彭鸥¹, 刘玉玲¹, 铁柏清^,1, 叶长城¹, 张淼¹, 李园星露¹, 周俊驰¹, 许蒙¹, 张燕¹, 龙涌²1 湖南农业大学资源环境学院/湖南省灌溉水源水质污染净化工程技术研究中心,长沙 410128
2 株洲市渌口区南洲镇农技站,湖南株洲 412107

Effects of Conditioning Agents and Agronomic Measures on Cadmium Uptake by Rice in Polluted Rice Fields

PENG Ou¹, LIU YuLing¹, TIE BaiQing^,1, YE ChangCheng¹, ZHANG Miao¹, LI YuanXingLu¹, ZHOU JunChi¹, XU Meng¹, ZHANG Yan¹, LONG Yong²1 College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University/Hunan Engineering & Technology Research Center for Irrigation Water Purification, Changsha 410128;
2 Agricultural Technology Service Station, Nanzhou Town, Lukou District, Zhuzhou 412107, Hunan

通讯作者: 铁柏清,Tel：13507454906;E-mail：tiebq@qq.com

责任编辑: 李云霞
收稿日期:2019-04-25接受日期:2019-09-12网络出版日期:2020-02-01

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划.2017YFD0801505 湖南省科技计划项目重点研发计划项目.2016NK2017 长沙市科技计划项目.kq1801025

Received:2019-04-25Accepted:2019-09-12Online:2020-02-01
作者简介 About authors
彭鸥,Tel：18508424171;E-mail：hanhexiaou@foxmail.com。












摘要
【目的】探究水分管理、调理剂措施和组合措施对污染稻田稻米降Cd效果,旨在探索出不显著降低水稻产量前提下,能更高效降低土壤Cd生物有效性和稻米中Cd含量的方法。【方法】在湖南省株洲市选择中度Cd污染稻田开展田间小区水稻试验。试验中水稻种植两季,早稻品种为中嘉早17,晚稻为泰优390。试验分为6组,分别为水分管理（T2）处理、施用硅肥（T3）处理、施用竹炭处理（T4）、施用硅肥结合水分管理（T5）处理、施用竹炭结合水分管理（T6）处理和1个试验对照（T1）,重复3次。【结果】试验各处理对稻田土壤有效态Cd含量均有降低,竹炭结合水分管理（T6）处理对两季水稻土壤均有显著降低,硅肥结合水分管理（T5）处理对晚稻土壤有效态Cd降低幅度最大。试验各处理对水稻各部位Cd含量均有降低效果,在糙米Cd含量方面,5个试验处理中对糙米Cd含量降低幅度以组合措施修复技术效果最好,即硅肥结合水分管理（T5）和竹炭结合水分管理（T6）处理。在水分管理修复技术(T2)中降Cd效果最高为29.23%;在施用调理剂修复技术中,硅肥处理（T3）和竹炭处理（T4）对稻壳和糙米中Cd含量均有显著降低（P＜0.05）作用,其中硅肥处理（T3）糙米最高降Cd幅度为49.23%,竹炭处理（T4）糙米最高降Cd幅度为47.69%;在组合措施中均能显著降低水稻糙米Cd含量,其中硅肥结合水分管理（T5）处理糙米降Cd幅度为60.34%—78.46%,竹炭结合水分管理（T6）糙米降Cd幅度为56.90%—67.69%。同时,本文对土壤有效态Cd含量与水稻各部位Cd含量相关性进行分析,发现水稻籽粒（稻壳与糙米）中Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量存在极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,且两个水稻品种规律一致。各处理对水稻各部位富集系数亦有降低效果,以硅肥结合水分管理（T5）处理和竹炭结合水分管理（T6）效果最好。对于水稻各部位向籽粒转运系数降低效果各部位规律不一致,但茎鞘和叶片两个部位向籽粒（稻壳和糙米）转运系数均显著降低,水分管理（T2）处理除外。在水稻产量方面,仅水分管理（T2）处理对中嘉早17有显著降低,其他处理降低幅度不显著,各处理对泰优390处理没有显著影响。【结论】组合措施优于单一水分管理或单一调理剂处理,且在水稻产量没有显著降低情况下对稻米Cd污染稻田稻米降Cd幅度最高达到78.46%,可以进一步确保Cd污染农田安全利用。
关键词： 水稻;水分管理;镉;硅肥;竹炭

Abstract
【Objective】How to safely use cadmium (Cd) to prevent it from contaminating cultivated land to produce up to standard rice is a hot topic for scholars. This paper mainly explored the effects of water management, conditioning agent measures and combined measures on the Cd reduction of rice in polluted rice fields. It aimed to reduce the bioavailability of soil Cd and the Cd content in rice under the premise of not significantly reducing rice yield【Method】Field rice experiments were carried out in a moderately Cd-contaminated paddy field in Zhuzhou City, Hunan Province, through a field plot test. In the experiment, rice was planted for two seasons. The early rice variety was Zhongjiazao17, and the late rice variety was Taiyou390. The test setup design was divided into 6 groups, namely water management treatment (T2), application of silicon fertilizer treatment (T3), application of bamboo charcoal treatment (T4), application of silicon fertilizer combined with water management treatment (T5), application of bamboo charcoal combined with water management treatment (T6), and control (T1), and each treatment was repeated 3 times.【Result】The effective Cd content in the paddy soil was reduced by the treatments. The bamboo charcoal combined with water management treatment (T6) significantly reduced the soil moisture in the two rice grow seasons. The silicon fertilizer combined with water management treatment (T5) had the largest reduction of available cadmium in the late rice soil. The treatments all had the effect of reducing the Cd content in all parts of rice. In the aspect of cadmium content of brown rice, the reduction of Cd content in brown rice in the five experimental treatments was the best in combination with the repair technology, namely silicon fertilizer combined with water management treatment (T5). Combined with carbon and water management (T6), in the water management and repair technology, the water management in the whole growth period has the best Cd effect, the highest reduction was 29.23%; in the application of conditioning agent repair technology, silicon fertilizer treatment (T3) and bamboo charcoal treatment (T4) significantly reduced rice husks and brown rice (P＜0.05). Under the silicon fertilizer treatment (T3), brown rice had the highest Cd amplitude of 49.23%; under the bamboo charcoal treatment (T4), brown rice had the highest Cd amplitude of 47.69%. In the treatment technology, the Cd content of rice brown rice could be significantly reduced. The silicon fertilizer combined with water management treatment (T5) of brown rice decreased Cd range from 60.34% to 78.46%, and bamboo charcoal combined with water management (T6) brown rice decreased Cd range from 56.90% to 67.69%. At the same time, this paper analyzed the correlation between soil available cadmium content and cadmium content in various parts of rice, and found that there was very significant positive correlation between rice grain (rice husk and brown rice) and soil available cadmium content (P＜0.01), and two rice varieties were consistent. The treatments also had the effect of reducing the enrichment coefficient of various parts of rice, and the best results were obtained by silicon fertilizer combined with water management treatment (T5) and carbon combined water management (T6). Regarding the effect of reducing the rice-to-grain transfer coefficients from different parts of the rice, the rules were inconsistent, but the transfer coefficients of the stalk sheaths and leaves to the grains (rice hulls and brown rice) were significantly reduced, except for water management (T2) treatment. In terms of rice yield, only water management treatment (T2) significantly reduced yield of Zhongjiazao17, and the other treatments did not decrease significantly. Each treatment had no significant effect on Taiyou390.【Conclusion】The combination measures were better than single water management or single conditioner treatment, and the maximum Cd drop in rice Cd-contaminated rice fields reached 78.46% when rice yield was not significantly reduced, which could further ensure the safe use of Cd-contaminated farmland.
Keywords：rice;water management;cadmium;silicon fertilizer;bamboo charcoal


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本文引用格式
彭鸥, 刘玉玲, 铁柏清, 叶长城, 张淼, 李园星露, 周俊驰, 许蒙, 张燕, 龙涌. 调理剂及农艺措施对污染稻田中水稻吸收镉的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(3): 574-584 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.03.010
PENG Ou, LIU YuLing, TIE BaiQing, YE ChangCheng, ZHANG Miao, LI YuanXingLu, ZHOU JunChi, XU Meng, ZHANG Yan, LONG Yong. Effects of Conditioning Agents and Agronomic Measures on Cadmium Uptake by Rice in Polluted Rice Fields[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(3): 574-584 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.03.010

0 引言

【研究意义】水稻是我国的主要粮食作物之一,近年来,Cd污染问题已成为南方地区突出的粮食安全问题,使粮食产业面临着巨大的挑战。农田土壤重金属Cd主要来源与污水灌溉和重金属超标农药、化肥的施用^[1,2]。土壤中Cd主要以Cd²⁺的形态通过水稻根系进入水稻体内,通过水稻各部位转运作用,最终造成水稻籽粒Cd含量超标^[3,4]。如何降低稻米Cd污染,生产安全稻米,是Cd污染地区亟待解决的问题。【前人研究进展】针对这一现状目前在湖南Cd污染稻田主要采用“低Cd品种（variety）+全生育期淹水灌溉（irrigation）+施加生石灰调节土壤酸碱度（pH）+辅助措施（N）”控Cd技术体系^[5,6,7,8]。同时,前人^[9,10,11]在水分管理进行众多研究,如在水稻孕穗期、抽穗期等关键时期水分管理,全生育期水分管理等,但研究结果均表明全生育期淹水对稻米Cd含量降低效果要好于阶段性水分管理。同时在调理剂方面也有较多报道,其控Cd机理主要分为三大类,一是调节土壤pH,相关研究表明稻米Cd含量与土壤pH呈极显著负相关关系^[12];二是钝化土壤中活性Cd,降低土壤有效态Cd含量,减少Cd²⁺进入水稻体内^[13,14];三是吸附或者与Cd²⁺竞争,占据水稻根系细胞Cd²⁺吸附位点^[15]。调理剂的施用能一定程度降低土壤有效态Cd含量和稻米Cd含量,但未能达到理想效果,且目前报道主要以盆栽试验或室内机理性研究为多,少有进行田间验证性试验。【本研究切入点】本文主要在前人研究基础上,分析比较单一水分管理、单一施用调理剂和组合措施对稻米Cd降低效果,在田间进行验证性试验。【拟解决的关键问题】探索出在不降低水稻的产量前提下,能更高效降低土壤Cd生物有效性和稻米中Cd含量的方法。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验田与试验材料

试验点位于湖南省株洲市渌口区南洲镇五家桥村（113°19.505′E,27°58.713′N）,选取Cd污染田块1丘,约为667 m²。试验实施前按梅花采样法采集试验田块土壤样品,经自然风干后,研磨过100目筛（0.150 mm）,测得土壤总Cd浓度为（1.48±0.13）mg·kg^-1,有效态Cd含量为（0.82±0.09）mg·kg^-1,pH为5.29±0.54,根据GB GB15618-2018和《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》判定为中度镉污染土壤。

试验早稻品种为中嘉早17（常规早稻）,晚稻为泰优390（杂交晚稻）,均为湖南省农业农村厅推荐镉低积累水稻品种。试验中采用主要调理剂有硅肥（生产于奥斯科工业集团封闭式股份公司（俄罗斯）公司,主要成分为SiO₂,Cd含量为0.23 mg·kg^-1）、叶面硅肥（生产于郑州正大生物科技有限公司,主要成分为可溶硅、微量元素,未检出Cd含量）、竹炭（生产于浙江省农业科学院,主要成分为C,Cd含量为0.20 mg·kg^-1）。

1.2 试验技术与方法

试验采用小区随机排列方法,每个小区间垒田埂,田埂用塑料薄膜覆盖,防止窜水,每个小区间均为单排单灌,小区面积为30 m²,试验设置5种修复技术处理,1个对照处理。对照处理（T1）为按照当地农民的常规栽培管理,即不施用任何土壤改良剂,水分管理为常规管理,即待落干后灌溉,再落干再灌溉直至成熟,水稻育苗参考当地栽培管理技术;水分管理处理（T2）为水稻生长期间,土表始终保持3 cm以上的水层,保持长期的淹水状态,至收获前自然落干;硅肥处理（T3）为水稻移栽前7 d,在试验小区内均匀撒施硅肥,按225 kg·hm^-2施用,同时在水稻分蘖末期叶面喷施硅肥,按1.8 kg·hm^-2施用;竹炭处理（T4）为水稻移栽前7 d,在试验小区内均匀撒施竹炭,按3 000 kg·hm^-2施用;硅肥处理结合水分管理处理（T5）为T2处理和T3处理相结合;竹炭结合水分管理处理（T6）为T2处理和T4处理相结合。试验处理中除施用调理剂措施与水分管理措施外,其余均同对照处理（T1）操作,3次重复。

1.3 样品处理与方法

（1）待水稻成熟后,进行试验样品采集、处理,先用自来水小心洗净根系杂物,然后用去超纯水清洗整个植株,将植株根系、茎鞘、叶、穗分离,稻谷风干后按农业农村部颁标准《米质测定方法》（NY147—88）出糙,分离出糙米和谷壳,其他样品在105℃杀青20 min,70℃烘至恒重,样品粉碎过100目筛,全部装入自封袋内密封保存备用。水稻样品经混合酸（HNO₃﹕HClO₄=4﹕1）湿法消解、定容后采用ICP-OES直接测定Cd的含量。

（2）研磨风干后的土壤,过0.15 mm的尼龙筛,标记好装入塑料密封袋内保存待用。土壤样品经混合酸HCl-HNO₃-HClO₄湿法消解、定容后采用ICP-OES直接测定Cd的含量。

（3）土壤有效态Cd,采用DTPA法,用ICP-OES测定含量。

（4）产量测定。分别收获试验田各小区水稻,将水稻用脱粒后,自然风干,计重。

1.4 数据处理及分析

运用IMB SPSS（Statistical Product and Service Solutions, 22.0）对数据进行统计分析处理,运用Microsoft Excel 2010软件对数据进行图表处理。

富集系数（AF_A-土）=A器官中重金属含量/土壤中重金属含量;

转运系数（TF_A-B）= B器官中重金属含量/A器官中该重金属含量。

2 结果

2.1 调理剂及水分管理对Cd污染稻田土壤有效态Cd含量的影响

在早晚稻试验中,同一试验处理在同一小区上进行。由表1可知,土壤Cd平均含量约1.48 mg·kg^-1。水分管理处理（T2）早晚稻两季土壤有效态Cd含量相对于对照处理均没有显著下降（P＜0.05）。硅肥处理（T3）能降低土壤有效态Cd含量,但效果不显著。竹炭处理（T4）早稻土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低,晚稻降低效果不显著。竹炭结合水分管理（T6）处理对早晚稻土壤有效态Cd含量均有降低效果,早稻降低了22.22%,晚稻降低了22.61%。但硅肥结合水分管理（T5）处理仅在晚稻有显著降低,降低了30.43%,晚稻降低了17.95%。

Table 1
表1
表1Cd污染稻田早、晚稻土壤有效态Cd含量
Table 1Available cadmium in soils of early and late rice in cadmium-contaminated rice fields

处理 Treatment	土壤Cd含量 Soil Cd concentration (mg·kg-1)	早稻土壤有效态Cd含量 Soil available Cd concentration in early rice (mg·kg-1)	晚稻土壤有效态Cd含量 Soil available Cd content in late rice (mg·kg-1)
T1	1.52±0.21a	1.17±0.13ab	1.15±0.07a
T2	1.47±0.15a	1.19±0.16a	1.05±0.08a
T3	1.47±0.14a	0.97±0.15ab	0.94±0.08ab
T4	1.43±0.16a	0.92±0.11b	0.99±0.09ab
T5	1.51±0.06a	0.96±0.14ab	0.80±0.06c
T6	1.54±0.08a	0.91±0.13b	0.89±0.03bc

数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著（P＜0.05） Different lowercase letters after the data indicate significant differences between treatments (P＜0.05)

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2.2 调理剂及水分管理对Cd污染稻田水稻各部位Cd含量的影响

2.2.1 对水稻根系、茎鞘、叶片Cd含量的影响 由图1可知,水分管理（T2）处理中水稻根系、茎鞘、叶片Cd含量均低于对照处理（T1）,且中嘉早17和泰优390效果一致。两个调理剂处理（T3和T4）均能降低水稻根系、茎鞘和叶片镉含量,两处理间没有显著差异。T5和T6两个处理,均能降低中嘉早17和泰优390根系、茎鞘、叶片中Cd含量,且降低量均在20%以上。综合所述,5个试验处理均能降低水稻根系、茎鞘、叶片Cd含量,但T5和T6处理对各部位Cd含量降低效果显著优于其他处理。

图1

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图1调理剂及水分管理对Cd污染稻田水稻根系、茎鞘和叶片Cd含量的影响

图中小写字母表示处理间差异显著（P＜0.05）。下同
Fig. 1Effects of conditioning agents and water management on Cd contents of rice roots, stem sheaths and leaf in Cd-contaminated paddy fields

The difference between treatments was marked by lowercase letters (P＜0.05). The same as below


2.2.2 对稻米Cd含量的影响 由图2可知,水分管理（T2）处理使得中嘉早17稻壳和糙米Cd含量分别降低了27.85%和20.69%,其中稻壳Cd含量相对于对照而言降低效果显著（P＜0.05）。水分管理（T2）使得泰优390稻壳和糙米Cd含量分别降低了28.38%和29.23%,且降低效果相对于对照均显著（P＜0.05）。硅肥处理（T3）和竹炭处理（T4）降低效果最好,对稻壳和糙米均有显著降低（P＜0.05）,且中嘉早17和泰优390结果一致。在硅肥处理（T3）中,中嘉早17稻壳和糙米Cd含量分别降低了46.84%和39.66%,泰优390稻壳和糙米Cd含量分别降低了48.65%和49.23%。在竹炭处理（T4）中,中嘉早17稻壳和糙米Cd含量分别降低了43.04%和37.93%,泰优390稻壳和糙米Cd含量分别降低了39.19%和47.69%。2个组合处理中,均能显著降低2个水稻品种稻壳和糙米Cd含量（P＜0.05）,且降低率均在50%以上,其中竹炭+水分管理（T6）使中嘉早17糙米Cd含量达到0.25 mg·kg^-1,降低率为56.90%,使泰优390糙米Cd含量达到 0.21 mg·kg^-1,降低率为52.70%。硅肥结合水分管理（T5）能使中嘉早硅肥结合水分管理（T5）能使中嘉早硅肥结合水分管理（T5）能使中嘉早硅肥结合水分管理（T5）能使中嘉早硅肥结合水分管理（T5）能使中嘉早硅肥结合水分管理（T5）能使中嘉早17糙米Cd含量最低值达到0.19 mg·kg^-1,使泰优390糙米Cd含量平均值达0.14 mg·kg^-1。综合所述,水分管理和调理剂处理均能一定程度降低稻壳和糙米Cd含量,但两个组合处理（T5和T6）降低量最大,效果最好。

图2

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图2调理剂及水分管理对Cd污染稻田水稻籽粒Cd含量的影响

Fig. 2Effects of conditioning agents and water management on Cd content in rice grains of Cd-contaminated rice fields

2.3 稻田土壤有效态Cd含量与水稻各部位Cd含量相关性分析

由表2可知,对于中嘉早17而言,水稻稻壳和糙米Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量呈正线性相关,且相关性极显著（P＜0.01）,根系和叶片Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量呈正线性相关,且相关性显著（P＜0.05）,茎鞘与土壤有效态Cd含量相关性不显著。对于泰优390而言,水稻稻壳和糙米Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量与中嘉早17一致,呈正线性相关,且相关性极显著（P＜0.01）,根系和茎鞘Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量呈正线性相关,且相关性显著（P＜0.05）,叶片与土壤有效态Cd含量相关性不显著。

Table 2
表2
表2稻田土壤有效态Cd含量与水稻各部位Cd含量相关性
Table 2Correlation between available Cd content in paddy soil and Cd content in various parts of rice

品种Variety	部位Organ	拟合公式Fitting formula	拟合度R-squared	相关系数Correlation coefficient
中嘉早17 Zhongjiazao 17	根系 Root	y = 12.1070x - 2.9678	R2 = 0.8457	r=0.551*
	茎鞘 Stem-sheath	y = 3.1702x + 0.1614	R2 = 0.4864	r=0.339
	叶片 Leaf	y = 0.9363x - 0.3450	R2 = 0.5852	r=0.590*
	稻壳 Rice husk	y = 0.8912x - 0.4040	R2 = 0.7274	r=0.853**
	糙米 Brown rice	y = 0.7232x - 0.3660	R2 = 0.7063	r=0.840**
泰优390 Taiyou 390	根系 Root	y = 8.5009x + 2.6206	R2 = 0.2303	r=0.480*
	茎鞘 Stem-sheath	y = 3.9923x + 2.1199	R2 = 0.2296	r=0.479*
	叶片 Leaf	y = 0.4759x + 0.7394	R2 = 0.0478	r=0.219
	稻壳 Rice husk	y = 0.9209x - 0.4151	R2 = 0.4199	r=0.648**
	糙米 Brown rice	y = 1.1700x - 0.7611	R2 = 0.4564	r=0.676**

Sample n=18, ** Indicates significant correlation at 0.01 level (both sides), * Indicates significant correlation at 0.05 level (two sides)
样品n=18,**表示在0.01水平（双侧）上显著相关,*表示在0.05水平（双侧）上显著相关

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2.4 调理剂及水分管理对Cd污染稻田Cd富集系数与转运系数的影响

2.4.1 对Cd富集系数的影响 由表3可知,5个试验处理对水稻各部位Cd富集系数有不同的效果。水分管理（T2）处理对中嘉早17和泰优390号2个品种根系Cd富集系数没有显著影响,但茎鞘、稻壳的Cd富集系数与对照（T1）相比均差异显著。在两个调理剂处理中,施用硅肥（T3）处理对水稻根系、茎鞘、叶片、稻壳和糙米的Cd含量均有显著降低效果,中嘉早17和泰优390效果一致,施用竹炭（T4）处理对两个水稻品种中嘉早17和泰优390仅稻壳和糙米效果同时显著,对根系、茎鞘和叶片富集系数一定程度降低。2个组合处理（T5和T6）对两个水稻品种均只有叶片富集系数相对于对照效果不显著,其余各部位均有显著效果。综合所述,2个组合处理降低水稻各部位富集系数效果优于调理剂处理和水分管理处理。

Table 3
表3
表3调理剂及水分管理对Cd污染稻田Cd富集系数的影响
Table 3Effects of conditioning agents and water management on rice enrichment factors in Cd- contaminated paddy fields

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	根系/土壤 Root/Soil	茎鞘/土壤 Stem-sheath/Soil	叶片/土壤 Leaf/ Soil	稻壳/土壤 Rice husk/ Soil	糙米/土壤 Brown rice/ Soil
中嘉早17 Zhongjiazao 17	T1	7.87±0.62a	2.85±0.39a	0.93±0.04a	0.52±0.00a	0.38±0.00a
	T2	7.32±0.64a	2.09±0.20b	0.83±0.09ab	0.38±0.08b	0.31±0.06b
	T3	5.57±0.19b	2.19±0.38b	0.69±0.13b	0.28±0.04c	0.24±0.03c
	T4	6.21±0.50b	2.41±0.00ab	0.79±0.03ab	0.31±0.04bc	0.25±0.04bc
	T5	5.13±0.75b	2.07±0.08b	0.74±0.20ab	0.24±0.04c	0.15±0.02d
	T6	5.49±0.69b	1.98±0.19b	0.80±0.02ab	0.28±0.02c	0.16±0.00d
泰优390 Taiyou 390	T1	8.40±0.08a	4.80±0.19a	0.93±0.04a	0.49±0.01a	0.42±0.05a
	T2	8.27±0.12a	4.11±0.13b	0.83±0.09ab	0.36±0.00b	0.31±0.01b
	T3	6.24±0.86c	3.94±0.03b	0.69±0.13b	0.26±0.03d	0.22±0.04c
	T4	7.54±0.28ab	3.90±0.18b	0.79±0.03ab	0.32±0.01c	0.23±0.05c
	T5	6.00±0.79c	3.26±0.54c	0.74±0.20ab	0.22±0.02e	0.09±0.03d
	T6	6.68±0.18bc	3.87±0.14b	0.80±0.02ab	0.23±0.02de	0.13±0.05d

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2.4.2 对Cd转运系数的影响 由表4可知,5个试验处理对水稻各部位Cd转运系数有一定差异。水分管理（T2）处理效果好于对照处理（T1）,中嘉早17和泰优390规律一致。2个调理剂处理中,施用硅肥处理（T3）对中嘉早17水稻各部位转运系数均有显著效果,根系向茎鞘转运系数除外,泰优390效果与中嘉早17一致。施用竹炭（T4）处理对中嘉早17效果与施用硅肥处理（T3）效果一致,对于泰优390仅茎鞘向叶片转运系数不显著,其他转运系数均有显著变化。2个组合处理（T5和T6）中对根系向茎鞘和茎鞘向叶片转运没有显著影响,对茎鞘向籽粒和叶片向籽粒均有较好效果,两个水稻品种效果一致。综上所述,在阻控各部位Cd向籽粒转运中,组合处理效果最好。

Table 4
表4
表4调理剂及水分管理对Cd污染稻田Cd转运系数的影响
Table 4Effects of conditioning agents and water management on rice transport coefficient in Cd-contaminated rice fields

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	根系/茎鞘 Root/ Stem-sheath	茎鞘/叶片 Stem-sheath/ Leaf	茎鞘/稻壳 Stem-sheath/ Rice husk	茎鞘/糙米 Stem-sheath/ Brown rice	叶片/稻壳 Leaf/ Rice husk	叶片/糙米 Stem-sheath / Brown rice
中嘉早17 Zhongjiazao 17	T1	0.36±0.02a	0.33±0.03bc	0.18±0.03a	0.14±0.02a	0.56±0.03a	0.41±0.02a
	T2	0.29±0.00b	0.40±0.01ab	0.18±0.02a	0.15±0.02a	0.46±0.05b	0.37±0.04ab
	T3	0.39±0.06a	0.32±0.00c	0.13±0.00b	0.11±0.00b	0.41±0.02bc	0.34±0.02b
	T4	0.39±0.03a	0.33±0.01bc	0.13±0.02b	0.10±0.01b	0.40±0.07bc	0.32±0.05b
	T5	0.41±0.05a	0.35±0.08abc	0.12±0.01b	0.07±0.01c	0.34±0.04c	0.21±0.03c
	T6	0.36±0.01a	0.41±0.03a	0.14±0.00db	0.08±0.01bc	0.35±0.02c	0.20±0.00c
泰优390 Taiyou 390	T1	0.57±0.03abc	0.19±0.02ab	0.10±0.01a	0.09±0.01a	0.52±0.01a	0.45±0.03a
	T2	0.50±0.01c	0.20±0.02ab	0.09±0.00b	0.08±0.00ab	0.44±0.05b	0.38±0.03b
	T3	0.64±0.09a	0.18±0.03b	0.07±0.01c	0.06±0.01bc	0.37±0.02b	0.32±0.00bc
	T4	0.52±0.04bc	0.20±0.00ab	0.08±0.00b	0.06±0.02bc	0.40±0.00b	0.30±0.07c
	T5	0.54±0.02bc	0.22±0.02a	0.07±0.01c	0.03±0.00d	0.31±0.06c	0.12±0.01d
	T6	0.58±0.00ab	0.21±0.01ab	0.06±0.01c	0.04±0.01cd	0.28±0.02c	0.17±0.05d

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2.5 调理剂及水分管理对Cd污染稻田水稻产量的影响

由图3可知,试验中5个处理的中嘉早17产量相对于对照处理（T1）有一定变化,水分管理（T2）处理产量下降7.00%,施用硅肥（T3）处理产量增加2.97%,其余3个处理产量均一定程度下降,但效果不显著。对于泰优390而言,5个试验处理相对于对照均没有显著变化,产量在8 200 kg·hm^-2上下波动。综合而言,水分管理处理会使得水稻产量下降,但在结合硅肥或者竹炭后产量有所上升,但上升效果不显著。

图3

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图3调理剂及水分管理对Cd污染稻田水稻产量的影响

Fig. 3Effects of conditioning agents and water management on rice yield in Cd-contaminated paddy fields

3 讨论

降低水稻籽粒中Cd含量主要是两种途径,一是降低土壤中Cd生物有效性,将活性Cd钝化为络合物或螯合物^[16];二是阻控水稻各部位向籽粒转运,有研究指出水稻根系吸收到籽粒Cd积累要经过3个过程：根系的活化和吸收、木质部的装载和运输以及韧皮部向籽粒中的进一步转移^[17,18]。根系向地上部转运是水稻籽粒积累Cd主要来源^[19],阻控水稻对Cd的吸收或被吸收后阻止Cd向地上部转运,可以一定程度降低籽粒Cd含量。

水分管理能降低Cd污染土壤生物有效性以及持续性淹水则能调控水稻Cd共质体转运^[20]。研究认为持续性淹水效果优于水稻生育阶段性淹水,淹水主要是通过下调水稻根系Os LCD和Os Nramp1的基因相对表达量,降低了水稻对Cd的吸收^[21]。水稻水分管理中全生育期淹水水稻根表铁膜量要高于间歇性淹水,而水稻根表铁膜能有效阻控Cd²⁺进入水稻体内^[22]。水稻田在长期淹水条件下,土壤体系处于还原环境,使得Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺等金属离子与Cd²⁺的竞争吸附作用以及与S^2-和Cd²⁺共沉淀作用加强^[23]。纪雄辉等^[11]证实持续性淹水处理能降低水稻籽粒中Cd含量。本试验水分管理糙米Cd含量降低了29.23%,但仍远远未达到国家安全食用标准（GB2762—2012）,因此本研究将水分管理与调理剂进行组合,研究组合处理降低糙米Cd含量效果。同时,杨定清等^[24]研究表明持续性淹水水稻产量显著下降,其原因主要是稻田长期处于淹水状态,会导致无效分蘖增加,从而导致水稻产量降低。其次,长期淹水条件下,叶片蒸腾速率高,光合速率潜力不能得到充分发挥,水稻产量也会降低。本研究相比于对照处理（T1）水分管理处理（T2）使中嘉早17产量显著降低,但对泰优390没有显著影响,这说明水分管理下产量变化与水稻品种有一定关联。

本试验中选用2种土壤调理剂,主要分为含硅元素和生物炭。生物炭和硅肥的施用对水稻Cd的转运系数降低效果不显著,但使得富集系数降低效果显著,主要是由于将土壤中活性镉钝化^[25,26]。硅元素通过影响水稻根系分泌以及土壤微生物来提升土壤pH,而提升pH能使得土壤Cd和有效态Cd含量降低^[27,28]。另外,土壤中的有效硅能与土壤中有效态Cd形成聚硅酸凝胶的Cd-Si复合物,从而降低土壤Cd的有效性^[29]。本研究中基施矿物硅肥结合叶面硅肥处理,对稻米Cd阻控有较好的效果,单一施用硅肥（T3）糙米Cd含量最高下降了49.23%,而本研究中硅肥结合淹水处理（T5）使得糙米Cd含量最高降低了78.46%,达到或接近国家安全食用标准。硅降低稻米Cd含量主要有两种方式,一是钝化土壤中活性Cd,形成Si-Cd聚合物,阻止Cd²⁺进入水稻根系;二是抑制水稻体内Cd向地上部转运,降低籽粒Cd含量^[7]。因此,本试验在分蘖末期喷施适量的叶面硅肥,能有效控制Cd向稻穗转移,在基施硅肥的基础上降低稻米Cd超标的风险。生物炭可以增加土壤中有机碳含量,形成土壤团聚体^[30],土壤中Cd²⁺与有机质发生反应,降低其生物有效性^[31],同时有研究表明Cd²⁺与生物炭的离子交换作用、络合反应以及阳离子-π键等作用能有效降低土壤有效态Cd含量^[32,33],生物炭能迅速提升土壤pH也是降低其生物有效性原因之一^[34]。本研究选择施用竹炭同时结合全生育期水分管理（T6）,在施用硅肥的条件下结合全生育期淹水再在分蘖期辅以喷施叶面肥（T5）处理能更有效降低土壤中Cd的生物有效性,且效果优于单一调理剂处理和水分管理,使得糙米中Cd含量达到或接近国家安全食用标准。对于水稻产量方面,两个试验处理均对水稻产量没有显著降低,相比于单一水分管理处理水稻产量略有提升,但其机理有待进一步研究。

李超等^[35]研究认为水稻各器官Cd含量与土壤Cd有效性呈极显著正相关关系,本试验中当土壤有效态Cd降低时,稻米中各器官Cd含量亦随之降低,且水稻稻壳与糙米Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量呈极显著正线性相关（P＜0.01）。水稻对Cd的富集系数与转运系数的大小与水稻籽粒Cd含量密切相关^[36],本研究中各试验处理富集系数均有降低,组合处理降低效果均显著,但转运系数效果不显著,说明试验中各处理主要是钝化了土壤活性镉,降低水稻吸收镉离子,从而降低水稻籽粒Cd含量。

值得指出的是,组合措施中两个处理（T5和T6）在保证水稻产量的前提下能大幅度降低稻米中Cd含量,T5处理最低值为0.09 mg·kg^-1,T6处理最低值为0.13 mg·kg^-1,但仍存在超标风险,建议在下阶段研究中根据不同土壤类型及土壤污染程度对调理剂施用量与水分管理进行优化组合,使得中轻度Cd污染耕地可以更安全利用。

4 结论

5个试验处理对稻田土壤有效态Cd含量、水稻各部位Cd含量、水稻各部位富集系数、水稻转运系数均有降低效果。硅肥结合水分管理（T5）和竹炭结合水分管理（T6）对Cd污染稻田稻米降Cd效果最好,其中T5处理效果优于T6处理。在水稻产量方面,水分管理（T2）处理对中嘉早17有显著降低,其他处理降低幅度不显著,各处理对泰优390产量没有显著影响。同时,研究认为水稻籽粒Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量呈极显著正线性相关（P＜0.01）。

参考文献 View Option 原文顺序
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