旱增产综合栽培模式,以期为旱地保护性耕作条件下春玉米增产增效提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

试验于2017—2018年在陕西省合阳县甘井镇西北农林科技大学试验站实施（35°19′ N, 106°4′ E）,该地海拔 877 m,属典型的黄土高原沟壑区,暖温带半干旱型大陆性季风气候,2004—2018年平均降雨量499 mm,主要集中在7、8、9这3个月,降雨年际间分配不均,气候干旱,蒸发量1 832.8 mm。土壤为覆盖黑垆土,黄土母质疏松、深厚并含有丰富的矿质养分。在本试验中,2017年春玉米生育期内降雨量362.6 mm,但由于降雨多集中在生育后期,故为缺水年,2018年生育期内降雨量227 mm,为平水年。

1.2 试验设计

本试验采用裂裂区设计,其中耕作方式为主区,施氮为副区、密度为副副区。根据当地春玉米生产现状及调研结果^[12],设置3种耕作处理：（1）翻耕（使用铧式犁翻耕 20—25 cm,将秸秆残茬全部翻埋于耕层土壤中,地表疏松裸露度过冬闲期,CT）;（2）免耕（前茬玉米收获后不采取任何土壤耕作措施,使秸秆高留茬10—20 cm 覆盖地表,NT）;（3）深松（前茬玉米收获时秸秆高留茬 10—20 cm 覆盖地表,每间隔40—60 cm宽度留茬深松35—40 cm,ST）。3种施氮处理：无氮（N =0,Z）;低氮（N =150 kg·hm^-2,L）：高氮（N=225 kg·hm^-2,H）。2种密度处理： 低密（52 500株/hm²,D1）;高密（67 500株/hm²,D2）。3种耕作处理、3个施氮处理和2种密度处理共计组合成18种综合处理,如表1所示。采取连续定位试验方式,磷钾肥统一配施,P₂O₅﹕K₂O =120﹕75,肥料基施。其他管理措施同大田,无灌溉。小区面积为125 m²（5 m×25 m）。

Table 1
表1
表1耕作、施氮、密度处理概况
Table 1Tillage, nitrogen application and density practices of different treatments

耕作Tillage	施肥Fertilization	密度Density	处理Treatments
CT	Z	D1	CTZ1
	L		CTL1
	H		CTH1
NT	Z		NTZ1
	L		NTL1
	H		NTH1
ST	Z		STZ1
	L		STL1
	H		STH1
CT	Z	D2	CTZ2
	L		CTL2
	H		CTH2
NT	Z		NTZ2
	L		NTL2
	H		NTH2
ST	Z		STZ2
	L		STL2
	H		STH2

CT：翻耕;NT：免耕;ST：深松。Z：N=0;L：N=150 kg·hm^-2;H：N=225 kg·hm^-2。D1：52500株/hm²;D2：67500株/hm²
CT: Conventional tillage; NT: No tillage; ST: Subsoil tillage. Z: N=0; L: N=150 kg·hm^-2; H: N=225 kg·hm^-2. D1: 52500 plant/hm²; D2: 67500 plant/hm²

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1.3 测定项目及方法

1.3.1 土壤水分测定 在春玉米各生育时期测定0—200 cm土层土壤含水量。在休闲期每隔30 d测定0—200 cm土层土壤水分。每20 cm土层取样一次,土壤水分测定采用土钻取土、烘箱烘干法。计算土壤贮水量和水分利用效率^[8]。

土壤重量含水量=（湿土质量-烘干土质量）/烘干土质量×100%

土壤贮水量（w,mm）=ρ×h×ω×10

式中,ρ为该土层的土壤容重（g·cm^-3）,h为土层厚度（cm）,ω为土壤重量含水量（g·g^-1）。

春玉米不同生育阶段耗水量（ET,mm）=P+U-R-F-ΔW

式中,P为降水量（mm）,R为径流量（mm）,U为地下水补给量（mm）,F为深层渗漏量（mm）,ΔW为生育时期末土壤贮水量与生育时期初土壤贮水量之差（mm）。试验地区为黑垆土,疏松多孔,再加上试验地平整,地表径流小;地下水埋深在40 m以下,不易上移补给;在有作物生长的农田,多雨年份降水入渗深度不超过2 m,所以F、U、R可忽略不计。因此该公式可化简为ET=P-ΔW。

水分利用效率（WUE,kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)=Y/ET

式中,Y为春玉米收获时籽粒产量。

1.3.2 叶面积测定 分别在春玉米拔节期、抽雄期和灌浆中期测定单株叶面积,灌浆中期指在玉米花后20 d,并计算群体叶面积指数^[13]。

单叶叶面积=长×宽×0.75

叶面积指数（LAI）= 单株叶面积×单位土地面积内株数/单位土地面积

1.3.3 干物质测定 分别在春玉米抽雄期和成熟期测定单株地上部生物量,计算群体干物质积累量^[14]。

1.3.4 产量测定 春玉米成熟时每个小区选取长势均匀的3行,每行取3 m测产,调查穗数,对穗粒数和百粒重进行室内考种,每个处理取3个重复。收获指数=籽粒产量/地上部生物量

1.4 数据处理与分析

采用 Microsoft Excel 2013处理数据、Origin作图,使用SPASS19软件进行方差分析（ANOVA）和相关性分析,采用结构方程模型进行了系数影响分析。

2 结果

2.1 耕作方式、施氮和密度及其互作对春玉米各指标的方差分析

表2方差分析表明,耕作方式、施氮和密度单因素,二因素和三因素交互效应对春玉米水分利用效率的影响均达到显著水平,其中耕作对春玉米播种期蓄水量、耕作×密度对春玉米成熟期蓄水量、施氮对春玉米水分利用效率影响较为显著。

Table 2
表2
表2耕作、密度、施氮对春玉米田土壤蓄水量、水分利用效率、叶面积、干物质积累及产量构成因素的方差分析
Table 2Analysis of variance of soil moisture dynamics, WUE, LAI, dry matter accumulation and yield components in spring maize field under tillage, density, and nitrogen application

指标 Indicator		耕作 Tillage (T)	密度 Density (D)	施氮 Fertilization (F)	耕作×密度 T×D	耕作×施氮 T×F	密度×施氮 D×F	耕作×密度×施氮 T×D×F
土壤蓄水量及水分利用效率 Soil water content and WUE	播种期蓄水量 Soil water storage at sowing	<0.001	0.870	0.913	0.010	0.170	0.148	0.006
	成熟期蓄水量 Soil water storage at maturity	0.714	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.005	<0.001
	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.012	0.014	<0.001	0.005
叶面积指数 Leaf area index	拔节期叶面积指数 LAI at jointing stage	0.002	0.001	0.005	0.007	0.007	0.048	0.294
	抽雄期叶面积指数 LAI at tasseling stage	0.045	<0.001	<0.001	0.010	0.748	0.380	0.660
	灌浆中期叶面积指数 LAI at mid-filling stage	0.612	0.005	0.003	0.317	0.838	0.003	0.996
干物质积累 Dry matter accumulation	抽雄期干物质积累 Biomass at tasseling stage	0.012	<0.001	<0.001	0.152	0.020	<0.001	0.287
	成熟期干物质积累 Total biomass at maturity stage	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.002	<0.001	0.060	0.007
产量及构成因素 Yield and components	穗数Ear number	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.034	0.704	0.002	0.015
	穗粒数Grains per ear	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.034	0.002	0.704	0.415
	百粒重100-kernel weight	0.16	0.001	<0.001	0.512	0.017	0.764	0.028
	产量Yield	0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.016	0.011	0.018	0.028
	收获指数HI	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.034	0.002	0.704	0.415

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春玉米拔节、灌浆中期叶面积指数受密度的影响最为显著;而抽雄期叶面积指数则在施氮因素下影响最为显著。二因素互作中,耕作×密度对拔节、抽雄期叶面积指数有显著影响,密度×施氮对灌浆中期叶面积指数有显著影响。可以看出,提高密度可以增加春玉米前期叶面积指数,而提高施氮量则可以保证春玉米中期也具有较高的叶面积指数。

各单因素对春玉米成熟期干物质积累均达到显著影响,密度与施氮较耕作对春玉米抽雄期干物质积累量的影响较为显著;从交互作用看,密度×施氮对春玉米抽雄期干物质积累的影响最为显著,耕作×施氮则对成熟期干物质积累达到显著影响。耕作×施氮×密度对春玉米成熟期干物质积累量也有显著影响。

从单因素看,较其他因子,密度对每公顷穗数影响最为显著,施氮对穗粒数、百粒重、产量的影响最为显著。从交互作用看,耕作×密度对穗数、穗粒数、产量有显著影响,耕作×施氮对穗粒数、百粒重、产量有显著影响,密度×施氮对穗数与产量的影响达到显著。耕作×施氮×密度对穗数、百粒重、产量有显著影响。

2.2 耕作方式、施氮与密度及其互作对春玉米田土壤水分与WUE的影响

2017—2018年不同耕作、施氮和密度处理下春玉米田0—200 cm土层土壤蓄水量和水分利用效率WUE差异明显（图1—2）。2017—2018年春玉米播种期0—200 cm土层土壤蓄水量均表现为免耕>深松>翻耕,2年平均免耕与深松播种期0—200 cm土层土壤蓄水量较翻耕分别提高6.1%和4.1%。耕作结合施氮和密度处理下,2017年春玉米播种期0—200 cm土层土壤蓄水量以免耕低氮低密（NTL1）处理表现最优,较其他各处理增幅为1.7%—13.2%;2018年春玉米播种期0—200 cm土层土壤蓄水量以免耕无氮高密（NTZ2）处理最优,较其他各处理增幅为0.7%—9.9%。随着生育时期推进,春玉米田土壤蓄水量整体呈现下降趋势,2017年由于后期降雨量较多,土壤蓄水量较前期有所提高。增加密度与施氮量可以显著提高春玉米水分利用效率,2017 —2018年均在深松高氮高密（STH2）处理下春玉米水分利用效率达到最大,STH2处理2年平均水分利用效率较CTH2、NTH2处理分别提高21.3%、16.7%。

图1

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图12017—2018年不同处理春玉米土壤蓄水量变化（0—200 cm）

Fig. 1Dynamic changes of soil water content of spring maize under different treatments in 2017-2018 (0 - 200 cm)

图2

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图22017—2018年不同处理春玉米水分利用效率

不同小写字母代表同一耕作下不同施氮与密度间统计检验在5%水平差异显著
Fig. 2Water use efficiency of spring maize under different treatments from 2017 to 2018

Different lowercase letters represent significant differences at 5% level between different nitrogen application and density under the same tillage treatments


综上所述,休闲期免耕与深松可以显著提高春玉米田播种期土壤蓄水量,增加施氮量与密度提高了春玉米对土壤水分的高效利用,说明在适宜的耕作方式、合理施氮量与密度综合影响下,有利于土壤水分贮蓄和玉米生长利用,从而为玉米高产高效奠定基础。

2.3 耕作方式、施氮与密度处理对春玉米叶面积指数的影响

2017—2018年施氮和密度处理对春玉米叶面积指数影响显著（图3）,耕作对春玉米灌浆中期叶面积指数并无显著影响。增加密度能显著提高春玉米叶面积指数,高密度处理拔节期、抽雄期、灌浆中期玉米2年平均叶面积指数较低密度处理分别提高9.8%、9.4%、11.1%。增施氮肥也能提高春玉米灌浆中期叶面积指数,有利于春玉米后期干物质积累,灌浆中期高氮处理2年平均叶面积指数较无氮、低氮处理分别提高27.3%、3.4%。耕作结合施氮和密度处理下,2017年拔节期和抽雄期春玉米叶面积指数均以深松低氮高密（STL2）处理最大,灌浆中期则以深松高氮高密（STH2）处理最大,较其他处理增幅为2.6%—51.3%。2018年各生育时期春玉米叶面积指数均以STH2处理最佳。

图3

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图32017—2018不同处理春玉米各生育时期叶面积指数

Fig. 3Effect of different treatments on the leaf area index of spring maize under different periods in 2017-2018

2.4 耕作方式、施氮与密度处理对春玉米干物质积累量的影响

2017—2018年不同耕作、施氮和密度处理对春玉米干物质积累量影响显著（图4）。耕作对春玉米成熟期干物质积累影响达到显著水平,耕作处理间春玉米干物质积累规律表现为深松>免耕>翻耕。增加密度也能显著提高春玉米成熟期干物质积累量,高密处理干物质积累量较低密处理提高15.3%。从施氮看,2017年玉米生长遭受严重干旱胁迫,各处理成熟期干物质积累量均以低氮（L）处理较高,且以深松低氮高密（STL2）处理最大,较各处理增加13.6%—60.6%。2018年春玉米干物质积累量则随着施氮量增加而增大,高氮处理成熟期玉米干物质积累量较无氮、低氮分别提高16.4%、5.6%;成熟期春玉米干物质积累量以深松高密高氮（STH2）处理最大,较其他各处理增幅为4.8%—32.9%。2017—2018年春玉米成熟期干物质积累量均以深松处理最优,深松处理2年平均干物质积累量较翻耕、免耕分别提高18.1%、8.2%。

图4

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图42017—2018不同处理春玉米干物质积累量

PB为抽雄期干物质积累量,TB为成熟期干物质积累量。不同大写字母代表耕作间统计检验在5%水平差异显著;不同小写字母代表施肥间统计检验在5%水平差异显著;*代表不同密度下统计检验在5%水平差异显著;NS代表差异不显著
Fig. 4Effect of different treatments on the dry matter accumulation of spring maize in 2017-2018

PB stands for biomass at tasseling stage, and TB stands for total biomass. Different uppercase letters represent significant differences at 5% level between tillage treatments; Different lowercase letters represent significant differences at 5% level between fertilization treatments; * represent statistically significant differences at 5% level at different densities; NS stands for no significance

2.5 耕作方式、施氮与密度处理对春玉米产量及构成因素的影响

由图5—6可知,耕作、施氮对春玉米穗粒数和百粒重的影响较大;密度较其他因素对春玉米有效穗数的影响最大。穗粒数较穗数与百粒重对产量的影响最大。2017—2018年春玉米产量均随施氮量与密度的增大而增加,在深松耕与免耕处理下春玉米产量较翻耕处理也有显著提高。耕作结合施氮和密度处理下,春玉米产量以深松高氮高密（STH2）处理最大,2017年较其他处理增幅为0.7%—63.3%;2018年增幅为2.9%—39.6%。

图5

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图5不同处理对产量及其构成因素路径分析

Fig. 5Path analysis of yield and its constituent factors under different treatments

图6

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图6不同处理春玉米产量变化

Fig. 6Changes in yield of spring maize under different treatments

2.6 耕作方式、施氮和密度处理春玉米生产成本及经济效益

如表3所示,不同处理春玉米纯收益差异较大,由于春玉米生长期干旱,2017年春玉米各处理下产量较低,导致纯收益明显的低于2018年。从耕作处理看,纯收益表现为免耕>深松>翻耕,2017年免耕处理平均纯收益较翻耕与深松高24.2%、1.7%,2018年提高62.5%、43.4%;春玉米纯收益随着密度的提高也显著提高。2017年高密处理平均纯收益较低密提高23.6%,2018年提高0.3%。从施氮看,大致表现为高氮>低氮>无氮。2017—2018年春玉米纯收益均在免耕高氮高密（NTH2）处理下达到最大,2018年NTH2较STL2、STH2增收1446、245元/hm²。免耕处理较深松处理减少750元/hm²的机械投入,而低氮处理较高氮处理减少290元/hm²的肥料投入。2017年,由于玉米产量较低,产量收入并不能弥补总投入之间的差异,因此纯收益表现为NTH2>STL2>STH2;但在2018年产量较为理想的条件下,玉米产量收益的提高足以弥补总投入当中的差异,纯收益表现为NTH2>STH2>STL2,但NTH2与STH2之间并无显著差异。

Table 3
表3
表32017—2018年不同处理玉米生产成本和经济效益
Table 3Cost and return of maize production under different treatments in 2017-2018 (yuan/hm²)

处理 Treatment		总投入 Total cost	产量收入Yield income			纯收益Return
			2017	2018		2017		2018
CTZ1		9355	2469	11242		-6886c		1887c
CTZ2		9455	3613	12150		-5842ab		2695b
CTL1		9845	3674	12619		-6171b		2774b
CTL2		9945	4755	13334		-5190a		3389ab
CTH1		10135	3162	14472		-6973c		4337a
CTH2		10235	5318	14813		-4917a		4603a
NTZ1		8680	2814	10710		-5866c		2030d
NTZ2		8780	3944	13773		-4836b		4993c
NTL1		9170	4285	14578		-4885b		5408b
NTL2		9270	5779	15181		-3491a		5911b
NTH1		9460	4069	15301		-5391c		5841b
NTH2		9560	6298	17218		-3262a		7658a
STZ1		9430	3450	11376		-5980c		1946c
STZ2		9530	4589	13576		-4941b		4046b
STL1		9920	5008	14469		-4912		4549b
STL2		10020	6683	16232		-3337a		6212ab
STH1		10210	5699	14813		-4511b		4603b
STH2		10310	6733	17723		-3577a		7413a

表中总投入包括播种、秸秆还田和深松地或翻耕地投入以及农药、种子和人工投入,其中,肥料二铵为2.9 元/kg,尿素为 1.8 元/kg,钾肥为3.2 元/kg,磷肥为0.7元/kg,深松地 750 元/hm²,翻耕地 675 元/hm²,玉米价格为1.6元/kg。在同一列,不同小写字母代表同一耕作下不同施氮与密度间统计检验5%水平差异显著
The total cost include sowing, straw-returning and sub-soiling or deep-flowing costs in table 3,and farm chemical, seed and labor cost, the price of diammonium, carbamide and potash fertilizer are 2.9, 1.8, 3.2 and 0.7 yuan/kg respectively; The price of sub-soiling and deep-flowing tillage are 750 yuan/hm² and 675 yuan/hm² respectively; The maize price is 1.6 yuan/kg. On the same line, different lowercase letters stand for significance at 5% level between different nitrogen application and density under the same tillage treatments

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3 讨论

半干旱地区农田土壤水分亏缺会直接抑制作物生长^[15]。本试验结果表明,免耕与深松处理较翻耕可以显著地提高玉米播种期土壤蓄水量,这与前人研究结果一致^[16,17,18],适宜保护性耕作配施适宜氮肥对春玉米生育期耗水、土壤蓄水量、水分利用效率均有显著影响^[19,20,21],在本试验中,耕作×密度、耕作×施氮也对春玉米播种期以及收获期土壤蓄水量有显著影响。但在二因素互作中,密度×施氮对春玉米水分利用效率影响最为显著,同时耕作×密度×施氮三因素交互作用下对春玉米土壤蓄水量以及水分利用效率也达到了显著影响。

冠层形态结构是影响作物群体光分布与光合特性的重要因素,构建合理的群体冠层结构,有利于提高作物群体的光合有效辐射和光能利用率^[22,23]。同时,作物生育期内干物质的积累是产量形成的基础,干物质积累水平决定了最终籽粒产量的高低^[24,25]。本试验中,施氮、密度对春玉米各时期叶面积指数均有显著影响,且随着施氮量与密度的增加,春玉米叶面积指数也随之增加,这与前人研究结果相同^{[13-14,26-27]},但在二因素互作中,耕作×密度对拔节、抽雄期叶面积指数有显著影响,密度×施氮对灌浆中期叶面积指数有显著影响。这表明前期玉米生长差异主要由耕作与密度所致,而玉米中后期生长差异主要是密度与施氮所致,适当增密与提高施氮量延迟了玉米成熟与衰老,提高了玉米光合性能,促进了干物质积累。

作物产量由平均叶面积指数、单位面积穗数、穗粒数和粒重共同决定^[28]。对于禾谷类作物而言,各产量性能指标间的协调发展是实现高产的基础^[29]。本试验发现,较其他因子,密度对每公顷穗数影响最为显著,施氮对穗粒数、百粒重、产量以及收获指数的影响最为显著,从交互作用来看,耕作×施氮对穗粒数、百粒重、产量有显著影响,这与前人研究结果一致^{[10,13-14,30]},但本研究还发现,耕作×密度对穗数、穗粒数、产量有显著影响,密度×施氮对穗数与产量的影响达到显著。耕作×施氮×密度对穗数、百粒重、产量有显著影响。综合耕作、施氮和密度处理,深松高氮高密（STH2）处理的玉米产量与收获指数最高。

4 结论

仅考虑产量水平,采用秸秆覆盖深松,配施氮肥（150—225 kg·hm^-2）与较高种植密度（67 500株/hm²）,有利于增加黄土旱塬旱地春玉米田休闲期土壤水分含量,能够提高春玉米水分利用效率,从而增加叶面积指数和干物质积累量,最终提高玉米产量。但从纯收益角度,秸秆覆盖免耕,配施氮肥（225 kg·hm^-2）与密度（67 500 株/hm²）也可获得较好的经济效益。

参考文献 View Option 原文顺序
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被引期刊影响因子

[1] 王磊, 樊廷录, 李尚中 . 株行距配置连作对黄土旱塬覆膜春玉米土壤水分和产量的影响
水土保持学报, 2019,33(2):79-86, 92.
[本文引用: 1]

WANG L, FAN T L, LI S Z . Effects of row spacing and continuous cropping on soil moisture and yield of spring maize covered with film in Loess Plateau dryland
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2019,33(2):79-86, 92. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[2] NEIL C TURNER LI F M XIONG Y C . Agricultural ecosystem management in dry areas: Challenges and solutions
Plant and Soil, 2011,347(1/2):1-6.
DOI:10.1007/s11104-011-0949-xURL [本文引用: 1]

[3] 尚金霞, 李军 . 渭北旱塬春玉米田保护性耕作蓄水保墒效果与增产增收效应
中国农业科学, 2010,43(13):2668-2678.
URL [本文引用: 2]
【Objective】 The objective of the experiment was to explore the effect of different conservation tillage measures combined with different fertilizer treatments on soil water conservation, grain yield and income increments in spring maize field on Weibei Highland, Shaanxi.【Method】 A two-year-field experiment was conducted to measure soil moisture in winter fallow and maize growth period with no-tillage, sub-soiling and deep plowing treatments, as well as its effects on maize yield and economic income combined with balance fertilization, traditional fertilization and no or lower fertilizer treatments were analyzed during 2007-2009. 【Result】 During winter fallow of 2 years experiment, average soil water storage amount in 0-200 cm soil layers of no-tillage and sub-soiling treatments were 33.4 mm and 31.1mm higher than deep-plowing, respectively. In maize growth period of 2 years experiment, the average soil water storage amount in 0-200 cm soil layers of no-tillage and sub-soiling treatments were 36.3mm and 37.3mm higher than deep-plowing, respectively. Maize yield and water use efficiency in treatment combination of balanced fertilization and sub-soiling were the highest among the treatments, its average yield and water use efficiency in 2 years reached 10 341.0 kg?hm-2and 24.89 kg?hm-2?mm-1, balanced fertilization and no-tillage treatment combination was in the second place, while balanced fertilization and deep-plowing treatment combination was in the third place. 【Conclusion】 With all kinds of fertilization treatments, sub-soiling tillage showed higher soil moisture conservation ability as well as higher yield and income than no-tillage and conventional tillage. So balanced fertilization and sub-soiling treatment is the most efficient treatment and should be a more suitable conservation tillage measure for spring maize cropping on Weibei Highland.


SHANG J X, LI J . Soil water conservation effect, yield and income increments of conservation tillage measures in spring maize field on Weibei highland
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2010,43(13):2668-2678. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 2]
【Objective】 The objective of the experiment was to explore the effect of different conservation tillage measures combined with different fertilizer treatments on soil water conservation, grain yield and income increments in spring maize field on Weibei Highland, Shaanxi.【Method】 A two-year-field experiment was conducted to measure soil moisture in winter fallow and maize growth period with no-tillage, sub-soiling and deep plowing treatments, as well as its effects on maize yield and economic income combined with balance fertilization, traditional fertilization and no or lower fertilizer treatments were analyzed during 2007-2009. 【Result】 During winter fallow of 2 years experiment, average soil water storage amount in 0-200 cm soil layers of no-tillage and sub-soiling treatments were 33.4 mm and 31.1mm higher than deep-plowing, respectively. In maize growth period of 2 years experiment, the average soil water storage amount in 0-200 cm soil layers of no-tillage and sub-soiling treatments were 36.3mm and 37.3mm higher than deep-plowing, respectively. Maize yield and water use efficiency in treatment combination of balanced fertilization and sub-soiling were the highest among the treatments, its average yield and water use efficiency in 2 years reached 10 341.0 kg?hm-2and 24.89 kg?hm-2?mm-1, balanced fertilization and no-tillage treatment combination was in the second place, while balanced fertilization and deep-plowing treatment combination was in the third place. 【Conclusion】 With all kinds of fertilization treatments, sub-soiling tillage showed higher soil moisture conservation ability as well as higher yield and income than no-tillage and conventional tillage. So balanced fertilization and sub-soiling treatment is the most efficient treatment and should be a more suitable conservation tillage measure for spring maize cropping on Weibei Highland.


[4] 李荣, 王敏, 贾志宽 . 渭北旱塬区不同沟垄覆盖模式对春玉米土壤温度、水分及产量的影响
农业工程学报, 2012,28(2):106-113.
URL [本文引用: 1]
In order to improve rainfall utilization efficiency and increase water availability for crops in dry farming area, a field experiment was conducted in 2007-2010 at Heyang Dryland Farming Experimental Station in Shaanxi province of China to determine the effect of different ridge and furrow with mulching cultivation patterns on soil water, soil temperature, yield of spring maize, and economic returns. The ridges were covered with common plastic film in all treatments, while different furrows were mulched with common plastic film, biodegradable film, corn straw, liquid film and uncovering, respectively. The flat plot without mulch was used as the control. The results obtained in a four-year experiment showed that, at the seedling stage of maize, the average temperature in 5-25 cm soil layer under common plastic film and biodegradable film were 2.4℃ and 2.1℃ higher than that of the control respectively. In contrast, the temperature under corn straw covering was 1.7℃ lower than that of the control. Besides, the different rainwater harvesting treatments could improve soil moisture in the early growth of maize. There was no difference in the soil moisture level between corn straw, liquid film, uncovering and the control during the middle and late growth of maize. However, the soil moisture of common plastic film and biodegradable film in deep soil layer were lower than that of the control. Compared with the control, the 4-year average maize yield with biodegradable film, common plastic film, and corn straw mulching significantly increased by 35.2%, 34.7% and 33.6%, and the average water use efficiency increased by 30.6%, 30.2% and 28.6%, respectively. The total net income with corn straw mulching was the highest, followed by biodegradable film mulching, and the total net income increased by 3 299 and 2 752 Yuan/hm2 respectively, compared to the control. It was concluded that when the ridges were covered with common plastic film, the furrows was mulched with biodegradable film or straw, not only the soil water and temperature conditions were improved, but also the maize yield and net income were increased. Therefore, these two treatments are considered as efficient for maize production in Weibei Highland area.
LI R, WANG M, JIA Z K . Effects of different mulching patterns on soil temperature, moisture water and yield of spring maize in Weibei highland
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012,28(2):106-113. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 1]
In order to improve rainfall utilization efficiency and increase water availability for crops in dry farming area, a field experiment was conducted in 2007-2010 at Heyang Dryland Farming Experimental Station in Shaanxi province of China to determine the effect of different ridge and furrow with mulching cultivation patterns on soil water, soil temperature, yield of spring maize, and economic returns. The ridges were covered with common plastic film in all treatments, while different furrows were mulched with common plastic film, biodegradable film, corn straw, liquid film and uncovering, respectively. The flat plot without mulch was used as the control. The results obtained in a four-year experiment showed that, at the seedling stage of maize, the average temperature in 5-25 cm soil layer under common plastic film and biodegradable film were 2.4℃ and 2.1℃ higher than that of the control respectively. In contrast, the temperature under corn straw covering was 1.7℃ lower than that of the control. Besides, the different rainwater harvesting treatments could improve soil moisture in the early growth of maize. There was no difference in the soil moisture level between corn straw, liquid film, uncovering and the control during the middle and late growth of maize. However, the soil moisture of common plastic film and biodegradable film in deep soil layer were lower than that of the control. Compared with the control, the 4-year average maize yield with biodegradable film, common plastic film, and corn straw mulching significantly increased by 35.2%, 34.7% and 33.6%, and the average water use efficiency increased by 30.6%, 30.2% and 28.6%, respectively. The total net income with corn straw mulching was the highest, followed by biodegradable film mulching, and the total net income increased by 3 299 and 2 752 Yuan/hm2 respectively, compared to the control. It was concluded that when the ridges were covered with common plastic film, the furrows was mulched with biodegradable film or straw, not only the soil water and temperature conditions were improved, but also the maize yield and net income were increased. Therefore, these two treatments are considered as efficient for maize production in Weibei Highland area.

[5] 方日尧, 同延安, 赵二龙 . 渭北旱原不同保护性耕作方式水肥增产效应研究
干旱地区农业研究, 2003,21(1):54-57.
[本文引用: 1]

FANG R Y, TONG Y A, ZHAO E L . Effect of conservation tillages on moisture, fertility and yield in Weibei Highland
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2003,21(1):54-57. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[6] 孟丹丹, 殷淑燕 . 陕西渭北旱塬地区县域经济发展与生态建设互动研究
干旱区资源与环境, 2010,24(1):20-24.
[本文引用: 1]

MENG D D, YIN S Y . Interaction of regional economy development and ecological reconstruction in the Weibei arid plateau region
Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2010,24(1):20-24. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[7] 张玉娇, 王浩, 王淑兰 . 小麦/玉米轮作旱地长期轮耕的保墒增产效应
农业工程学报, 2018,34(12):126-136.
[本文引用: 1]

ZHANG Y J, WANG H, WANG S L . Soil moisture preservation and improving of crop yield in dry land under long-term wheat/maize rotation
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2018,34(12):126-136. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[8] 王浩, 王淑兰, 徐宗贵, 李军 . 耕作与施肥对旱地玉米田土壤耗水量和水分利用效率的影响
中国生态农业学报, 2017,25(6):856-864.
[本文引用: 2]

WANG H, WANG S L, XU Z G, LI J . Effect of tillage and fertilization on water use efficiency of maize in dryland conditions
Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017,25(6):856-864. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 2]

[9] 代快, 蔡典雄, 张晓明 . 不同耕作模式下旱作玉米氮磷肥产量效应及水分利用效率
农业工程学报, 2011,27(2):74-82.
URL [本文引用: 1]
为了探讨不同耕作模式下氮磷肥施用量对旱作玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响，于2003－2008年在山西寿阳旱农试验站进行了免耕、少耕和传统耕作下氮磷肥用量（105、179和210 kg/hm2 N；N∶P2O5=1∶1）试验。6 a结果显示，该区推荐氮磷用量为105 kg/hm2，传统耕作模式下玉米平均产量和水分利用效率分别为5 234 kg/hm2和12.4 kg/(hm2·mm)；少耕模式下玉米平均产量和水分利用效率分别达到5 751 kg/hm2和13.6 kg/(hm2·mm)，较传统耕作提高9.9%和9.7%。而免耕模式下氮磷用量为179 kg/hm2时玉米平均产量和水分利用效率最高，分别为5 336 kg/hm2和13.2 kg/(hm2·mm)，较传统耕作提高6.1%和9.7%。免耕模式下土壤保水效果最佳，干旱年增产作用尤为明显。3种耕作模式下玉米平均产量和水分利用效率以少耕为最高，免耕次之，传统耕作最低。
DAI K, CAI D X, ZHANG X M . Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on dry farming spring corn yield and water use efficiency under different tillage practices
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2011,27(2):74-82. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 1]
为了探讨不同耕作模式下氮磷肥施用量对旱作玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响，于2003－2008年在山西寿阳旱农试验站进行了免耕、少耕和传统耕作下氮磷肥用量（105、179和210 kg/hm2 N；N∶P2O5=1∶1）试验。6 a结果显示，该区推荐氮磷用量为105 kg/hm2，传统耕作模式下玉米平均产量和水分利用效率分别为5 234 kg/hm2和12.4 kg/(hm2·mm)；少耕模式下玉米平均产量和水分利用效率分别达到5 751 kg/hm2和13.6 kg/(hm2·mm)，较传统耕作提高9.9%和9.7%。而免耕模式下氮磷用量为179 kg/hm2时玉米平均产量和水分利用效率最高，分别为5 336 kg/hm2和13.2 kg/(hm2·mm)，较传统耕作提高6.1%和9.7%。免耕模式下土壤保水效果最佳，干旱年增产作用尤为明显。3种耕作模式下玉米平均产量和水分利用效率以少耕为最高，免耕次之，传统耕作最低。

[10] 侯海鹏, 丁在松, 马玮 . 条带深松耕作方式对密植夏玉米产量性能的影响
玉米科学, 2015,23(6):71-75, 83.
[本文引用: 2]

HOU H P, DING Z S, MA W . Effect of strip sub-soiling tillage system on summer maize yield performance in high planting density
Journal of Maize Science, 2015,23(6):71-75, 83. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 2]

[11] 王新兵, 侯海鹏, 周宝元 . 条带深松对不同密度玉米群体根系空间分布的调节效应
作物学报, 2014,40(12):2136-2148.
[本文引用: 1]

WANG X B, HOU H P, ZHOU B Y . Effect of strip subsoiling on population root spatial distribution of maize under different planting densities
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014,40(12):2136-2148. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[12] 王浩, 董朝阳, 王淑兰 . 基于春玉米籽粒产量的渭北旱塬区农户施肥现状评价
植物营养与肥料学报, 2018,24(3):590-598.
[本文引用: 1]

WANG H, DONG Z Y, WANG S L . Evaluation on fertilization of farmer practice based on grain yield of spring maize in Weibei dryland
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018,24(3):590-598. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[13] 马晓君, 路明远, 李兰 . 种植密度对川中丘区夏玉米冠层结构、干物质积累及产量的影响
生态学杂志, 2018,37(3):891-897.
[本文引用: 3]

MA X J, LU M Y, LI L . Effects of planting density on canopy structure, dry matter accumulation and yield of summer maize in a hilly region of central Sichuan province, China
Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2018,37(3):891-897. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 3]

[14] 周宝元, 孙雪芳, 丁在松 . 土壤耕作和施肥方式对夏玉米干物质积累与产量的影响
中国农业科学, 2017,50(11):2129-2140.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.018URL [本文引用: 3]
【Objective】 Soil tillage practice and fertilization have remarkable influence on crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency. The objective of this study was to clarify physiological reason for differences of maize yield and nitrogen efficiency by exploring the effects of the slow release fertilizer on dry matter accumulation and transportation, and characteristics of photosynthesis of summer maize under different soil tillages.【Method】A field experiment was conducted at Xinxiang, Henan province from 2013 to 2014. The experimental design was a split plot. The main plot was three soil tillage management, rototilling (R), no-tillage (N) and sub-soiling (S), and the subplot was nitrogen application, N 270 kg·hm^-2 slow release fertilizer treatment (SRF), and N 270 kg·hm^-2 conventional compound fertilizer with two applications (CCF) (40% as basal application and 60% at the beginning of male tetrad stage). 【Result】Compared with conventional fertilization and soil tillage practices, the application of slow release fertilizer and the sub-soiling tillage significantly increased post-silking leaf area (LAI) and photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize. At maturity, the decrease in LAI for SRF was 7.5% (N), 9.7% (R), and 11.8% (S) lower than those for CCF; the decrease in Pn for SRF was 7.3% (N), 11.5% (R), and 16.8% (S) lower than those for CCF averaged the two years. The LAI of the slow release fertilizer under the sub-soiling tillage (S-SRF) increased by 16.0%-47.9%, and the Pn increased by 14.5%-52.3% than that of other treatments. Higher post-silking LAI and Pn promoted the post-silking dry matter accumulation rate and duration increased, eventually increased post-silking dry matter accumulation and its transportation to grain. The averaged dry matter assimilation post-silking of applying the slow release fertilizer across two years were 1.5%, 21.4% and 24.4% higher, and the averaged dry matter accumulation post-silking of applying the slow release fertilizer across two years were 11%, 12.2% and 17% higher, respectively, compared to those in the conventional fertilizer treatment under rototilling, no-tillage, and sub-soiling. The post-silking dry matter accumulation and assimilation of S-SRF were significantly higher than that in other treatments, increased by 13.4%-28.9% and 17.4%-39.6%, respectively. The post-silking dry matter accumulation and assimilation were the main reason for yield increase. As a result, the application of slow release fertilizer and the sub-soiling tillage significantly improved the grain yield of summer maize by increasing 1000-kernel weight and harvest ear numbers, respectively. Among the treatments, the yield of the slow release fertilizer under the sub-soiling tillage (S-SRF) was 9.2%-23.2% higher than that in other treatments.【Conclusion】The sub-soiling tillage improved the spatial distribution of soil nitrogen, and the slow release fertilizer improved the temporal distribution of soil nitrogen. The integrated sub-soiling and slow release fertilizer improved N supply corresponded to maize critical growth stages and matched N uptake, which provided an approach for enhancing the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and grain yield in Huang-Huai-Hai plain.
ZHOU B Y, SUN X F, DING Z S . Effect of tillage practice and fertilization on dry matter accumulation and grain yield of summer maize ( Zea Mays L.)
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017,50(11):2129-2140. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.018URL [本文引用: 3]
【Objective】 Soil tillage practice and fertilization have remarkable influence on crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency. The objective of this study was to clarify physiological reason for differences of maize yield and nitrogen efficiency by exploring the effects of the slow release fertilizer on dry matter accumulation and transportation, and characteristics of photosynthesis of summer maize under different soil tillages.【Method】A field experiment was conducted at Xinxiang, Henan province from 2013 to 2014. The experimental design was a split plot. The main plot was three soil tillage management, rototilling (R), no-tillage (N) and sub-soiling (S), and the subplot was nitrogen application, N 270 kg·hm^-2 slow release fertilizer treatment (SRF), and N 270 kg·hm^-2 conventional compound fertilizer with two applications (CCF) (40% as basal application and 60% at the beginning of male tetrad stage). 【Result】Compared with conventional fertilization and soil tillage practices, the application of slow release fertilizer and the sub-soiling tillage significantly increased post-silking leaf area (LAI) and photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize. At maturity, the decrease in LAI for SRF was 7.5% (N), 9.7% (R), and 11.8% (S) lower than those for CCF; the decrease in Pn for SRF was 7.3% (N), 11.5% (R), and 16.8% (S) lower than those for CCF averaged the two years. The LAI of the slow release fertilizer under the sub-soiling tillage (S-SRF) increased by 16.0%-47.9%, and the Pn increased by 14.5%-52.3% than that of other treatments. Higher post-silking LAI and Pn promoted the post-silking dry matter accumulation rate and duration increased, eventually increased post-silking dry matter accumulation and its transportation to grain. The averaged dry matter assimilation post-silking of applying the slow release fertilizer across two years were 1.5%, 21.4% and 24.4% higher, and the averaged dry matter accumulation post-silking of applying the slow release fertilizer across two years were 11%, 12.2% and 17% higher, respectively, compared to those in the conventional fertilizer treatment under rototilling, no-tillage, and sub-soiling. The post-silking dry matter accumulation and assimilation of S-SRF were significantly higher than that in other treatments, increased by 13.4%-28.9% and 17.4%-39.6%, respectively. The post-silking dry matter accumulation and assimilation were the main reason for yield increase. As a result, the application of slow release fertilizer and the sub-soiling tillage significantly improved the grain yield of summer maize by increasing 1000-kernel weight and harvest ear numbers, respectively. Among the treatments, the yield of the slow release fertilizer under the sub-soiling tillage (S-SRF) was 9.2%-23.2% higher than that in other treatments.【Conclusion】The sub-soiling tillage improved the spatial distribution of soil nitrogen, and the slow release fertilizer improved the temporal distribution of soil nitrogen. The integrated sub-soiling and slow release fertilizer improved N supply corresponded to maize critical growth stages and matched N uptake, which provided an approach for enhancing the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and grain yield in Huang-Huai-Hai plain.

[15] GONZALEZ-DUGO V, DURAND J L, FRAN?OIS G . Water deficit and nitrogen nutrition of crops
A review Agronomy for Sustained Development, 2010,30(3):529-544.
[本文引用: 1]

[16] 余海英, 彭文英, 马秀 . 免耕对北方旱作玉米土壤水分及物理性质的影响
应用生态学报, 2011,22(1):99-104.
[本文引用: 1]

YU H Y, PENG W Y, MA X . Effects of no-tillage on soil water content and physical properties of spring corn fields in semiarid region of northern China
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2011,22(1):99-104. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[17] HUANG G B, CHAI Q, FENG F X . Effects of different tillage systems on soil properties, root growth, grain yield, and water use efficiency of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in arid northwest China
Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2012,11(8):1286-1296
[本文引用: 1]

[18] 何进, 李洪文, 高焕文 . 中国北方保护性耕作条件下深松效应与经济效益研究
农业工程学报, 2006 (10):62-67.
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HE J, LI H W, GAO H W . Subsoiling effect and economic benefit under conservation tillage mode in Northern China
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2006 (10):62-67. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[19] 张明君, 李玲玲, 谢军红 . 耕作方式与施肥对旱农区粮饲兼用玉米耗水特性和干物质积累的影响
干旱地区农业研究, 2018,36(1):179-185.
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ZHANG M J, LI L L, XIE J H . Effects of tillage and nitrogen on water consumption and dry matter accumulation for arid region grain and forage maize
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2018,36(1):179-185. (in Chinese)
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[20] 马阳, 吴敏, 郭献彬 . 新型耕作施肥方式下夏玉米田土壤水分分布和磷素利用研究
水土保持学报, 2019,33(2):98-102.
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MA Y, WU M, GUO X B . Soil water distribution and phosphorus utilization in summer maize field under new tillage and fertilization method
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2019,33(2):98-102. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[21] 胡锦昇, 樊军, 付威 . 保护性耕作措施对旱地春玉米土壤水分和硝态氮淋溶累积的影响
应用生态学报, 2019,30(4):1188-1198.
[本文引用: 1]

HU J S, FAN J, FU W . Effects of conservation tillage measures on soil water and NO^3–-N leaching in dryland maize cropland
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2019,30(4):1188-1198. (in Chinese)
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[22] 郭江, 肖凯, 郭新宇 . 玉米冠层结构、光分布和光合作用研究综述
玉米科学, 2005,13(2):55-59.
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GUO J, XIAO K, GUO X Y . Review on maize canopy structure, light distributing and canopy photosynthesis
Journal of Maize Science, 2005,13(2):55-59. (in Chinese)
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[23] WESTGATE M E, FORCELLA F, REICOSKY D C . Rapid canopy closure for maize production in the northern US corn belt: Radiation-use efficiency and grain yield
Field Crops Research, 1997,49(2):249-258.
DOI:10.1016/S0378-4290(96)01055-6URL [本文引用: 1]

[24] DING L, WANG K J, JIANG G M . Post-anthesis changes in photosynthetic traits of maize hybrids released in different years
Field Crops Research, 2004,93(1):108-115.
DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2004.09.008URL [本文引用: 1]

[25] HOU P, GAO Q, XIE R Z . Grain yields in relation to N requirement: Optimizing nitrogen management for spring maize grown in China
Field Crops Research, 2012,129:1-6.
DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2012.01.006URL [本文引用: 1]
The overestimation of nitrogen (N) uptake requirement under a high-yield cropping system with maize (Zen mays L.) has been a driving force in the overuse of N fertilization and environmental pollution in China. A database comprising 1246 measurements collected between 2005 and 2009 from 105 on-farm and station experiments conducted in the spring maize domains of the Northeast. Northwest of China and the North China Plain, was used to evaluate N uptake requirement in relation to grain yield. Field experiments with different maize cultivars and N management forms were also carried out to assess this relationship. Across all the sites, maize yield averaged 11.1 Mg ha(-1) which was more than twice that of the national maize grain yield average of China of 5.3 Mg ha(-1) and the world average of 4.5 Mg ha(-1). Nitrogen uptake requirement per Mg grain yield averaged 17.4 kg. Considering 6 ranges of grain yield (<7.5 Mg ha(-1), 7.5-9 Mg ha(-1), 9-10.5 Mg ha(-1), 10.5-12 Mg ha(-1), 12-13.5 Mg ha(-1) and >13.5 Mg ha(-1)), N uptake requirements per Mg grain yield were 19.8, 18.1, 17.4, 17.1, 17.0 and 16.9 kg respectively. This decreasing N uptake requirement per Mg grain yield with increasing grain yield was attributed to increasing harvest index (HI) and the diluting effects of declining grain and straw N concentrations. Grain yield increased with year of cultivar release from the 1950s to the 2000s. with N uptake requirement per Mg grain yield decreasing because of declining grain and straw N concentrations. Compared with the current commercial hybrid (ZD958), the lower N uptake requirement per Mg grain yield of the N-efficient hybrid of XY335 was attributed to a lower straw N concentration while maintaining a similarly high grain yield and grain N concentration. In neither of the years was there any evidence of leaf senescence in either optimal N rate (N-opt) or excessive N rate (N-over) and there was no significant difference between N uptake of these two treatments. This indicated that excessive N application could not delay leaf senescence to sustain further grain yield increase. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V.

[26] 吕丽华, 赵明, 赵久然 . 不同施氮量下夏玉米冠层结构及光合特性的变化
中国农业科学, 2008,41(9):2624-2632.
[本文引用: 1]

Lü L H, ZHAO M, ZHAO J R . Canopy structure and photosynthesis of summer maize under different nitrogen fertilizer application rates
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2008,41(9):2624-2632. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[27] 靳立斌, 张吉旺, 李波 . 高产高效夏玉米的冠层结构及其光合特性
中国农业科学, 2013,46(12):2430-2439.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.12.004URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】Canopy structure and characteristics of high yield and high nitrogen efficiency summer maize were studied to discuss the physiological mechanism of achieving high yield and high nitrogen efficiency, which will provide a theoretical basis for high yield and high nitrogen efficiency cultivation of summer maize.【Method】Integrated management experiment (MT) and nitrogen treatments (NT) were designed to achieve high yield and high nitrogen efficiency and then reveal canopy structure and photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize by optimizing integrated agricultural management, such as sowing date, sowing methods, planting density, fertilizers applied date and levels, and so on.【Result】In NT, grain yield and light transmission of ear layer and ground floor achieved maximum at 184.5 kgN&bull;hm-2 while the leaves area index (LAI) high value duration was long. Beyond this level, light transmission and net photosynthetic rate of ear layer decreased actually. In MT, the leaf area index (LAI) of further optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment (Opt-2) always remained above 4.4 from twelve-leaf stage (V12) to six weeks after tasseling stage (6WAT) and its decrease speed was low in latter growing period; its light transmission of ear layer and ground floor, the internode length above ear, the uniformity of plant character was high, achieving grain yield of 10.91 t?hm-2 and nitrogen use efficiency of 54.97 kg?kg-1.【Conclusion】Grain yield did not increase as nitrogen fertilizer application increasing without limit and light transmission decreased when nitrogen fertilization was large. With an integration of agronomic measures and fertilizers management, the LAI high value duration of Opt-2 was longer. light transmittance of ear layer, the uniformity of plant character, the net photosynthetic rate, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency were high. Consequently, Opt-2 achieved both higher yields and higher nitrogen use efficiency.
JIN L B, ZHANG J W, LI B . Canopy structure and photosynthetic characteristics of high yield and high nitrogen efficiency summer maize
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013,46(12):2430-2439. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.12.004URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】Canopy structure and characteristics of high yield and high nitrogen efficiency summer maize were studied to discuss the physiological mechanism of achieving high yield and high nitrogen efficiency, which will provide a theoretical basis for high yield and high nitrogen efficiency cultivation of summer maize.【Method】Integrated management experiment (MT) and nitrogen treatments (NT) were designed to achieve high yield and high nitrogen efficiency and then reveal canopy structure and photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize by optimizing integrated agricultural management, such as sowing date, sowing methods, planting density, fertilizers applied date and levels, and so on.【Result】In NT, grain yield and light transmission of ear layer and ground floor achieved maximum at 184.5 kgN&bull;hm-2 while the leaves area index (LAI) high value duration was long. Beyond this level, light transmission and net photosynthetic rate of ear layer decreased actually. In MT, the leaf area index (LAI) of further optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment (Opt-2) always remained above 4.4 from twelve-leaf stage (V12) to six weeks after tasseling stage (6WAT) and its decrease speed was low in latter growing period; its light transmission of ear layer and ground floor, the internode length above ear, the uniformity of plant character was high, achieving grain yield of 10.91 t?hm-2 and nitrogen use efficiency of 54.97 kg?kg-1.【Conclusion】Grain yield did not increase as nitrogen fertilizer application increasing without limit and light transmission decreased when nitrogen fertilization was large. With an integration of agronomic measures and fertilizers management, the LAI high value duration of Opt-2 was longer. light transmittance of ear layer, the uniformity of plant character, the net photosynthetic rate, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency were high. Consequently, Opt-2 achieved both higher yields and higher nitrogen use efficiency.

[28] 赵明, 李建国, 张宾 . 论作物高产挖潜的补偿机制
作物学报, 2006,32(10):1566-1573.
URL [本文引用: 1]
挖掘作物产量潜力，探索作物高产新途径，实现产量新突破一直是作物科学的艰巨任务。本文在分析作物逆境反应的补偿基本规律和机制基础上，提出了作物广义补偿的概念，即作物系统的构成因子间发生不平衡变化，并通过系统调节使得不同程度变化因子之间产生补偿效应统称为作物补偿。按其变化因子间的变化程度不同，可分为得失补偿和差异补偿。得失补偿是指作物系统在一定层次上，有些因子损失原有的性能为代价以换取另外因子的改善和提高，这通常出现在逆境条件中，是作物最普遍最基本的一种补偿。差异补偿是指作物系统在一定层次构成因子共同增效中，增量多的因子与增量少的因子间通过相互作用而获得补偿的特殊现象。作物补偿在补偿效果上可分为超量补偿、等量补偿和部分补偿；在补偿的层次和范围上也表现出多元化的特征，即在作物与环境、作物内部各因子间以及从群落到分子水平各层次均可存在补偿机制。基于作物于广义补偿和产量分析的“三合结构”基本框架，指出作物高产突破是基于得失补偿基础上重点突破差异补偿，所采取的技术途径是结构性挖潜和功能性挖潜，两条途径在作物超高产实践中一直发挥着重要作用。进一步深入研究作物补偿机制及其挖潜途径将更加有力地推动高产突破的进程。

ZHAO M, LI J G, ZHANG B . The compensatory mechanism in exploring crop production potential
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006,32(10):1566-1573. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 1]
挖掘作物产量潜力，探索作物高产新途径，实现产量新突破一直是作物科学的艰巨任务。本文在分析作物逆境反应的补偿基本规律和机制基础上，提出了作物广义补偿的概念，即作物系统的构成因子间发生不平衡变化，并通过系统调节使得不同程度变化因子之间产生补偿效应统称为作物补偿。按其变化因子间的变化程度不同，可分为得失补偿和差异补偿。得失补偿是指作物系统在一定层次上，有些因子损失原有的性能为代价以换取另外因子的改善和提高，这通常出现在逆境条件中，是作物最普遍最基本的一种补偿。差异补偿是指作物系统在一定层次构成因子共同增效中，增量多的因子与增量少的因子间通过相互作用而获得补偿的特殊现象。作物补偿在补偿效果上可分为超量补偿、等量补偿和部分补偿；在补偿的层次和范围上也表现出多元化的特征，即在作物与环境、作物内部各因子间以及从群落到分子水平各层次均可存在补偿机制。基于作物于广义补偿和产量分析的“三合结构”基本框架，指出作物高产突破是基于得失补偿基础上重点突破差异补偿，所采取的技术途径是结构性挖潜和功能性挖潜，两条途径在作物超高产实践中一直发挥着重要作用。进一步深入研究作物补偿机制及其挖潜途径将更加有力地推动高产突破的进程。

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GUO Y, CHAI Q, YIN W . Effect of wheat straw return to soil with zero-tillage on maize yield in irrigated oases
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WANG S, SUN L, CHEN X L . Effects of different nitrogen fertilization levels on maize yield, nitrogen utilization and inorganic nitrogen content in soil
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