,中国水稻研究所/水稻生物学国家重点实验室,杭州 310006Effect of Pot-Mat Seedling on the Quality of Machined Transplanting and Yield Formation of Super Early Rice
CHEN HuiZhe, XU YiCheng, ZHANG YuPing, XIANG Jing, ZHANG YiKai, ZHU DeFeng,China National Rice Research Institute/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Hangzhou 310006通讯作者:
责任编辑: 杨鑫浩
收稿日期:2019-04-4接受日期:2019-05-22网络出版日期:2019-12-01
| 基金资助: |
Received:2019-04-4Accepted:2019-05-22Online:2019-12-01
作者简介 About authors
陈惠哲,E-mail：chenhuizhe@163.com
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陈惠哲, 徐一成, 张玉屏, 向镜, 张义凯, 朱德峰. 超级早稻钵形毯状秧苗机插效果及产量形成[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(23): 4240-4250 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.23.005
CHEN HuiZhe, XU YiCheng, ZHANG YuPing, XIANG Jing, ZHANG YiKai, ZHU DeFeng.
0 引言
【研究意义】水稻机械化生产有利于提高劳动生产率,减轻劳动强度,降低成本,增加产量和收益,是我国稻作技术的发展方向[1,2]。【前人研究进展】随着社会经济发展,农村劳动力转移及老龄化,传统手工插秧的种植方式已不适应我国现代稻作技术发展的需求。机插秧通过规格化集中育秧,并采用插秧机代替人工栽插秧苗,实现秧苗宽行窄株栽插,可保证种植密度,促进水稻高产群体构建,有利于水稻稳产高产[3,4,5]。目前我国水稻生产机械化的瓶颈在种植环节,我国水稻机插秧主要采用毯状秧苗机插技术,存在着机插取秧不稳定、漏秧率高、伤秧严重、秧苗返青慢等问题,严重制约着机插高产高效。研究认为,与毯状秧苗机插技术比较,钵苗机插的物质生产能力强,抽穗后群体光合势衰减慢,增产效果明显[6,7]。【本研究切入点】水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插针对传统毯苗机插存在的问题,通过研制钵形毯状秧盘,该秧盘底部由一组纵横排列的钵碗组成,可培育形成上毯下钵的钵形毯状秧苗,利用普通插秧机按钵精确取秧,有助于解决取秧不稳定,漏秧率高,伤秧严重的问题,有利于提高机插水稻产量[8,9,10,11,12],然而,该技术对南方超级稻秧苗的根系特征、机插效果和产量形成的影响仍不明确,限制其在南方稻区的进一步推广应用。【拟解决的关键问题】超级稻对保障我国粮食安全做出重要贡献[13],本研究以我国南方大面积推广应用的超级早稻品种为材料,通过采用钵形毯状秧盘育秧,以普通平盘为对照,研究明确钵形毯状秧苗机插在南方早稻上的应用效果,以期为我国水稻机插秧技术发展和改进提供参考。1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
试验于2013—2014年在中国水稻研究所富阳试验基地进行。参试水稻品种为常规超级早籼稻中早39（ZZ39）和中嘉早17（ZJZ17）,由中国水稻研究所提供。秧盘选择用浙江三友塑业股份有限公司加工生产的水稻钵形毯状秧盘BTY280-16及普通机插平盘,2种秧盘内径规格均为长58 cm,宽28 cm,高2.8 cm,其中水稻钵形毯状秧盘内部在底部有一组纵横排列凹穴,底部形成上口径大于底径的类似钵碗形状,秧盘的钵碗深度为8 cm,其秧盘平面及剖面示范图如图1所示,BTY280-16内部横向钵碗数量为16钵,纵向36钵,每盘钵数为576钵。图1
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图1水稻钵形毯状秧盘平面图（左）和剖面图（右）
Fig. 1Plan (left) and section (right) of rice pot-mat seedling tray
1.2 试验处理
选择水稻钵形毯状秧盘（BT）育秧,以传统机插平盘为对照（CK）,采用中锦牌育秧全基质育秧。2年试验均为3月26日播种,4月26日机插,秧苗秧龄30 d。选种、晒种,用“浸种灵”杀菌防病浸种48 h,催芽露白后播种,每盘播80 g干种,种子出苗后统一水分管理。机插试验田块肥力中等,土质为黏性水稻土,冬季休闲。用久保田SPU-68C高速插秧机机插,机插前调节横向取秧16次,与BTY280-16内部横向钵碗数对应,纵向取秧档为第7档,机插秧块大小基本与钵碗对应;机插规格为行距30 cm,株距12 cm。每处理机插面积100 m2以上,3次重复。大田肥水和病虫害管理各处理一致,肥料总用量180 kg N·hm-2、45 kg P2O5·hm-2,112.5 kg K2O·hm-2。氮肥中基肥、分蘖肥和穗肥的比例分别为50%、30%和20%,氮肥为尿素,其中分蘖肥在机插后7 d内施用。磷肥为过磷酸钙,全部作基肥施用。钾肥为氯化钾,全部作穗肥施入。水分管理采用好气灌溉方法,早期浅水勤灌,在分蘖末期到幼穗分化前进行排水晒田,烤田按分次轻晒的方法进行,水稻孕穗至抽穗期采用间歇灌溉,以后经常灌跑马水,干干湿湿,保持根系活熟到老。水稻生长期间适时进行病虫和杂草等管理,保持水稻植株生长发育正常。
1.3 测定项目及方法
1.3.1 出苗率 出苗5 d后选择秧盘上具有代表性的区域调查出苗数,调查面积为 90 cm2（15 cm×6 cm）,5次重复,计算成苗率。1.3.2 秧苗素质 机插前取具代表性植株30株,测定秧苗株高、叶龄、根数、根长等,并将植株分离地上部与地下部,105℃下杀青15 min,80℃下烘干至恒重,测定干物质重量,每个处理3次重复。
1.3.3 机插效果 机插后1—2 d,每个小区选取代表点,调查3行,每行40丛,调查每丛机插苗数、伤秧数、翻秧数、漂秧数和漏插丛数。漏插指机插后插穴内无秧苗,伤秧指秧苗插后茎基部有折伤、刺伤和切断现象,漂秧指插后秧苗漂浮在水（泥）面,翻秧指秧苗倒于田中,叶梢部与泥面接触。根据数据统计基本苗数和漏秧率（Rl）、漂秧率（Rp）、伤秧率（Rs）和翻秧率（Rf）。其中漏秧率、漂秧率和伤秧率的计算公式如下：漏秧率（Rl）=缺株丛数/调查总丛数×100;漂秧率（Rp）=漂秧株数/调查总株数×100;伤秧率（Rs）=伤秧株数/调查总株数×100;翻秧率（Rf）=翻秧株数/调查总株数×100。
1.3.4 断根率及秧苗根系形态 机插前各取不同处理的代表性秧苗3盘,用锋利的刀片模拟机插方法,钵形毯状秧苗,按钵形毯状秧盘钵体大小,每钵切块分割,平盘所育的毯状秧苗也按对应钵体大小切块分割,并清洗土壤中的根系,分类烘干称重,与秧苗不相连的根为断根,断根率=断根重/总根重×100;另外,秧苗按钵切块后,根据钵碗深度（8 cm）横向切分,下部底层钵碗内的根系为下部根系,上部与秧苗一块的为上部根系,分别放入网袋清洗后烘干称重,计算上下部根系比例。机插后1—2 d取样检测秧苗根系形态,不同处理田间取样10丛代表秧苗,洗净后用根系扫描仪扫描,用根系分析软件WinRHIZO PRO 2013分析每株根长度、根表面积、根直径和根体积等。
1.3.5 生育期及茎蘖动态 记载每个小区的孕穗期、始穗期、齐穗期和成熟期等时期。秧苗机插后选取有代表性的3个点,至高峰苗前,每7 d定点考查秧苗分蘖数,每点考查20丛,穗数稳定后每14 d调查一次。
1.3.6 干物质量及秧苗生理指标 机插后14 d,不同处理选取有代表性的5丛水稻植株,测定秧苗株高,将水稻植株的叶、茎鞘及根等分装,于105℃杀青,80℃烘干至恒重后称干重,每个处理3次重复;同时测定秧苗叶片的MDA含量、可溶性糖、叶绿素a和叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素等生理指标。
1.3.7 产量及其构成 成熟期各处理调查有效穗,每小区查30丛,计算每丛平均穗数。以平均穗数为标准,取有代表性的植株3丛,测定每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,选6 m2实割,晒干换算成标准含水量后计算小区产量。
1.4 数据分析
采用ExcelStat实用统计分析软件,对试验数据进行分析和显著性测验,文中的表格数据为平均值。2 结果
2.1 钵形毯状秧苗生长特性
2.1.1 不同秧盘对种子出苗率的影响 2014年在种子出苗后7 d,比较水稻钵形毯状秧盘与传统平盘育秧的种子出苗率（图2）,结果表明,参试的中早39和中嘉早17钵形毯状秧盘育秧的种子出苗率分别为83.31%和82.54%,虽然比相对应的对照出苗率80.08%和81.43%略高,但差异不显著,说明在基质旱育秧条件下,不同秧盘对种子出苗影响不大。图2
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图2不同秧盘育秧对种子成苗的影响
Fig. 2Effect of different seedling tray on seedling formation
2.1.2 秧苗素质及根系生长 在机插前比较钵形毯状秧盘与传统平盘育秧的秧苗素质差异（表1）,结果表明,中早39的钵形毯状秧苗的苗高、叶龄略大于对照,中嘉早17的趋势也基本一致,相同品种间不同秧盘所育秧苗在这2项指标上差异不显著;中早39地上部干重和根重略低于对照,但中嘉早17则高于对照,品种间存在差异,但秧盘间差异不显著;参试的2个品种根数均表现出钵形毯状秧苗少于对照,但根长则呈相反趋势,除中嘉早17不同秧盘的秧苗根长差异显著外,其他均差异不显著,这也说明钵形毯状秧盘育秧由于盘内钵体存在,秧盘内容形状改变,可能会影响根系生长。
Table 1
表1
表1水稻钵形毯状机插秧苗的秧苗素质（2014）
Table 1
| 品种 Variety | 处理 Treatment | 苗高 Seedling length (cm) | 叶龄 Leaf age | 地上部重 Leaf weight (mg/plant) | 根重 Root weight (mg/plant) | 根数 Root number (No./plant) | 根长 Root length (cm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中早39 | BT | 15.37±0.44a | 3.49±0.04a | 16.94±2.97a | 5.55±0.34a | 6.83±1.94a | 6.75±0.99a |
| ZZ39 | CK | 14.56±0.21a | 3.31±0.15a | 17.86±3.49a | 5.72±0.30a | 7.67±1.75a | 6.08±2.01a |
| 中嘉早17 | BT | 14.92±0.33a | 3.33±0.17a | 17.73±2.26a | 5.12±0.52a | 10.17±1.83a | 4.85±1.05a |
| ZJZ17 | CK | 14.93±0.59a | 3.22±0.12a | 17.19±1.74a | 4.97±0.67a | 11.50±2.81a | 3.90±1.35b |
新窗口打开|下载CSV
进一步对不同秧盘所育的秧苗根系生长进行分析,结果表明,水稻钵形毯状秧苗的根系分布与对照平盘所育的秧苗存在较大差异,其中水稻钵形毯状秧苗有56.03%的根系在底层的钵碗内,钵碗上部的根系比例仅为43.97%,而对照则相反,其对应的下部根系比例为37.86%,上部的根系比例则高达62.14%,说明秧盘钵碗存在会影响根系生长及分布;通过根系扫描仪对不同处理的秧苗根系形态进行分析（表2、图3）,中早39的BT处理每株根长度、根表面积、根直径和根体积分别为29.23 cm/株、3.12 cm2/株、0.35 mm和0.027 cm3/株,均高于对照的28.50 cm/株、2.79 cm2/株、0.32 mm和0.022 cm3/株;中嘉早17也表现出相同趋势。表明钵形毯状秧苗的根系更为健壮,其秧苗根系独立成钵状,白根多,而普通平盘所育秧苗的根系盘结交错,根黄,老根多。
Table 2
表2
表2水稻钵形毯状机插秧苗的根系形态（2014）
Table 2
| 品种 Variety | 处理 Treatment | 根总长度 Root total length (cm/plant) | 根表面积 Root superficial area (cm2/plant) | 根直径 Root diameter (mm) | 根体积 Root volume (cm3/plant） |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中早39 | BT | 29.23 | 3.12 | 0.35 | 0.027 |
| ZZ39 | CK | 28.50 | 2.79 | 0.32 | 0.022 |
| 中嘉早17 | BT | 25.05 | 2.82 | 0.37 | 0.026 |
| ZJZ17 | CK | 24.40 | 2.54 | 0.33 | 0.021 |
新窗口打开|下载CSV
图3
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图3中早39和中嘉早17的秧苗根系形态
Fig. 3Seedling root morphology of Zhongzao 39 and Zhongjia Zao17
2.2 水稻钵形毯状秧苗的机插效果
机插质量是影响水稻产量的重要因素,对不同育秧方式所育的秧苗机插效果比较（表3）,研究表明,在相同播种量下,参试的2个水稻品种的钵形毯状秧盘育秧的漏秧率均有所下降,其中2013年中早39和中嘉早17比对照处理的漏秧率分别降低3.89%和2.22%,2014年比对照处理的漏秧率降低1.67%和1.66%。另外,比较机插后秧苗的翻秧、漂秧、伤秧等比例,基本上钵形毯状秧苗机插比对照也有所下降。说明水稻钵形毯状秧苗可提高机插效果,从而为机插稻产量提高奠定基础。Table 3
表3
表3水稻钵形毯状秧苗与传统毯状秧苗的机插效果
Table 3
| 品种 Variety | 年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 株数 (No/hole) | 翻秧率 Tilting seedling rate (%) | 漂秧率 Floating seedling rate (%) | 伤秧率 Injured seedling rate (%) | 漏秧率 Lack of seedling rate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中早39 | 2013 | BT | 2.66a | 1.14b | 0.22b | 0.67a | 6.67b |
| ZZ39 | CK | 2.51b | 2.60a | 2.24a | 0.99a | 10.56a | |
| 2014 | BT | 3.63a | 0.91b | 0.91a | 0.23b | 3.33b | |
| CK | 3.47a | 1.82a | 1.14a | 0.91a | 5.00a | ||
| 中嘉早17 | 2013 | BT | 3.10a | 0.75a | 2.86a | 0.97b | 2.78b |
| ZJZ17 | CK | 2.83b | 1.00a | 2.83a | 2.21a | 5.00a | |
| 2014 | BT | 3.57a | 1.82a | 0.23a | 1.59a | 4.17b | |
| CK | 3.47a | 0.91b | 0.46a | 1.59a | 5.83a |
新窗口打开|下载CSV
采用钵形毯状秧盘育秧,秧苗的根大多数盘结在钵中,插秧机按钵苗取秧,可实现根系带土插秧,有利于降低伤根率。2014年通过对2种秧苗机插的断秧率比较（图4）,中早39和中嘉早17水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插的断根率为22.27%和25.37%,比对照处理的断根率47.33%和39.61%分别降低25.06%和14.24%。这为机插秧苗返青和分蘖早发提供了条件。
图4
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图4钵形毯状秧苗机插断根率（2014）
Fig. 4Root cutting rate of pot-mat seedling and traditional flat-mat seedling (2014)
2.3 秧苗返青及分蘖生长
比较机插后14 d 不同处理的秧苗干物质量（表4）,结果表明,中早39单位面积内水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插处理的秧苗株高、叶重、茎鞘重、根重和地上部总重量分别为18.30 cm、3.37 g·m-2、3.56 g·m-2、2.64 g·m-2和6.93 g·m-2,除株高增加不明显外,叶重、茎鞘重、根重和地上部总重量分别比对照高出56.0%、50.2%、10.0%和51.0%;中嘉早17除了株高和叶重外,钵形毯状秧苗机插处理的茎鞘重、根重和地上部总重量也比对照处理要高,表明水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插有利于秧苗早发,促进生长。Table 4
表4
表4机插后14 d不同处理的水稻秧苗干物质量（2014）
Table 4
| 品种 Variety | 处理 Treatment | 株高 Plant height (cm) | 叶重 Leaf weight (g·m-2) | 茎鞘重 Stem-sheath weight (g·m-2) | 根重 Root weight (g·m-2) | 地上部总重 Shoot weight (g·m-2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中早39 | BT | 18.30a | 3.37a | 3.56a | 2.64a | 6.93a |
| ZZ39 | CK | 18.10a | 2.16b | 2.37b | 2.40b | 4.53b |
| 中嘉早17 | BT | 19.53a | 2.91a | 3.27a | 2.74a | 6.18a |
| ZJZ17 | CK | 19.56a | 2.91a | 2.97b | 2.28b | 5.88b |
新窗口打开|下载CSV
通过对机插后14 d不同处理的水稻秧苗的MDA含量、可溶性糖、叶绿素a和叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素等生理指标进行测定,结果表明,除中早39钵形毯状秧苗机插水稻可溶性糖低于对照外,其他均表现出钵形毯状秧苗机插处理高于对照（表5）,这也进一步验证了钵形毯状秧苗机插处理有利于促进秧苗早发。
Table 5
表5
表5机插14 d后不同处理的水稻秧苗生理指标（2014）
Table 5
| 品种 Variety | 处理 Treatment | MDA含量 MDA content | 可溶性糖 Soluble-glucide content (mg·g-1) | 叶绿素a Chl a (mg·g-1) | 叶绿素b Chl b (mg·g-1) | 类胡萝卜素 Carotenoid content (mg·g-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中早39 | BT | 16.75±0.17 | 22.26±1.09 | 1467.1±29.0 | 449.8±26.7 | 556.0±21.5 |
| ZZ39 | CK | 15.32±0.02 | 26.51±0.76 | 1417.9±25.1 | 410.7±14.5 | 540.1±9.4 |
| 中嘉早17 | BT | 23.58±1.83 | 32.55±1.66 | 1597.7±12.0 | 595.2±21.8 | 635.9±7.2 |
| ZJZ17 | CK | 18.49±0.73 | 26.63±1.54 | 1485.4±51.2 | 461.8±32.1 | 552.7±21.0 |
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比较不同处理的分蘖动态及成穗率,参试的中早39和中嘉早17的钵形毯状秧苗机插后茎蘖数高于对照处理（图5）,中早39在机插后42 d茎蘖数达到最高值11.0株/丛,比对照处理高0.7株/丛,中嘉早17最大茎蘖数在插后49 d,为11.45株/丛,比对照处理的10.3株/丛高出1.15株/丛;比较成穗率则表现为对照高于钵形毯状秧苗机插处理,中早39和中嘉早17的钵形毯状秧苗机插处理分别为73.91%、71.00%,分别比相应对照的77.28%、73.79%低3.37%和2.79%,从而参试2个品种的有效穗数均表现为钵形毯状秧苗机插高于对照。
图5
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图5中早39和中嘉早17不同处理的水稻茎蘖动态（2014）
Fig. 5Tillering dynamics of Zhongzao 39 and Zhongjia Zao17 (2014)
2.4 产量与产量构成因子
比较水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插和对照的水稻产量（表6）,2013年和2014年中早39分别增产7.66%和6.35%,中嘉早17分别增产10.87%和8.99%,不同处理间产量差异均达显著水平;分析不同处理的产量构成因子,其中中早39和中嘉早17 2年的有效穗数和穗粒数均表现为钵形毯状秧苗机插处理高于对照,而结实率及千粒重在品种及年度间有较大差异,规律不明显,说明水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插主要通过增加有效穗数实现增产。钵形毯状秧苗机插的有效穗数与对照比较,2013年和2014年中早39分别增加了6.01%和2.14%,中嘉早17分别增加了4.76%和6.98%,除了2014年中早39品种外,其他均表现出钵形毯状秧苗机插处理的有效穗数与对照有显著差异;钵形毯状秧苗机插的穗粒数虽然增加,但处理间大多差异不显著。Table 6
表6
表6水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插的产量及构成因子
Table 6
| 品种 Variety | 年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 有效穗 Panicle number (×104·hm-2) | 穗粒数 Grain number per panicle | 结实率 Filled grains rate (%) | 千粒重 1000-grain weight (g) | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中早39 | 2013 | BT | 289.50a | 131.55a | 78.73a | 25.70a | 7605.60a |
| ZZ39 | CK | 273.08b | 124.06a | 79.22a | 25.89a | 7064.60b | |
| 2014 | BT | 225.95a | 151.04a | 83.75a | 25.77a | 7289.94a | |
| CK | 221.22a | 144.33a | 83.40a | 25.74a | 6854.87b | ||
| 中嘉早17 | 2013 | BT | 240.86a | 161.97a | 77.17a | 25.29a | 7533.8a |
| ZJZ17 | CK | 229.91b | 154.94a | 76.53a | 25.22a | 6795.4b | |
| 2014 | BT | 225.95a | 182.63a | 77.12a | 25.51a | 7961.14a | |
| CK | 211.22b | 172.63b | 77.55a | 25.62a | 7304.66b |
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3 讨论
3.1 钵形毯状秧盘及机插水稻秧苗的根系特征
机插秧技术是水稻机械化、集约化、规模化及产业化的重要途径,是水稻栽插方式发展的主要方向[14,15]。机插秧育秧要求高,培育高标准高素质的水稻秧苗是机插秧高产的关键,已有研究表明,降低播种量可显著提高秧苗素质,但低播量下秧块成毯性差,机插漏秧率高,大田基本苗不足,不利于实现机插水稻高产[16,17,18]。通过农艺农机结合,改进秧盘结构,来提高秧苗素质及机插效果是一种途径。传统水稻机插采用平盘培育毯状机插秧苗,由于秧苗根系相互交错生长,机插伤秧伤根多,缓苗期长,不利于机插水稻产量潜力的发挥,采用钵形毯状秧盘育秧,培育具有上毯下钵体状的水稻机插秧苗,其根系大多数盘结在钵中,插秧机按钵苗取秧,实现根系带土插秧,伤秧和伤根率低。本研究表明,钵形毯状秧盘育秧的种子出苗率、苗高、叶龄比普通平盘略高,而根数则表现出钵形毯状秧苗少于普通平盘,但根长、根直径、根体积等均有所增加;不同部位分析,水稻钵形毯状秧苗的根系分布与对照平盘所育的秧苗存在较大差异,其中水稻钵形毯状秧苗有56.03%的根系在底层的钵碗内,钵碗上部的根系比例仅为43.97%,而对照则相反,其对应的底层根系比例为37.86%,而上部的根系比例则高达62.14%,说明钵形毯状秧盘育秧由于盘内钵体存在,秧盘内部形状改变,会影响根系生长及分布,秧苗根系如何合理分布对机插稻产量有优势,还需要进一步研究明确,一般来说,由于插秧机机插切块取秧对底部钵内根系损伤极少,下部底层钵碗中根系越多,可以减少伤根,从而有利于秧苗返青。由于秧盘底部的钵体结构,秧苗根系生长受到影响,在钵体中往往只有秧苗的几条主根系,导致秧盘的盘结力差,容易断秧,给起秧、卷秧等工作带来困难[19],因此,需要通过合理措施培育壮秧,提高秧苗根系盘结能力,方便起秧机插[20,21]。3.2 水稻钵形毯状秧苗的机插效果
机插质量是影响水稻产量的重要因素,育秧环境、基质类型、秧苗秧龄、耕作方式等对机插质量均有影响[22,23,24],另外,插秧机通过机械对毯状秧苗切块取秧移栽,在取秧和栽插的过程中会对秧苗造成无法避免的损伤,导致秧苗机插后会有一定时间的生长停滞。本研究表明,钵形毯状秧盘所育水稻秧苗的根系独立成钵状,白根多,而普通平盘所育秧苗的根系盘结交错,根黄,老根多,其结果与前人一致[25];中早39和中嘉早17水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插的断根率比对照47.33%和39.61%分别降低了25.06%和14.24%,这与之前的研究结果相符[8],伤根少也为机插秧苗返青和分蘖早发提供了条件。漏秧率是衡量机插质量的一项重要指标,虽然水稻有较强的群体调节能力[26],但一般认为机插秧苗漏秧率高于5%,会严重影响水稻产量。研究表明,机插秧播种量与基本苗间呈极显著线性正相关,而与漏秧率间呈极显著线性负相关,随着播种量增加,每丛的机插苗数增加,漏秧率有明显的降低趋势[27,28];播种量低虽有利于秧苗素质提高,但根系盘结力小,不利于秧块成毯,影响机插质量,同时基本苗不足,最终影响机插水稻产量。本研究表明,在相同播种量下,钵形毯状秧盘育秧的漏秧率比平盘育秧均有所下降,同时,翻秧、漂秧、伤秧等比例也有所下降,说明水稻钵形毯状秧苗,可提高机插效果,从而为机插稻产量提高奠定基础。但陈川等[20]也提出,采用钵体毯式秧盘育秧,由于采用的是传统播种方式,水稻种子均匀分布盘土表面（含在两钵碗之间表面）,会造成机械插秧时秧苗伤根、断秧、漏插等现象发生,因此,通过在钵体毯式秧盘上用压穴模具压盘土,与秧盘底部钵碗对应精准穴播,可有效降低秧针植伤秧苗,减少秧苗漏插现象发生。
3.3 钵形毯状秧苗机插的产量表现
传统平盘毯状秧苗机插存在着秧苗素质差、秧龄弹性小,易超秧龄、移栽植伤重、返青期长等问题,限制了机插稻产量潜力发挥及技术推广应用[29,30,31]。机插育秧方法及栽植模式的创新对促进我国稻作技术转型具有重要作用,水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插技术结合了毯苗机插及钵苗移栽的优势,有利于水稻产量提高。本研究在超级早稻中早39和中嘉早17上采用钵形毯状秧苗机插,2年试验结果中早39分别比对照增产7.66%和6.35%,中嘉早17分别增产10.87%和8.99%,不同处理间产量差异达显著水平,结果与他人研究基本一致[8-12,20-21],其中钵形毯状秧苗机插主要提高了有效穗数和每穗总粒数,通过对机插后14 d的秧苗干物质量等测定,水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插的秧苗株高、叶重、茎鞘重、根重和地上部总重量比平盘毯苗机插处理有明显增加,说明水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插有利于早发,促进分蘖生长,从而提高有效穗数,这可能是其增产的主要因素。另外,在保持群体穗数优势的前提下,还需要通过适宜的栽培措施,促进大穗形成,协调出足够的群体颖花量,并保持正常的结实率与粒重,从而形成合理的高产结构,实现机插高产[32,33]。4 结论
水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插通过培育形成上毯下钵的钵形毯状秧苗,利用普通插秧机,按钵精确取秧,是水稻机插方法的创新。该技术在超级早稻中早39和中嘉早17上应用表明,其种子出苗率与平盘育秧差异不显著;但其秧苗根系独立成钵状,白根多;参试两品种的机插断根率比平盘毯状秧苗分别下降了25.06%和14.24%,相同播种量下,中早39钵形毯状秧苗机插的漏秧率比对照2年分别下降了3.89%和1.67%,中嘉早17分别下降了2.22%和1.66%,另外翻秧、漂秧、伤秧比例较对照也有所减少;从而有利于促进秧苗早发生长;产量上,中早39钵形毯状秧苗机插处理比对照2年分别增产7.66%和6.35%,中嘉早17分别增产10.87%和8.99%,其中有效穗数中早39和中嘉早17分别增加了2.14%—6.01%和4.76%—6.98%,表明主要通过有效穗数增加实现增产。参考文献 原文顺序
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被引期刊影响因子
URL [本文引用: 1]
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[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.07.004URL [本文引用: 1]
Rice planting mechanization is a difficult point of the whole-course mechanized development in crop production in China. Based on the reviewing of development situation of rice planting mechanization in China, the high-yielding rules and cultivation techniques of three mechanized planting methods were highlighted and illustrated. (1) Growth characteristics and high-yielding rules of blanket-seedling mechanical transplanting rice grown in floppy disks were generalized systematically. Firstly, population photosynthesis and matter production at the middle and later period were improved by developing appropriate dynamics of stems and tillers and LAI. Secondly, it was the emphasis to increase the effective and efficient biomass accumulation in the middle period, and matter production after heading and the final biological yield. Thirdly, the sufficient population spikelets were composed of enough panicles and larger spike harmoniously, with normal seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight at the same time. Moreover, the supporting cultivation techniques for high yield were as follows. ① Nursing standardized seedlings for providing biological basis of building starting point of high-yielding population. ② Precise mechanical planting was conducive to the formation of high-yielding population. ③ Promoting tillers growth earlier in the early period could make sure of suitable stems and tillers for high yield slightly before the critical leaf-age for productive tillers. ④ Field draining earlier and lighter, with an appropriate number of peak seedling (1.4-1.5 folds of expected panicle number), could create conditions for reapplying fertilizer of strong stalk and spikelet promotion as early as possible. ⑤ Committed to optimize the growth in the middle period and increase the effective and efficient biomass accumulation, a right amount of population stems and tillers with strong stalk and large panicle was beneficial to constitute a high-efficiency photosynthetic layer. ⑥ Strengthening material production and accumulation for increasing the enrichment of population sink. (2) Many advantages of the high-yielding cultivation of pot-seedling mechanical transplanting rice were also introduced systematically, such as nursing elder seedlings with soil bowl, almost no damage to machine-transplanting precisely, achieving designed basic seedling of high-yielding cultivation accurately, forming an appropriate number of population stems and tillers with strong stalk and large panicle, improving ventilation and light conditions of population, strengthening the resistance to lodging, coordinating source-sink, strengthening strong photosynthetic production in the middle and later periods, making full use of temperature and solar radiation, creating (super) high yield stably and annual yield in the multiple cropping rotation systems, etc. And the key agronomic techniques for high-yielding cultivation of pot-seedling mechanical transplanting rice were as below. ① Nursing age-lengthening seedlings precisely; ② Precise quantitative mechanical planting; ③ Reapplying tillering fertilizer and spikelet- promoting fertilizer appropriately. (3) Characteristics of growth and yield formation of mechanical drilling rice were reviewed, presented with its supporting techniques including determined planting areas reasonably, selecting large-panicle varieties with appropriate growth duration and strong lodging, mechanical sowing earlier and extremely, chemical weed control and fertilizer management. Simultaneously, the existed main problems in the process of rice planting mechanization in China were analyzed further. According to China’s national conditions, the cultivation model raising nurturing standardized seedlings professionally and mechanical transplanting precisely as well as stable high-yielding-high-efficiency agronomic techniques should be the basic direction of mechanized cultivation for the majority of the localities. And mechanical seeding could be applied in several areas with abundant heat of rice season. Then the corresponding research and development (R & D) focuses for mechanized planting of rice were referred. ① High-yielding cultivation of blanket-seedling mechanical transplanting rice should be classified as the main direction of mechanization in the major rice producing areas so as to R & D further. There were several focal points such as enhanced flexibility of blanket-seedling age and seedling quality, straw machine-returning and land preparation and seedling planting precisely, promoting earlier and stably in the field, cultivating a right amount of population stems and tillers with strong stalk and large panicle and increasing population sink. ② Reducing equipment costs, improving operating efficiency and building stable (super) high-yielding-high-efficiency agronomy techniques were the research priorities of pot-seedling mechanical transplanting rice. ③ However, for the mechanical drilling rice, attention should be focused on improving the quality of previous straw machine-returning and land preparation through efficient mechanical operations, and mechanical precise direct seeding and early germinating for achieving expected seedlings. Finally, the technology integration and demonstration of the whole-process mechanized models under the local main mechanized cultivation methods should be done well in accordance with their characteristics in each main region of rice.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.07.004URL [本文引用: 1]
Rice planting mechanization is a difficult point of the whole-course mechanized development in crop production in China. Based on the reviewing of development situation of rice planting mechanization in China, the high-yielding rules and cultivation techniques of three mechanized planting methods were highlighted and illustrated. (1) Growth characteristics and high-yielding rules of blanket-seedling mechanical transplanting rice grown in floppy disks were generalized systematically. Firstly, population photosynthesis and matter production at the middle and later period were improved by developing appropriate dynamics of stems and tillers and LAI. Secondly, it was the emphasis to increase the effective and efficient biomass accumulation in the middle period, and matter production after heading and the final biological yield. Thirdly, the sufficient population spikelets were composed of enough panicles and larger spike harmoniously, with normal seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight at the same time. Moreover, the supporting cultivation techniques for high yield were as follows. ① Nursing standardized seedlings for providing biological basis of building starting point of high-yielding population. ② Precise mechanical planting was conducive to the formation of high-yielding population. ③ Promoting tillers growth earlier in the early period could make sure of suitable stems and tillers for high yield slightly before the critical leaf-age for productive tillers. ④ Field draining earlier and lighter, with an appropriate number of peak seedling (1.4-1.5 folds of expected panicle number), could create conditions for reapplying fertilizer of strong stalk and spikelet promotion as early as possible. ⑤ Committed to optimize the growth in the middle period and increase the effective and efficient biomass accumulation, a right amount of population stems and tillers with strong stalk and large panicle was beneficial to constitute a high-efficiency photosynthetic layer. ⑥ Strengthening material production and accumulation for increasing the enrichment of population sink. (2) Many advantages of the high-yielding cultivation of pot-seedling mechanical transplanting rice were also introduced systematically, such as nursing elder seedlings with soil bowl, almost no damage to machine-transplanting precisely, achieving designed basic seedling of high-yielding cultivation accurately, forming an appropriate number of population stems and tillers with strong stalk and large panicle, improving ventilation and light conditions of population, strengthening the resistance to lodging, coordinating source-sink, strengthening strong photosynthetic production in the middle and later periods, making full use of temperature and solar radiation, creating (super) high yield stably and annual yield in the multiple cropping rotation systems, etc. And the key agronomic techniques for high-yielding cultivation of pot-seedling mechanical transplanting rice were as below. ① Nursing age-lengthening seedlings precisely; ② Precise quantitative mechanical planting; ③ Reapplying tillering fertilizer and spikelet- promoting fertilizer appropriately. (3) Characteristics of growth and yield formation of mechanical drilling rice were reviewed, presented with its supporting techniques including determined planting areas reasonably, selecting large-panicle varieties with appropriate growth duration and strong lodging, mechanical sowing earlier and extremely, chemical weed control and fertilizer management. Simultaneously, the existed main problems in the process of rice planting mechanization in China were analyzed further. According to China’s national conditions, the cultivation model raising nurturing standardized seedlings professionally and mechanical transplanting precisely as well as stable high-yielding-high-efficiency agronomic techniques should be the basic direction of mechanized cultivation for the majority of the localities. And mechanical seeding could be applied in several areas with abundant heat of rice season. Then the corresponding research and development (R & D) focuses for mechanized planting of rice were referred. ① High-yielding cultivation of blanket-seedling mechanical transplanting rice should be classified as the main direction of mechanization in the major rice producing areas so as to R & D further. There were several focal points such as enhanced flexibility of blanket-seedling age and seedling quality, straw machine-returning and land preparation and seedling planting precisely, promoting earlier and stably in the field, cultivating a right amount of population stems and tillers with strong stalk and large panicle and increasing population sink. ② Reducing equipment costs, improving operating efficiency and building stable (super) high-yielding-high-efficiency agronomy techniques were the research priorities of pot-seedling mechanical transplanting rice. ③ However, for the mechanical drilling rice, attention should be focused on improving the quality of previous straw machine-returning and land preparation through efficient mechanical operations, and mechanical precise direct seeding and early germinating for achieving expected seedlings. Finally, the technology integration and demonstration of the whole-process mechanized models under the local main mechanized cultivation methods should be done well in accordance with their characteristics in each main region of rice.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.17.008URL [本文引用: 1]
Rice is a staple grain crop in China and also the highest yielding one in grain crops. Using Chinese agricultural statistical data and the literature, this paper analyzed the successful experience of innovation and practice, problems and development trend in high-yield cultivation technology in rice, the characteristics of four periods of rice production in China, the contribution of supporting cultivation technology for variety to yield increase, and high-yield cultivation techniques developed in different periods. The characteristics of rice cultivation technology in world are briefly expounded. Supporting cultivation technology for dwarf varieties, hybrid rice, and super rice in the evolution of rice variety and rice industry development was reviewed. The current problems of high yielding cultivation of rice was analyzed. The development of high-yield rice cultivation technology was also discussed. Innovation of supporting cultivation technology based on the growth characteristics of new variety, rice cropping system, rice production models, and ecological environment exploits yield potential of variety and realizes the increase of yield and profit, promotes the development of the rice industry, and improves the environment and raises the efficiency of resource utilization.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.17.008URL [本文引用: 1]
Rice is a staple grain crop in China and also the highest yielding one in grain crops. Using Chinese agricultural statistical data and the literature, this paper analyzed the successful experience of innovation and practice, problems and development trend in high-yield cultivation technology in rice, the characteristics of four periods of rice production in China, the contribution of supporting cultivation technology for variety to yield increase, and high-yield cultivation techniques developed in different periods. The characteristics of rice cultivation technology in world are briefly expounded. Supporting cultivation technology for dwarf varieties, hybrid rice, and super rice in the evolution of rice variety and rice industry development was reviewed. The current problems of high yielding cultivation of rice was analyzed. The development of high-yield rice cultivation technology was also discussed. Innovation of supporting cultivation technology based on the growth characteristics of new variety, rice cropping system, rice production models, and ecological environment exploits yield potential of variety and realizes the increase of yield and profit, promotes the development of the rice industry, and improves the environment and raises the efficiency of resource utilization.
北京: 中国农业出版社,
[本文引用: 1]
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.00122URL [本文引用: 1]
In order to study the impacts of planting density of nutrition bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice on photosynthate production and yield, a field experiment was conducted using conventional japonica rice Nanjing 44, Wuyunjing 24, japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 8, Changyou 5, and indica hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu, II you 084 which have been widely grown in the southern China with high, medium and low density treatments of the different hill spacings in nutrition bowl mechanical-transplanting (12 cm, 14 cm, and 16 cm), and the conventional blanket seedling mechanical- transplanting as control. The results showed that, the tiller number of nutrition bowl mechanical-transplanting rice in the critical period and the declining rate of leaf area after heading decreased with the reduction of planting density, the productive tiller percentage increased significantly, while the chlorophyll content of flag leaf and the photosynthetic parameters presented the opposite trend. The dry matter weight of single stem, the matter transportation amount in stem and leaf, and the net assimilation rate were all the highest in the low density treatment, the medium in medium density treatment, and the lowest in high density treatment. After heading, the dry matter accumulation, population growth rate, photosynthetic potential and other indicators of conventional japonica rice decreased significantly with the reduction of planting density. The average dry matter weight of population in high density treatment at maturity stage was 11.8% and 8.9% higher than that in medium density treatment and low density treatment respectively, and without significant difference between the low density treatment and control. For the population growth indexes of hybrid rice, medium density treatment was the highest, and there was no significant difference between high density treatment and low density treatments. The actual yield in high density treatment was between that in medium and low density treatments, besides, that in high density treatment of indica hybrid rice was equal to that in low density treatment, but significantly lower than that in medium density treatment by 3.0%. Consequently, for conventional japonica rice and varieties with big panicle and numerous grain in agricultural production, the hill spacing of 12 centimeters could reach high yield, while for hybrid rice and big heavy panicle varieties, increasing the hill spacing appropriately was helpful to improve the percentage of spike-forming tillers and develop the advantage of panicle type, resalting in high yielding and high efficiency production.
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.00122URL [本文引用: 1]
In order to study the impacts of planting density of nutrition bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice on photosynthate production and yield, a field experiment was conducted using conventional japonica rice Nanjing 44, Wuyunjing 24, japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 8, Changyou 5, and indica hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu, II you 084 which have been widely grown in the southern China with high, medium and low density treatments of the different hill spacings in nutrition bowl mechanical-transplanting (12 cm, 14 cm, and 16 cm), and the conventional blanket seedling mechanical- transplanting as control. The results showed that, the tiller number of nutrition bowl mechanical-transplanting rice in the critical period and the declining rate of leaf area after heading decreased with the reduction of planting density, the productive tiller percentage increased significantly, while the chlorophyll content of flag leaf and the photosynthetic parameters presented the opposite trend. The dry matter weight of single stem, the matter transportation amount in stem and leaf, and the net assimilation rate were all the highest in the low density treatment, the medium in medium density treatment, and the lowest in high density treatment. After heading, the dry matter accumulation, population growth rate, photosynthetic potential and other indicators of conventional japonica rice decreased significantly with the reduction of planting density. The average dry matter weight of population in high density treatment at maturity stage was 11.8% and 8.9% higher than that in medium density treatment and low density treatment respectively, and without significant difference between the low density treatment and control. For the population growth indexes of hybrid rice, medium density treatment was the highest, and there was no significant difference between high density treatment and low density treatments. The actual yield in high density treatment was between that in medium and low density treatments, besides, that in high density treatment of indica hybrid rice was equal to that in low density treatment, but significantly lower than that in medium density treatment by 3.0%. Consequently, for conventional japonica rice and varieties with big panicle and numerous grain in agricultural production, the hill spacing of 12 centimeters could reach high yield, while for hybrid rice and big heavy panicle varieties, increasing the hill spacing appropriately was helpful to improve the percentage of spike-forming tillers and develop the advantage of panicle type, resalting in high yielding and high efficiency production.
URL [本文引用: 1]
In different ecological regions of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, representative cultivars which were widely planted in the local areas were used as the materials by setting the high-yield demonstration field and special plot comparison test of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting, with conventional blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting for CK. The yield and its structure, various indicators of population growth, and development dynamic under two kinds of mechanical-transplanting methods were compared systematically, in order to study the advantages of yield formation and physiological and ecological characteristics of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The results showed that, comparing with blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting, bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting stopped growing in the first week after transplanting. The averaged daily increment of the height of a seedling, leaf area, dry matter, and root traits of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting in the second week after transplanting were all significantly better than the CK from beginning to end. The procedure of establishment and sprouting of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice came earlier, of which the maximum number of stems and tillers were less and the dynamic change of stems and tills presented the characteristics of rising steadily and dropping slowly, as well as the ratio of productive tillers to total tillers being 9.3% higher than that of CK. The leaf area of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice degraded more slowly after heading, of which the effective leaf area index and the efficient leaf area index were 2.0%, 2.5% higher respectively. In addition, the photosynthetic potential and net assimilation rate were relatively higher than that of CK. The growth rate of population and the amount of accumulation of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice were both significantly higher than that of blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice from heading to maturity stage. The bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice still not only kept the root activity rather higher in the late period of rice growth, but also the lodging index of basal internodes was slightly lower so its lodging resistant capability was stronger, compared with the blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The comparison test from 2011 to 2012 under different ecological regions show that bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had an approximately 6.0 to 12.6 percent higher yield than blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice, possessing a significant advantage of increasing yield. The average percentage of increased output at all the experimental sites was significantly improved by 9.0%. The main advantage of yield formation for it was large panicles with more grains: There exists no significant difference among the two mechanical-transplanting methods in terms of filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight. While the bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had slightly lower number of panicle, it had more spikelets per panicle. Consequently, due to the above factors, they commonly promoted increased yield.
URL [本文引用: 1]
In different ecological regions of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, representative cultivars which were widely planted in the local areas were used as the materials by setting the high-yield demonstration field and special plot comparison test of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting, with conventional blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting for CK. The yield and its structure, various indicators of population growth, and development dynamic under two kinds of mechanical-transplanting methods were compared systematically, in order to study the advantages of yield formation and physiological and ecological characteristics of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The results showed that, comparing with blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting, bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting stopped growing in the first week after transplanting. The averaged daily increment of the height of a seedling, leaf area, dry matter, and root traits of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting in the second week after transplanting were all significantly better than the CK from beginning to end. The procedure of establishment and sprouting of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice came earlier, of which the maximum number of stems and tillers were less and the dynamic change of stems and tills presented the characteristics of rising steadily and dropping slowly, as well as the ratio of productive tillers to total tillers being 9.3% higher than that of CK. The leaf area of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice degraded more slowly after heading, of which the effective leaf area index and the efficient leaf area index were 2.0%, 2.5% higher respectively. In addition, the photosynthetic potential and net assimilation rate were relatively higher than that of CK. The growth rate of population and the amount of accumulation of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice were both significantly higher than that of blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice from heading to maturity stage. The bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice still not only kept the root activity rather higher in the late period of rice growth, but also the lodging index of basal internodes was slightly lower so its lodging resistant capability was stronger, compared with the blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The comparison test from 2011 to 2012 under different ecological regions show that bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had an approximately 6.0 to 12.6 percent higher yield than blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice, possessing a significant advantage of increasing yield. The average percentage of increased output at all the experimental sites was significantly improved by 9.0%. The main advantage of yield formation for it was large panicles with more grains: There exists no significant difference among the two mechanical-transplanting methods in terms of filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight. While the bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had slightly lower number of panicle, it had more spikelets per panicle. Consequently, due to the above factors, they commonly promoted increased yield.
URL [本文引用: 3]
水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插技术是由中国水稻研究首创的，适于我国水稻品种和季节特点的新型水稻机插技术。针对传统毯状秧苗机插存在的问题，该技术采用钵形毯状秧盘，培育具有上毯下钵形状的秧苗，按块定量取秧机插，可提高插秧机取秧的精确度，实现钵苗机插。该技术结合了钵形秧苗和毯状秧苗机插的特点和优点，具有成苗率高、秧苗素质好，机插质量好，伤秧伤根少，秧苗返青快，增产效果好等优点。2008年在浙江各地示范比对照平均增产6.2%。
URL [本文引用: 3]
水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插技术是由中国水稻研究首创的，适于我国水稻品种和季节特点的新型水稻机插技术。针对传统毯状秧苗机插存在的问题，该技术采用钵形毯状秧盘，培育具有上毯下钵形状的秧苗，按块定量取秧机插，可提高插秧机取秧的精确度，实现钵苗机插。该技术结合了钵形秧苗和毯状秧苗机插的特点和优点，具有成苗率高、秧苗素质好，机插质量好，伤秧伤根少，秧苗返青快，增产效果好等优点。2008年在浙江各地示范比对照平均增产6.2%。
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DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2013.04.034URL [本文引用: 1]
2010年天津市引进由中国水稻研究所研发的水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插技术，在宝坻、蓟县、宁河等地进行试验示范。在试验示范过程中，该技术表现出取秧准确、漏秧率低、机插苗数均匀、秧苗带土多、伤秧率低、秧苗早发等特点，一般示范产量9 750 kg/hm2，比普通机插技术增产10%以上，经济效益显著，适合在天津地区推广应用。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2013.04.034URL [本文引用: 1]
2010年天津市引进由中国水稻研究所研发的水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插技术，在宝坻、蓟县、宁河等地进行试验示范。在试验示范过程中，该技术表现出取秧准确、漏秧率低、机插苗数均匀、秧苗带土多、伤秧率低、秧苗早发等特点，一般示范产量9 750 kg/hm2，比普通机插技术增产10%以上，经济效益显著，适合在天津地区推广应用。
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DOI:10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61604-0URL [本文引用: 1]
URL [本文引用: 1]
水稻生产在我国粮食生产中占有举足轻重的地位,水稻机械化是发展水稻生产的重要保障之一,其中种植机械化又是水稻机械化的难点,因此发展水稻种植机械化是实现水稻全程机械化的重点.分析研究十一五这五年水稻种植机械化所取得的成果和经验以及十二五期间要面临的问题,认为要实现2015年水稻种植机械化水平达到45%,必需依靠行政推动,充分发挥农业部水稻专家组的作用,解决双季稻区的机械化种植农艺与农机结合的问题,加快农业装备的研制与改进.
URL [本文引用: 1]
水稻生产在我国粮食生产中占有举足轻重的地位,水稻机械化是发展水稻生产的重要保障之一,其中种植机械化又是水稻机械化的难点,因此发展水稻种植机械化是实现水稻全程机械化的重点.分析研究十一五这五年水稻种植机械化所取得的成果和经验以及十二五期间要面临的问题,认为要实现2015年水稻种植机械化水平达到45%,必需依靠行政推动,充分发挥农业部水稻专家组的作用,解决双季稻区的机械化种植农艺与农机结合的问题,加快农业装备的研制与改进.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.05.002URL [本文引用: 1]
The development of machine transplanting rice between the south and north of China is unbalanced. The level of machine transplanting rice in the south of China expect Jiangsu Province is poor due to its irregular and rugged field, diversified rice varieties and cropping patterns, as well as high production cost. At present, with the development of social economy, the change of agricultural production relations and the progress of science and technology, the development of machine transplanting rice is in a rapid development trend. It is important to strengthen the research and development of agricultural machinery and agronomic techniques, improve the technical application rate and in place rate, and development of mechanization production cooperation organization.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.05.002URL [本文引用: 1]
The development of machine transplanting rice between the south and north of China is unbalanced. The level of machine transplanting rice in the south of China expect Jiangsu Province is poor due to its irregular and rugged field, diversified rice varieties and cropping patterns, as well as high production cost. At present, with the development of social economy, the change of agricultural production relations and the progress of science and technology, the development of machine transplanting rice is in a rapid development trend. It is important to strengthen the research and development of agricultural machinery and agronomic techniques, improve the technical application rate and in place rate, and development of mechanization production cooperation organization.
DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199605)31:1<81::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-PURLPMID:8731152 [本文引用: 1]
Early bone infusion by cementless fixation of composite orthopedic and dental implants consisting of metallic substrates and bioceramics is well documented. Calcium phosphate ceramics in general and hydroxyapatite (HA) in particular have been the most popular of the bioceramics used for coating metals. Here, a non-line of sight coating procedure by electrocodeposition is reported for mechanically fixing HA particles in a metal matrix. Analyses of the coating showed excellent adhesion to the substrate and no structural transformation in either crystallinity or stoichiometry. Adhesion and surface coverage of HA depended upon the particle size. As a demonstration of the coating procedure's non-line of sight applicability, it was successfully used to coat titanium rods sintered with small titanium spheres.
DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199605)31:1<81::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-PURLPMID:8731152 [本文引用: 1]
Early bone infusion by cementless fixation of composite orthopedic and dental implants consisting of metallic substrates and bioceramics is well documented. Calcium phosphate ceramics in general and hydroxyapatite (HA) in particular have been the most popular of the bioceramics used for coating metals. Here, a non-line of sight coating procedure by electrocodeposition is reported for mechanically fixing HA particles in a metal matrix. Analyses of the coating showed excellent adhesion to the substrate and no structural transformation in either crystallinity or stoichiometry. Adhesion and surface coverage of HA depended upon the particle size. As a demonstration of the coating procedure's non-line of sight applicability, it was successfully used to coat titanium rods sintered with small titanium spheres.
URL [本文引用: 1]
According to the agronomic requirements for mechanized transplanting technology for hybrid rice, using Tianyou 998 and Wuyou 308 as test materials, the effects of a seedling tray and sowing rate on entwining effect of seedling roots, seedling quality, and machine-transplanted quality were studied by mechanized precision seedling raising field experiments. The results showed that when the sowing rate of bowl-flat tray nursing seedlings exceeds 65 g/tray, flat tray nursing seedlings exceeds 45 g/tray, and narrow row tray nursing seedlings exceeds 36 g/tray, the entwining effects of seedling roots were suitable for mechanized transplanting by using reliable mechanized precision planting technology, such as the "Field Factory Seedling Precision Sowing Machine for Rice" developed by South China Agricultural University. Variance analysis showed that the effects of seedling tray types on the seedling quality were significant. Among the four seedling raising methods of tray nursing seedling, the seedling quality and the regularity of bowl tray nursing seedlings were the best, bowl-flat tray nursing seedlings took the second place, and flat tray nursing seedlings and narrow row tray nursing seedlings were the worst. Similarly, sowing rates showed significant differences on all seedling quality indicators, especially highly significant differences were showed on plant height, seedling stems width, root length, fresh weight of one hundred plants, dry weight of one hundred plants, root weight of one hundred plants, and height ratio mass. It was concluded that the leaf age, the plant height, the seedling stems width, the root length, the fresh weight of one hundred plants, the dry weight of one hundred plants, the root weight of one hundred plants, and the height ratio mass will decrease with the increase of the sowing rate. The interaction effect on seedling quality between seedling tray and sowing rates was not significant. Considering the quality of mechanized transplanting and the agronomic requirements of hybrid rice, the suitable sowing density for bowl-flat tray nursing seedlings and flat tray nursing seedlings were from 65 g/tray to 80 g/tray, narrow row tray nursing seedlings were from 52 g/tray to 64 g/tray, bowl tray nursing seedlings were from 41 g/tray to 50 g/tray.
URL [本文引用: 1]
According to the agronomic requirements for mechanized transplanting technology for hybrid rice, using Tianyou 998 and Wuyou 308 as test materials, the effects of a seedling tray and sowing rate on entwining effect of seedling roots, seedling quality, and machine-transplanted quality were studied by mechanized precision seedling raising field experiments. The results showed that when the sowing rate of bowl-flat tray nursing seedlings exceeds 65 g/tray, flat tray nursing seedlings exceeds 45 g/tray, and narrow row tray nursing seedlings exceeds 36 g/tray, the entwining effects of seedling roots were suitable for mechanized transplanting by using reliable mechanized precision planting technology, such as the "Field Factory Seedling Precision Sowing Machine for Rice" developed by South China Agricultural University. Variance analysis showed that the effects of seedling tray types on the seedling quality were significant. Among the four seedling raising methods of tray nursing seedling, the seedling quality and the regularity of bowl tray nursing seedlings were the best, bowl-flat tray nursing seedlings took the second place, and flat tray nursing seedlings and narrow row tray nursing seedlings were the worst. Similarly, sowing rates showed significant differences on all seedling quality indicators, especially highly significant differences were showed on plant height, seedling stems width, root length, fresh weight of one hundred plants, dry weight of one hundred plants, root weight of one hundred plants, and height ratio mass. It was concluded that the leaf age, the plant height, the seedling stems width, the root length, the fresh weight of one hundred plants, the dry weight of one hundred plants, the root weight of one hundred plants, and the height ratio mass will decrease with the increase of the sowing rate. The interaction effect on seedling quality between seedling tray and sowing rates was not significant. Considering the quality of mechanized transplanting and the agronomic requirements of hybrid rice, the suitable sowing density for bowl-flat tray nursing seedlings and flat tray nursing seedlings were from 65 g/tray to 80 g/tray, narrow row tray nursing seedlings were from 52 g/tray to 64 g/tray, bowl tray nursing seedlings were from 41 g/tray to 50 g/tray.
URL [本文引用: 1]
According to the agronomic requirements for transplanting technology for the super hybrid rice, reducing seeding rate and cultivating strong seedlings and realizing fewer seedling and bigger space planting are the key to increase yield potential in mechanized transplanting of hybrid rice. In this paper, rice seedling quality and effectiveness of mechanized transplanting of precision seed drilling and sowing were studied with super hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu. The results showed that precision seed drilling had more uniform seed distribution, better seedling mat-formed effect and seedling quality in comparison with seed broadcasting. Precision seed drilling could reduce the rate of no-seedling in hill and the rate of injured-seedling, and improve the uniformity of seedling. The percent of one and two seedling in hill after mechanized transplanting was increased. Research shows that precision seed drilling can effectively reduce the rate of no seedling in hill and improve seedling quality and mechanized transplanting quality.
URL [本文引用: 1]
According to the agronomic requirements for transplanting technology for the super hybrid rice, reducing seeding rate and cultivating strong seedlings and realizing fewer seedling and bigger space planting are the key to increase yield potential in mechanized transplanting of hybrid rice. In this paper, rice seedling quality and effectiveness of mechanized transplanting of precision seed drilling and sowing were studied with super hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu. The results showed that precision seed drilling had more uniform seed distribution, better seedling mat-formed effect and seedling quality in comparison with seed broadcasting. Precision seed drilling could reduce the rate of no-seedling in hill and the rate of injured-seedling, and improve the uniformity of seedling. The percent of one and two seedling in hill after mechanized transplanting was increased. Research shows that precision seed drilling can effectively reduce the rate of no seedling in hill and improve seedling quality and mechanized transplanting quality.
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为明确基质类型及烯效唑对不同秧龄晚稻秧苗生理特征及本田期生长发育特性的影响，确定适宜晚稻机插育秧的基质类型、烯效唑浸种措施及秧龄，该研究以嘉58为供试晚稻品种，以2种代表性育秧介质（营养土和轻型无土育秧基质）为研究对象，采用2种（清水浸种和25 mg/L烯效唑浸种）外源生长调控措施，阐明了不同育秧介质和烯效唑浸种对不同秧龄晚稻秧苗生理特征、机插质量的影响及调控技术。结果表明，随晚稻秧龄延长，秧苗地上部分干物质量显著增加，叶片SPAD值和根系活力先增加后降低；水稻全生育期延长，大田生育期缩短。采用烯效唑浸种可提高秧苗素质，浸种处理秧苗茎基宽约增加0.1～0.2 mm，株高显著降低，叶片SPAD值和根系活力显著提高。短秧龄条件下烯效唑浸种对秧块质量和机插质量影响较小，长秧龄条件下烯效唑浸种可有效提高成苗率和大田基本苗数，降低漏插率和伤秧率。采用营养土育秧时最适机插秧龄为18 d，轻型无土基质育秧适宜机插秧龄为18～24 d。秧龄大于24 d时，烯效唑浸种可提高营养土育秧晚稻有效穗数和每穗粒数，增加晚稻产量，且秧龄越长，烯效唑浸种的增产效果越显著。烯效唑浸种对轻型无土基质育秧的产量影响较小。采用轻型无土育秧基质培育机插晚稻秧苗，产量高于常规营养土处理，适宜晚稻机插育秧。研究结果可为提升晚稻种植机械化水平提供重要参考。
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为明确基质类型及烯效唑对不同秧龄晚稻秧苗生理特征及本田期生长发育特性的影响，确定适宜晚稻机插育秧的基质类型、烯效唑浸种措施及秧龄，该研究以嘉58为供试晚稻品种，以2种代表性育秧介质（营养土和轻型无土育秧基质）为研究对象，采用2种（清水浸种和25 mg/L烯效唑浸种）外源生长调控措施，阐明了不同育秧介质和烯效唑浸种对不同秧龄晚稻秧苗生理特征、机插质量的影响及调控技术。结果表明，随晚稻秧龄延长，秧苗地上部分干物质量显著增加，叶片SPAD值和根系活力先增加后降低；水稻全生育期延长，大田生育期缩短。采用烯效唑浸种可提高秧苗素质，浸种处理秧苗茎基宽约增加0.1～0.2 mm，株高显著降低，叶片SPAD值和根系活力显著提高。短秧龄条件下烯效唑浸种对秧块质量和机插质量影响较小，长秧龄条件下烯效唑浸种可有效提高成苗率和大田基本苗数，降低漏插率和伤秧率。采用营养土育秧时最适机插秧龄为18 d，轻型无土基质育秧适宜机插秧龄为18～24 d。秧龄大于24 d时，烯效唑浸种可提高营养土育秧晚稻有效穗数和每穗粒数，增加晚稻产量，且秧龄越长，烯效唑浸种的增产效果越显著。烯效唑浸种对轻型无土基质育秧的产量影响较小。采用轻型无土育秧基质培育机插晚稻秧苗，产量高于常规营养土处理，适宜晚稻机插育秧。研究结果可为提升晚稻种植机械化水平提供重要参考。
DOI:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2015.05.181URL [本文引用: 1]
The experiment was designed in three-factor split plot by using Fyou 498 as material. Comparing meteorological characteristics of the two seedbed, effects of Heng Aoda and nutrient soil and different seedling ages with 20, 30 and 40 d on seedling quality and transplanting quality of hybrid indica rice were studied.The main results were as follows: 1) The temperature, relative humidity and light intensity of greenhouse seedbed were similar to these of field seedbed, and diurnal variation in temperature, relative humidity and light intensity of greenhouse seedbed lagged behind these of field seedbed. Light intensity of greenhouse seedbed was lower than field seedbed and temperature of greenhouse seedbed was higher than field seedbed. 2) The seedling growth in greenhouse was two segments with fast early and slow rear, and its rate of empty hills and rate of float hills were 4.29% and 2.73% lower than these of field seedbed when transplanted, respectively. The seedling in greenhouse had a better transplanting quality, and the number of plants per hill was 22.22% higher than that in field seedbed. 3) The seedling with 30 d seedling age was suitable for planting mechanization for the lowest rate of empty hills and the highest number of plants per hill. However, the seedling with 40 d seedling age had poor transplanting quality for the highest rate of empty hills, the highest rate of injury hills, the highest rate of float hills and the lowest number of plants per hill. The seedling in greenhouse could be suitable for long seedling age by properly controlling seedling growth with temperature, relative humidity and light intensity regulation to increase scope of seedling age for planting mechanization. 4) The nutrient soil seeding had better transplanting quality than Heng Aoda seeding with high rate of empty hills and high rate of float hills, but substrate seeding had small injury for its loose property on planting mechanization. Thus, the substrate was considered to support seeding in greenhouse for low rate of injury hills by further research. 5) The temperature, relative humidity and light intensity had an impact on seedling quality and transplanting quality including a great effect of temperature on leaf area, leaf age and dry mass, and accumulated temperature was significantly correlated with the leaf age. The temperature, relative humidity and light intensity had an impact on rate of float hills and number of plants per hill and was not significantly correlated with the rate of empty hills and rate of injury hills.
DOI:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2015.05.181URL [本文引用: 1]
The experiment was designed in three-factor split plot by using Fyou 498 as material. Comparing meteorological characteristics of the two seedbed, effects of Heng Aoda and nutrient soil and different seedling ages with 20, 30 and 40 d on seedling quality and transplanting quality of hybrid indica rice were studied.The main results were as follows: 1) The temperature, relative humidity and light intensity of greenhouse seedbed were similar to these of field seedbed, and diurnal variation in temperature, relative humidity and light intensity of greenhouse seedbed lagged behind these of field seedbed. Light intensity of greenhouse seedbed was lower than field seedbed and temperature of greenhouse seedbed was higher than field seedbed. 2) The seedling growth in greenhouse was two segments with fast early and slow rear, and its rate of empty hills and rate of float hills were 4.29% and 2.73% lower than these of field seedbed when transplanted, respectively. The seedling in greenhouse had a better transplanting quality, and the number of plants per hill was 22.22% higher than that in field seedbed. 3) The seedling with 30 d seedling age was suitable for planting mechanization for the lowest rate of empty hills and the highest number of plants per hill. However, the seedling with 40 d seedling age had poor transplanting quality for the highest rate of empty hills, the highest rate of injury hills, the highest rate of float hills and the lowest number of plants per hill. The seedling in greenhouse could be suitable for long seedling age by properly controlling seedling growth with temperature, relative humidity and light intensity regulation to increase scope of seedling age for planting mechanization. 4) The nutrient soil seeding had better transplanting quality than Heng Aoda seeding with high rate of empty hills and high rate of float hills, but substrate seeding had small injury for its loose property on planting mechanization. Thus, the substrate was considered to support seeding in greenhouse for low rate of injury hills by further research. 5) The temperature, relative humidity and light intensity had an impact on seedling quality and transplanting quality including a great effect of temperature on leaf area, leaf age and dry mass, and accumulated temperature was significantly correlated with the leaf age. The temperature, relative humidity and light intensity had an impact on rate of float hills and number of plants per hill and was not significantly correlated with the rate of empty hills and rate of injury hills.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.007URL [本文引用: 1]
Quality of mechanical transplanting, rice growth and grain yield was determined under notillage and mechanical transplanting in a field experiment with Zhongzheyou 1, Yongyou 9 and Yangliangyou 6 as material. The results showed that soil bulk density decreased from 1.0-1.1 g/cm3to 0.8-0.9 g/cm3 after 15 days soaking in 0-25 cm soil layer. The seedling planting depth significantly decreased by 40% under notillage, but the lodging and floating seedling rate increased. The total root biomass decreased under notillage, but the upper root percentage significantly increased compared with conventional tillage. For Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 9, the percentages were 7718% and 77.08%, respectively. Grain yield under notillage declined compared with conventional tillage, which was attributed to higher panicle number per square meter, lower grain number per panicle, seed setting rate and 1000grain weight.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.007URL [本文引用: 1]
Quality of mechanical transplanting, rice growth and grain yield was determined under notillage and mechanical transplanting in a field experiment with Zhongzheyou 1, Yongyou 9 and Yangliangyou 6 as material. The results showed that soil bulk density decreased from 1.0-1.1 g/cm3to 0.8-0.9 g/cm3 after 15 days soaking in 0-25 cm soil layer. The seedling planting depth significantly decreased by 40% under notillage, but the lodging and floating seedling rate increased. The total root biomass decreased under notillage, but the upper root percentage significantly increased compared with conventional tillage. For Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 9, the percentages were 7718% and 77.08%, respectively. Grain yield under notillage declined compared with conventional tillage, which was attributed to higher panicle number per square meter, lower grain number per panicle, seed setting rate and 1000grain weight.
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为探明生物降解秧盘稀播育秧、带盘机插的生产适用性，以籼型杂交稻中浙优8号和籼粳型杂交稻甬优538为材料，普通平盘作对照，研究了生物降解秧盘不同播种量（30，50，70和90 g/盘）育秧对机插水稻秧苗素质、机插特性与产量的影响。结果表明，生物降解秧盘育秧显著提高出苗率（P<0.05），且播种量越低，出苗率越高，中浙优8号30 g/盘处理的出苗率较普通平盘育秧高20.57个百分点。生物降解秧盘采用上毯下钵设计，所育秧苗根系独立成钵状，白根多且粗壮，其平均根直径较普通平盘宽8.63%，且盘根力均大于100 N，满足机插对秧块成毯的要求。同时，可带盘按钵精准机插，中浙优8号30 g/盘处理的漏秧率仅7.78%，较普通平盘机插低6.67个百分点。生物降解秧盘处理结实率和千粒重略低于普通平盘，群体颖花量则高于后者，最终产量较普通平盘机插略高。综合育秧、机插效果及产量表现，生物降解秧盘育秧播种量以70 g/盘为宜。因此，生物降解秧盘带盘机插可发挥稀播培育壮秧优势，提高机插质量，有助于杂交稻少本稀植、充分发挥增产潜力。
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为探明生物降解秧盘稀播育秧、带盘机插的生产适用性，以籼型杂交稻中浙优8号和籼粳型杂交稻甬优538为材料，普通平盘作对照，研究了生物降解秧盘不同播种量（30，50，70和90 g/盘）育秧对机插水稻秧苗素质、机插特性与产量的影响。结果表明，生物降解秧盘育秧显著提高出苗率（P<0.05），且播种量越低，出苗率越高，中浙优8号30 g/盘处理的出苗率较普通平盘育秧高20.57个百分点。生物降解秧盘采用上毯下钵设计，所育秧苗根系独立成钵状，白根多且粗壮，其平均根直径较普通平盘宽8.63%，且盘根力均大于100 N，满足机插对秧块成毯的要求。同时，可带盘按钵精准机插，中浙优8号30 g/盘处理的漏秧率仅7.78%，较普通平盘机插低6.67个百分点。生物降解秧盘处理结实率和千粒重略低于普通平盘，群体颖花量则高于后者，最终产量较普通平盘机插略高。综合育秧、机插效果及产量表现，生物降解秧盘育秧播种量以70 g/盘为宜。因此，生物降解秧盘带盘机插可发挥稀播培育壮秧优势，提高机插质量，有助于杂交稻少本稀植、充分发挥增产潜力。
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In order to determine the factors affacting seedling quality of mechanical transplanting rice, Zhendao6217 was used to investigate the effects of different sowing densities, irrigation management and strong dry rice promoter on rice seedling quality. The results showed that as the sowing density was lower, seedling quality was superior, but the circuvoluting roots were too worse to curl up for mechanical transplanting. When the sowing density was higher, rice seedling quality became bad, which made it difficult for rice seedling to regreen and revive. The suitable sowing density was around 739～924 g/m2. Dry rice seedling was more beneficial to grow vigorous rice seedlings, and had more advantages to prolong the seedling age. The application of moderate amount less than 1% of strong dry rice promoter could take the same effect as fertilizing.
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In order to determine the factors affacting seedling quality of mechanical transplanting rice, Zhendao6217 was used to investigate the effects of different sowing densities, irrigation management and strong dry rice promoter on rice seedling quality. The results showed that as the sowing density was lower, seedling quality was superior, but the circuvoluting roots were too worse to curl up for mechanical transplanting. When the sowing density was higher, rice seedling quality became bad, which made it difficult for rice seedling to regreen and revive. The suitable sowing density was around 739～924 g/m2. Dry rice seedling was more beneficial to grow vigorous rice seedlings, and had more advantages to prolong the seedling age. The application of moderate amount less than 1% of strong dry rice promoter could take the same effect as fertilizing.
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An experiment of two factors(sowing density and fertilizer amount in seedbed) was conducted in plastic film seedling nursery using a late maturity japonica cultivar Wuyunjing 3. The seedlings of three different ages were transplanted into paddy field, and yield and yield components were tested. The main results were as follows: (1) The effect of seedling age on seedling quality and yield was predominant, and followed by fertilizer amount and sowing density. (2) The trend of grain yield reduction was obvious when seedling age was extended from 16 d to 21 d after sowing, although under dense sowing with less fertilizer application (treatments code M1 and M2), or thin sowing with more fertilizing (code X3). Therefore, transplanting at optimum seedling age is very important for mechanical transplanting. (3) The seedling quality indices, such as root-developing ability and sugar content in stem and sheath at seedling age of 21 d were superior to that at seedling age of 16 d (significantly different), but the grain yield in paddy field of 21 d seedling age was decreased because of plant and panicle number reduction. So the indices of vigorous seedling would be varied with seedling age. (4) Path analysis of yield components on yield showed that panicle number was most effective (path coefficient 1.1112) followed by grains per panicle (path coefficient 0.6517) for mechanical transplanting rice.
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An experiment of two factors(sowing density and fertilizer amount in seedbed) was conducted in plastic film seedling nursery using a late maturity japonica cultivar Wuyunjing 3. The seedlings of three different ages were transplanted into paddy field, and yield and yield components were tested. The main results were as follows: (1) The effect of seedling age on seedling quality and yield was predominant, and followed by fertilizer amount and sowing density. (2) The trend of grain yield reduction was obvious when seedling age was extended from 16 d to 21 d after sowing, although under dense sowing with less fertilizer application (treatments code M1 and M2), or thin sowing with more fertilizing (code X3). Therefore, transplanting at optimum seedling age is very important for mechanical transplanting. (3) The seedling quality indices, such as root-developing ability and sugar content in stem and sheath at seedling age of 21 d were superior to that at seedling age of 16 d (significantly different), but the grain yield in paddy field of 21 d seedling age was decreased because of plant and panicle number reduction. So the indices of vigorous seedling would be varied with seedling age. (4) Path analysis of yield components on yield showed that panicle number was most effective (path coefficient 1.1112) followed by grains per panicle (path coefficient 0.6517) for mechanical transplanting rice.
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DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123330URLPMID:25875607 [本文引用: 1]
A delay in the mechanical transplantation (MT) of rice seedlings frequently occurs in Huanghuai wheat-rice rotation cropping districts of China, due to the late harvest of wheat, the poor weather conditions and the insufficiency of transplanters, missing the optimum transplanting time and causing seedlings to age. To identify how delaying transplanting rice affects the agronomic characteristics including the growth duration, photosynthetic productivity and dry matter remobilization efficiency and the grain yield under mechanical transplanting pattern, an experiment with a split-plot design was conducted over two consecutive years. The main plot includes two types of cultivation: mechanical transplanting and artificial transplanting (AT). The subplot comprises four japonica rice cultivars. The results indicate that the rice jointing, booting, heading and maturity stages were postponed under MT when using AT as a control. The tiller occurrence number, dry matter weight per tiller, accumulative dry matter for the population, leaf area index, crop growth rate, photosynthetic potential, and dry matter remobilization efficiency of the leaf under MT significantly decreased compared to those under AT. In contrast, the reduction rate of the leaf area during the heading-maturity stage was markedly enhanced under MT. The numbers of effective panicles and filled grains per panicle and the grain yield significantly decreased under MT. A significant correlation was observed between the dry matter production, remobilization and distribution characteristics and the grain yield. We infer that, as with rice from old seedlings, the decrease in the tiller occurrence, the photosynthetic productivity and the assimilate remobilization efficiency may be important agronomic traits that are responsible for the reduced grain yield under MT.
DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14672-7URLPMID:29074876 [本文引用: 1]
Delayed transplantation frequently occurs in mechanically transplanted rice in China, leading to a significant reduction in grain yield. Thus, determining how to compensate grain yield loss is crucial for improving rice cultivation technology. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of cultivation density and seedling age on agronomic traits and grain yield of mechanically transplanted rice. With increasing seedling age, rice tiller number, pre-anthesis dry matter accumulation, remobilization efficiency and contribution to grain yield, as well as post-anthesis photosynthesis amount decreased, causing reductions in the number of effective panicles, the total number of grains per panicle, the sink capacity per tiller, and grain yield. In rice transplanted at 30- and 35-day seedling ages, increasing cultivation density significantly enhanced the number of effective panicles and grain yield. Additionally, there existed strong, positive correlations between sink capacity per tiller and pre-anthesis dry matter remobilization efficiency and pre-anthesis dry matter contribution to grain yield. We conclude that in addition to cultivation density, enhancing the amount of pre-anthesis dry matter and the remobilization efficiency could be feasible for mitigating grain yield loss caused by delayed transplantation.
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DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2012.04.010URL [本文引用: 1]
The population characteristics, such as yield and its components, accumulation of drymatter and nitrogen of machinetransplanted japonica rice was investigated in three highyield demonstration fields(over 6.7 hm2 per field) at Zouqu, Caoqiao, and Qianhuang Towns, Wujin County, Jiangsu Province in 2008, and one highyield demonstration field at Rudong County, Jiangsu Province in 2009. Results showed that yield was closely related with spikelet number per panicle and spikelet number per m2. The spikelet number per m2 should be greater than 45 000 as grain yield was above 10.5 t/hm2. For highyield mechanically transplanted rice (above 10.5 t/hm2), the dry matter accumulation from heading stage to maturity paid a contribution rate about 70%~80% to the grain dry weight. Nitrogen accumulation mainly occurred at the two growing stages, before critical tiller leaf age, and after heading. It indicated that higher spikelet number per m2 was the main basic characteristic of high yielding, mechanically transplanted japonica rice. And sufficient N supply, improved dry matter accumulation after heading, as well as spikelet number per panicle help increase grain yield of machinetransplanted japonica rice.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2012.04.010URL [本文引用: 1]
The population characteristics, such as yield and its components, accumulation of drymatter and nitrogen of machinetransplanted japonica rice was investigated in three highyield demonstration fields(over 6.7 hm2 per field) at Zouqu, Caoqiao, and Qianhuang Towns, Wujin County, Jiangsu Province in 2008, and one highyield demonstration field at Rudong County, Jiangsu Province in 2009. Results showed that yield was closely related with spikelet number per panicle and spikelet number per m2. The spikelet number per m2 should be greater than 45 000 as grain yield was above 10.5 t/hm2. For highyield mechanically transplanted rice (above 10.5 t/hm2), the dry matter accumulation from heading stage to maturity paid a contribution rate about 70%~80% to the grain dry weight. Nitrogen accumulation mainly occurred at the two growing stages, before critical tiller leaf age, and after heading. It indicated that higher spikelet number per m2 was the main basic characteristic of high yielding, mechanically transplanted japonica rice. And sufficient N supply, improved dry matter accumulation after heading, as well as spikelet number per panicle help increase grain yield of machinetransplanted japonica rice.
