陈志勇^1,2, 张丽阳¹, 马雪莲¹, 王良治^1,2, 邢冠中³, 杨柳³, 刘东元⁴, 廖秀冬¹, 李素芬³, 黄艳玲², 吕林^,1, 罗绪刚^,11 中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所/矿物元素营养研究室,北京 100193
2 西南民族大学生命科学与技术学院,成都610041
3 河北科技师范学院动物科技学院,河北秦皇岛066004
4 北京元创智汇生物技术有限公司,北京100020

A Survey on Distribution of Calcium Contents in Feedstuffs for Livestock and Poultry in China

CHEN ZhiYong^1,2, ZHANG LiYang¹, MA XueLian¹, WANG LiangZhi^1,2, XING GuanZhong³, YANG Liu³, LIU DongYuan⁴, LIAO XiuDong¹, LI SuFen³, HUANG YanLing², Lü Lin^,1, LUO XuGang^,11 Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193
2 College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041
3 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei
4 Beijing Yuanchuang Zhihui Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100020

通讯作者: 吕林，E-mail：Lulin1225@163.com。罗绪刚，E-mail：wlysz@263.net

责任编辑: 林鉴非
收稿日期:2019-02-18接受日期:2019-04-28网络出版日期:2019-06-01

基金资助:

国家科技部科技基础性工作专项.2014FY111000 河北省二期现代农业产业技术体系蛋肉鸡产业创新团队.HBCT2018150203 河北省二期现代农业产业技术体系蛋肉鸡产业创新团队.HBCT2018150206 中国农业科学院农科英才专项 中国农业科学院科技创新工程专项.ASTIP-IAS08 国家现代农业产业技术体系岗位专家专项.CARS-41

Received:2019-02-18Accepted:2019-04-28Online:2019-06-01
作者简介 About authors
陈志勇,E-mail：1204131046@qq.com。














摘要
目的 调查我国畜禽饲料资源中钙含量的分布,为合理利用饲料资源及精准配制畜禽饲粮提供科学依据。方法 运用统一的数据采集规范,采集了全国31个省（市、区）的37种3 862个饲料原料样品,经微波消解后,使用IRIS IntrepidⅡ等离体子发射光谱仪对其钙含量进行了测定。结果 谷物籽实中平均钙含量为457 mg·kg ^-1（范围74.5—832 mg·kg ^-1）,其中大麦的钙含量最高,玉米最低,变异系数范围为21.2%—85.3%;谷物籽实加工副产品中平均钙含量为1 090 mg·kg ^-1（范围为93.4—3 264 mg·kg ^-1）,其中小麦DDGS的钙含量最高,碎米最低,变异系数范围为19.5%—142%;植物性蛋白饲料中平均钙含量为3 987 mg·kg ^-1（范围为1 742—7 909 mg·kg ^-1）,其中菜籽粕的钙含量最高,花生粕最低,变异系数范围为0.92%—34.6%;动物性蛋白饲料中平均钙含量为14 448 mg·kg ^-1（范围为115—50 007 mg·kg ^-1）,其中鱼粉的钙含量最高,血球蛋白粉最低,变异系数范围为25.0%—239%;秸秆类饲料中平均钙含量为5 969 mg·kg ^-1（范围为1 931—13 524 mg·kg ^-1）,其中甘薯藤的钙含量最高,小麦秸最低,变异系数范围为27.6%—39.0%;牧草类饲料中平均钙含量为6 667 mg·kg ^-1（范围为4 157—13 963 mg·kg ^-1）,其中苜蓿的钙含量最高,羊草最低,变异系数范围为30.3%—94.6%;矿物质饲料中平均钙含量为30%（19.2%—41.2%）,其中贝壳粉的钙含量最高,骨粉最低,变异系数范围为2.67%—24.0%。各类饲料原料中钙含量分布规律为：矿物质饲料＞动物性蛋白饲料＞牧草类饲料＞秸秆类饲料＞植物性蛋白饲料＞谷物籽实加工副产品＞谷物籽实。同一类别不同饲料原料间钙含量差异显著（P＜0.05）。以省（区）为单位,对不同地区玉米、小麦和豆粕中钙含量进行比较,表明不同地区玉米和豆粕中钙含量存在显著的差异（P＜0.05）,而小麦中钙含量受地区性的影响较小（P＞0.05）。各省（区）玉米的平均钙含量范围为48.1—155 mg·kg ^-1,其中山西省玉米钙含量最高,辽宁省最低,变异系数范围为20.1%—321%;各省（区）小麦的平均钙含量范围为362—590 mg·kg ^-1,其中山西省小麦钙含量最高,湖北省最低,变异系数范围为8.29%—66.1%;各省（区）豆粕的平均钙含量范围为3 001—4 153 mg·kg ^-1,其中山西省豆粕钙含量最高,江苏最低,变异系数范围为1.30%—21.4%。结论 我国饲料原料中钙含量受种类及地区性影响较大。本研究结果对于生产者了解饲料原料中实际钙含量,精准配制饲粮,以确保动物的健康及高效生产具有重要意义。
关键词： 畜禽;饲料资源;钙含量;饲粮

Abstract
【Objective】 The distribution of calcium contents in feed resources for livestock and poultry feed in China was investigated to provide scientific basis for rational use of feed resources and precise formulation of livestock and poultry’s diets.【Method】 Thirty-seven kinds of feedstuffs, a total of 3 862 samples, were collected from 31 provinces (cities, regions) of China according to a unified data collection specification, and the samples were digested by microwave to determine Ca contents by inductively IRIS IntrepidⅡ coupled plasma emission spectrometer.【Result】 Average Ca contents in feedstuffs were as follows: cereal seeds, 457 mg·kg ^-1 (74.5-832 mg·kg ^-1), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the barley and corn, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 21.2% to 85.3%; cereal by-products, 1 090 mg·kg ^-1 (93.4-3 264 mg·kg ^-1), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the wheat DDGS and broke rice, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 19.5% to 142%; plant-protein feeds, 3 987 mg·kg ^-1 (1 742-7 909 mg·kg ^-1), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the rapeseed meal and peanut meal, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 0.92%-34.6%; animal-protein feeds, 14 448 mg·kg ^-1 (115-50 007 mg·kg ^-1), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the fish meal and dried blood cells, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 25.0%-239%; straw feeds, 5 969 mg·kg ^-1 (1 931-13 524 mg·kg ^-1), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the sweet potato vines and wheat straw, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 27.6% to 39.0%; forge feeds, 6 667 mg·kg ^-1 (4 157-13 963 mg·kg ^-1), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the alfalfa and leynus chinensis, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 30.3% to 94.6%; mineral feeds, 30% (19.2%-41.2%), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the shell meal and bone meal, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 2.67% to 24.0%. The distribution regularities of Ca contents in feedstuffs were as follows: mineral feeds＞animal-protein feeds＞forage feeds＞straw feeds＞plant-protein feeds＞cereal by-products＞cereal seeds. A significant difference (P＜0.05) was also observed in Ca contents among different feeds in the same category. Regional comparisons on a basis of provinces (regions) were made among Ca contents of corn, wheat and soybean meal, and showed that the Ca contents in corn and soybean meal but not wheat (P＞0.05) were greatly affected (P＜0.05) by environmental changes in different regions. The average Ca contents of corn in provinces (regions) ranged from 48.1 to 155 mg·kg ^-1, the highest and lowest Ca contents of corn were observed in Shanxi and Liaoning, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 20.1% to 321%; the average Ca contents of wheat of provinces (regions) ranged from 362 to 590 mg·kg ^-1, the highest and lowest Ca contents of wheat were observed in the Shanxi and Hubei, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 8.29% to 66.1%; the average Ca contents of soybean meal of provinces (regions) ranged from 3 001 to 4 153 mg·kg ^-1, the highest and lowest Ca contents of wheat were observed in the Shanxi and Jiangsu, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 1.30%-21.4%.【Conclusion】 The Ca contents in feedstuffs of our country were greatly influenced by types and regions. The results from the current study would be of great significances toward having knowledge of actual Ca contents in the feedstuffs to precisely formulate diets in order to ensure animal health and efficient production.
Keywords：livestock and poultry;feed resources;calcium contents;diets


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本文引用格式
陈志勇, 张丽阳, 马雪莲, 王良治, 邢冠中, 杨柳, 刘东元, 廖秀冬, 李素芬, 黄艳玲, 吕林, 罗绪刚. 我国畜禽饲料资源中常量元素钙含量分布的调查[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(11): 1973-1981 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.012
CHEN ZhiYong, ZHANG LiYang, MA XueLian, WANG LiangZhi, XING GuanZhong, YANG Liu, LIU DongYuan, LIAO XiuDong, LI SuFen, HUANG YanLing, Lü Lin, LUO XuGang. A Survey on Distribution of Calcium Contents in Feedstuffs for Livestock and Poultry in China[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(11): 1973-1981 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.012

0 引言

【研究意义】钙是畜禽生长发育所必需的矿物质元素之一,也是机体组织（骨骼和牙齿）的重要组成成分,具有维持神经、肌肉的兴奋性、促进血液凝固和酶的激活等重要生理学作用^[1]。畜禽体内钙和磷相互作用,钙摄入不足和过量均会破坏钙磷平衡,导致矿物质代谢紊乱、骨矿化和骨硬度受损,继而出现低血钙症、软骨症和佝偻病等,对畜禽生产不利,造成经济损失^[2,3,4,5]。另外,钙供应不合理还会降低畜禽钙、磷的利用率,增加粪中的排泄,造成环境污染,资源浪费^[6,7,8]。畜禽摄入的钙主要来源于饲料,因此,充分了解饲料原料中钙的背景含量对合理供应畜禽钙的需要量、保障畜禽健康和节约饲料资源具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】饲料原料中钙含量与品种、土壤类型、生长环境等密切相关。薛艳芳等^[9]调查发现,黄淮海区不同品种玉米间钙含量差异较大,其范围为37.8—93.5 mg·kg^-1,平均含量为68.3 mg·kg^-1,变异系数为25.3%。ENUJEKE等^[10]研究发现,施用无机肥和有机肥均能提高玉米籽粒中钙含量。杨淑芬等^[11]对湖南省主要饲料资源中矿物质元素含量分布调查发现,潮土中钙含量比红壤、水稻土分别高 15.38%和 50.00%。此外,饲料原料中钙含量还受地区的影响。LIU等^[12]调查结果表明,美国5地区46个烘焙面包粉中钙含量在地区之间有差异。张勇等^[13]调查北京、河北等6省（区）240个小麦籽粒中主要矿物质元素含量的分布,发现小麦中钙含量具有明显的地区性差异,其中山东最高（491 mg·kg^-1）,河南最低（431 mg·kg^-1）。有研究表明,不同年份玉米DDGS中钙含量也有所差异^[14]。但到目前为止,尚缺乏我国不同省（市、区）不同饲料原料中钙含量分布的全面、系统的调查数据。【本研究切入点】综上所述,钙含量受品种、土壤、环境等因素的影响,各地原料中钙含量变异很大。目前,生产者虽然在饲粮配制过程中考虑到饲料原料中的钙含量,但应用的数据大多是参考中国饲料数据库和NRC推荐的列表值,属于静态平均值,其是否与我国不同地区畜禽饲料资源中矿物元素钙含量的分布一致还有待验证。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究通过系统调查我国畜禽饲料原料中钙含量的分布,旨在为我国饲料工业中合理利用饲料资源、精确配制畜禽饲粮提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 样品采集

根据我国不同区域畜禽饲料资源的分布情况,结合2013年各省（市、区）的各原料总产量,本课题组于2016年1月至2018年6月采集了全国（港澳台除外）31个省、直辖市和自治区的37种共3 862个饲料原料样品,集中保存于中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所低温仓库。饲料原料样品均采自当地农户、农场（谷物籽实、牧草和秸秆饲料）或饲料加工企业（谷物籽实加工副产品、植物和动物性蛋白质饲料和矿物质饲料）,且饲料加工企业所用的原料也产自当地。样品采集和描述统一按照本课题组制定的规范进行,采样时应用GPS定位并拍照,并将饲料样品按编码方案标示条形码。

1.2 样品种类

所调查的37种畜禽饲料原料可分为以下6大类：（1）谷物籽实及其加工副产品类,包括玉米、小麦、稻谷、大麦、玉米蛋白粉、玉米DDGS、玉米胚芽粕、次粉、小麦麸、小麦DDGS、碎米和米糠;（2）植物性蛋白饲料,包括膨化大豆、大豆粕、棉粕、菜籽粕、花生粕、亚麻粕和葵花籽粕;（3）动物性蛋白饲料,包括鱼粉、肉粉、水解羽毛粉、肠膜蛋白粉、血浆蛋白粉和血球蛋白粉;（4）秸秆类饲料,包括玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆、稻秸和甘薯藤;（5）牧草类饲料,包括羊草、黑麦草、苜蓿和青贮玉米;（6）矿物质饲料,包括石粉、磷酸氢钙、骨粉和贝壳粉。

1.3 样品处理

为保证分析结果的一致性和可靠性,样品于2016年1月至2018年10月在北京畜牧兽医研究所进行统一分析。样品检测前以四分法缩减取样至250 g,经挑选、清洁后置于80℃烘箱中烘干48 h,使用不锈钢小型高速粉碎机（IL-04BL）粉碎,装入自封袋保存备用。

1.4 钙含量测定

称取0.5 g饲料原料样品置于微波消解管中,加入5 mL硝酸（优级纯）和2 mL双氧水（分析纯）浸泡2 h,经微波消解仪（MARS 6,美国）消解后,将消解管置于消煮炉（温度180℃）上消煮至近干,冷却后用超纯水少量多次无损的转移到15 mL离心管中,使用IRIS IntrepidⅡ等离子体发射光谱仪（TE,美国）测定钙元素含量。每个样品测两次平行,每批次样品中用2个空白（不加样）和1个国家标准物质猪肝粉（GBW10051,地球物理地球化学勘察研究所）作为对照,以检测分析的可靠性。

1.5 数据处理

采用SAS 9.2 软件中一般线性模型（GLM）程序进行单因素方差分析,用最小显著性差异（LSD）法检验各组间的差异,以P＜0.05为差异显著水平。结果以平均值±标准差表示。

2 结果

2.1 各种饲料原料中钙含量分布

将各种饲料原料样品中钙含量的测定结果分类列于表1—6。可知,同一类型不同种类饲料原料间钙含量差异显著（P＜0.05）。谷物籽实中平均钙含量为457 mg·kg^-1,其中大麦的钙含量最高（832 mg·kg^-1）,玉米的钙含量最低（74.5 mg·kg^-1）,变异系数范围为21.2%—85.3%;谷物籽实加工副产品中平均钙含量为1 090 mg·kg^-1,其中小麦DDGS的钙含量最高（3 264 mg·kg^-1）,碎米的钙含量最低（93.4 mg·kg^-1）,变异系数范围为19.5%—142%;植物性蛋白饲料中平均钙含量为3 987 mg·kg^-1,其中菜籽粕的钙含量最高（7 909 mg·kg^-1）,花生粕的钙含量最低（1 742 mg·kg^-1）,变异系数范围为0.92%—34.6%;动物性蛋白饲料中平均钙含量为14 448 mg·kg^-1,其中鱼粉的钙含量最高（50 007 mg·kg^-1）,血球蛋白粉钙含量最低（115 mg·kg^-1）,变异系数范围为25.0%—239%;牧草类饲料中平均钙含量为6 667 mg·kg^-1,其中苜蓿的钙含量最高（13 963 mg·kg^-1）,羊草的钙含量最低（4 157 mg·kg^-1）,变异系数范围为30.3%—94.6%;秸秆类饲料中平均钙含量为5 969 mg·kg^-1,其中甘薯藤的钙含量最高（13 524 mg·kg^-1）,小麦秸的钙含量最低（1 931 mg·kg^-1）,变异系数范围为27.6%—39.0%;矿物质饲料中平均钙含量为30.0%,其中贝壳粉的钙含量最高（41.2%）,骨粉的钙含量最低（19.2%）,变异系数范围为2.67%—24.0%。各大类饲料原料中平均钙含量分布规律为：矿物质饲料＞动物性蛋白饲料＞牧草类饲料＞秸秆类饲料＞植物性蛋白饲料＞谷物籽实加工副产品＞谷物籽实。

Table 1
表1
表1谷物籽实及其加工副产品中钙含量分布（风干基础）
Table 1Distribution of Ca contents in cereal seeds and their by-products (air-dry basis)

品名 Name of samples		省（市、区）数 No. of provinces (cities, regions)		样品数 No. of samples	Ca含量 Ca content (mg·kg-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)
玉米Corn		30		1191	74.5±22.9C	30.7
小麦Wheat		28		251	476±101B	21.2
稻谷Rice		30		207	448±108B	24.1
大麦Barley		16		29	832±710A	85.3
P值 P value						0.0001
总平均值 Total average					457
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal		17		40	236±206c	87.3
玉米DDGS Corn DDGS		13		96	722±338c	46.8
玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal		7		49	882±780bc	88.4
次粉Wheat middling		20		51	789±330bc	41.8
小麦麸Wheat bran		24		112	1905±2708b	142
小麦DDGS Wheat DDGS		4		16	3264±1233a	37.8
碎米Broke rice		21		54	93.4±18.2c	19.5
米糠 Rice bran		22		122	829±312bc	37.6
P值 P value						0.0001
总平均值 Total average					1090

同列数据中肩标有不同大写字母或小写字母者表示差异显著（P＜0.05）;结果表示: 平均数±标准差。下同In the same column, values with different capital or small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P＜0.05); Results are expressed as mean±SD. The same as below

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Table 2
表2
表2植物性蛋白饲料中钙含量分布（风干基础）
Table 2Distribution of Ca contents in plant protein feeds (air-dry basis)

品名 Name of samples	省（市、区）数 No. of provinces (cities, regions)	样品数 No. of samples	Ca含量 Ca content (mg·kg-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)
膨化大豆Extruded soybean	13	109	2875±427d	14.8
豆粕 Soybean meal	23	334	3427±265cd	7.73
棉粕Cottonseed meal	14	106	3271±793cd	24.2
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal	20	157	7909±1105a	14.0
花生粕 Peanut meal	11	49	1742±489e	28.1
亚麻粕 Linseed meal	3	19	4042±37bc	0.92
葵花粕 Sunflower meal	3	15	4646±1606b	34.6
P值 P value				0.0001
总平均值Total average			3987

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Table 3
表3
表3动物性蛋白饲料中钙含量分布（风干基础）
Table 3Distribution of Ca contents in animal protein feeds (air-dry basis)

品名 Name of samples	省（市、区）数 No. of provinces (cities, regions)	样品数 No. of samples	Ca含量 Ca content (mg·kg-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)
鱼粉 Fish meal	14	57	50007±22318a	44.6
肉粉 Meat meal	12	24	23804±21140b	88.8
水解羽毛粉Hydrolyzed feather meal	16	34	4871±3335c	68.5
肠膜蛋白粉 Intestinal membrane protein meal	3	9	3835±958c	25.0
血浆蛋白粉Plasma protein powder	13	25	4055±9707c	239
血球蛋白粉Dried blood cells	16	28	115±50.0c	43.5
P值 P value				0.0001
总平均值Total average			14448

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Table 4
表4
表4牧草类饲料中钙含量分布（风干基础）
Table 4Distribution of Ca contents in forge feeds (air-dry basis)

品名 Name of samples	省（市、区）数 No. of provinces (cities, regions)	样品数 No. of samples	Ca含量 Ca content (mg·kg-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)
羊草Leymus chinensis	7	35	4157±2979b	71.7
黑麦草Ryegrass	16	72	4192±1806b	43.1
苜蓿Alfalfa	25	93	13963±4231a	30.3
青贮玉米Corn silage	23	87	4354±4117b	94.6
P值 P value				0.0001
总平均值Total average			6667

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Table 5
表5
表5秸秆类饲料中钙含量分布（风干基础）
Table 5Distribution of Ca contents in straw feeds (air-dry basis)

品名 Name of samples	省（市、区）数 No. of provinces (cities, regions)	样品数 No. of samples	Ca含量 Ca content (mg·kg-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)
玉米秸 Corn straw	30	84	4631±1716b	37.1
小麦秸 Wheat straw	24	57	1931±753c	39.0
稻秸 Rice straw	29	84	3792±1418b	37.4
甘薯藤 Sweet potato vines	12	21	13524±3730a	27.6
P值 P value				0.0001
总平均值Total average			5969

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Table 6
表6
表6矿物质饲料中钙含量分布（风干基础）
Table 6Distribution of Ca contents in mineral feeds (air-dry basis)

品名 Name of samples	省（市、区）数 No. of provinces (cities, regions)	样品数 No. of samples	Ca含量 Ca content (mg·kg-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)
石粉Limestone	18	65	36.6±3.8b	10.4
磷酸氢钙 Calcium phosphate	13	45	23.0±2.0c	8.70
贝壳粉 Shell meal	5	9	41.2±1.1a	2.67
骨粉 Bone meal	15	26	19.2±4.6d	24.0
P值 P value				0.0001
总平均值Total average			30

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2.2 不同地区饲料原料中钙含量分布

为初步探讨饲料原料中钙含量在不同产地间的分布规律,选择三种畜禽饲粮中使用量大且采样面较广的玉米、小麦和豆粕样品,比较重点调查省（区）的平均钙含量（表7）。

Table 7
表7
表7部分省（区）玉米、小麦和豆粕中钙含量（风干基础）
Table 7Ca contents of corns, wheats and soybean meals in some provinces (regions) of China (air-dry basis)

省（区）名 Name of provinces (Regions)	玉米钙含量 Ca contents of corns (mg·kg-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)	小麦钙含量 Ca contents of wheats (mg·kg-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)	豆粕钙含量 Ca contents of soybean meals (mg·kg-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)
安徽 Anhui	71.0±27.7 (44)b	39.0	415±79 (14)	19.0	3641±254 (18)b	6.98
河北 Hebei	55.3±17.3 (55)b	31.3	468±95 (19)	20.3	3224±393 (27)cde	12.2
河南 Henan	53.7±33.3 (54)b	62.0	525±347 (27)	66.1	3362±129 (15)bcd	3.83
湖北 Hubei	59.9±38.3 (38)b	63.9	362±30 (8)	8.29	3635±419 (10)b	11.5
江苏 Jiangsu	66.5±21.6 (46)b	32.5	400±59 (16)	14.8	3001±39 (15)e	1.30
山东 Shandong	109.0±89 (54)ab	81.7	459±64 (14)	13.9	3209±686 (20)cde	21.4
山西 Shanxi	155.0±497 (83)a	321	590±284 (14)	48.1	4153±106 (4)a	2.55
四川 Sichuan	61.7±26.6 (43)b	43.1	554±114 (8)	20.6	3603±218 (8)b	6.05
甘肃 Gansu	85.3±68.3 (42)b	80.1	548±180 (9)	32.8	—
陕西 Shaanxi	77.5±56.8 (41)b	73.3	487±80 (9)	16.4	—
新疆 Xinjiang	72.6±26.6 (48)b	36.6	569±122 (10)	21.4	—
广西 Guangxi	79.5±31.0 (35)b	39.0	—		—
贵州 Guizhou	77.9±58.0 (39)b	74.5	—		—
云南 Yunnan	83.6±24.1 (56)b	28.8	—		—
黑龙江 Heilongjiang	71.6±64.4 (78)b	89.9	—		3075±448 (50)de	14.6
吉林 Jilin	62.8±19.9 (60)b	31.7	—		3545±319 (11)bc	9.00
辽宁 Liaoning	48.1±13.1 (53)b	27.2	—		3525±466 (22)bc	13.2
内蒙古Inner Mongolia	70.2±14.1 (52)b	20.1	—		3323±197 (30)bcde	5.93
P值 P value		0.03		0.07		0.0001

括号内的数字为样品数;“—”表示无数据 Figures in () are numbers of samples; ^“—^”means no data

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由表7可知,不同省（区）玉米的平均钙含量存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,其中山西最高155 mg·kg^-1;山东次之,辽宁最低48.1 mg·kg^-1,最高和最低相差106.9 mg·kg^-1,变异系数范围为20.1%—321%。不同省（区）小麦的平均钙含量差异不显著（P＞0.05）,其中山西最高,为590 mg·kg^-1;湖北最低,为362 mg·kg^-1最高和最低相差228 mg·kg^-1,变异系数范围为8.29%—66.1%。不同省（区）豆粕的平均钙含量差异显著（P＜0.05）,其中山西最高,为4 153 mg·kg^-1;江苏最低,为3 001 mg·kg^-1,最高和最低相差1 152 mg·kg^-1,变异系数范围为1.30%—21.4%。从以上结果可知,部分饲料原料中钙含量受地区的影响,且3种饲料原料的平均钙含量均在山西达到最高。

3 讨论

3.1 各种饲料原料中钙含量分布

饲料是动物赖以生存的物质基础,能够提供动物生长需要的各种养分。随着集约化和规模化的不断发展,动物生命活动必需的钙主要来源于饲料,但品种、生长环境（土壤类型、降雨量、气温等）、 农业技术（施肥）、加工工艺等都会对饲料原料中钙含量产生影响^{[15,16,17,18,19,20,21]},故动物从饲粮中获得的钙含量也是动态变化的^[22]。因此,充分了解饲料原料中钙含量分布的特点,对合理供给动物所需的钙具有重要意义。以中国饲料成分及营养价值表（2018年第29版）^[23]和NRC（2012）^[24]中饲料原料推荐的钙含量（饲喂基础）为参考值,本次调查结果发现,玉米胚芽粕、小麦麸、小麦DDGS、棉粕、菜粕、葵花粕、羽毛粉、血浆蛋白粉、贝壳粉和石粉中钙含量比参考值偏高,而玉米、小麦、玉米蛋白粉、次粉、碎米、花生粕、血球蛋白粉、磷酸氢钙和骨粉中钙含量比参考值偏低,其他原料中（除牧草类和秸秆类饲料）钙含量与参考值相当。TAHIR等^[25]调查美国和加拿大的8种520个家禽饲料原料发现,玉米、小麦和次粉中钙含量低于NRC（1994）推荐的参考值,与本次调查结果规律相似。张桂珍等^[16]调查也发现,河北邯郸5县8村的小麦籽粒平均含钙量为429.8 mg·kg^-1,略低于全国小麦平均钙含量（425.7 mg·kg^-1）。造成上述结果的差异一方面可能与采样点和样品数不同有关,另一方面可能与作物生长环境、品种、土壤类型、加工工艺等因素有关。此外,本次调查数据显示,同一饲料原料由于来自不同地区,其钙含量测定值变异程度较大。这37种饲料原料中钙含量变异系数范围为0.92%—239%,其中植物性蛋白饲料中的亚麻粕（0.92%）、豆粕（7.73%）和矿物质饲料中的贝壳粉（2.67%）、磷酸氢钙（8.70%）变异较小;动物性蛋白饲料中的血浆蛋白粉（239%）、肉粉（88.8%）和谷物籽实加工副产品中的小麦麸（142%）、玉米胚芽粕（88.4%）变异较大。SPIEHS等^[14]调查不同乙醇加工厂来源的118个玉米DDGS原料的化学组成,结果表明,钙含量变异程度最大,变异系数达57.2%,与本次调查的玉米DDGS（46.8%）结果相似。本次调查结果还发现,同一类别不同饲料原料间钙含量变化范围很大,如谷物籽实中大麦、稻谷和小麦的钙含量均高于玉米,变异系数范围为21.2%—85.3%;牧草类中甘薯藤钙含量最高,玉米秸和稻秸次之,小麦秸最低,变异系数范围为30.3%—94.6%,该结果与杨珏^[26]的调查结果规律相似。不同或同一饲料原料间钙含量变异度较大的原因可能与植物吸收和积累钙的能力、品种、当地土壤和气候条件、遗传差异等有关。植物中矿物质元素含量的分布还与植物部位有关。席冬梅等^[27]调查云南省反刍家畜主要饲料中4种常量元素的含量与分布,发现玉米、小麦和稻谷三类作物中秸秆和籽实加工副产品中的钙含量均高于籽实,与本研究结果相一致。谷物籽实加工副产品中钙含量普遍高于籽实可能是由于谷物籽实经加工后部分成分减少而得到富集^[14]。稻谷和小麦籽粒经加工得到的含有表皮层、糊粉层的糠麸副产品,其钙含量高于全籽粒,而碎米钙含量低于全稻谷籽粒,表明谷物籽实中钙含量主要分布在表皮层和糊粉层,与磷、钠等其他矿物质元素分布规律类似^[28]。综合本调查结果显示,同一饲料原料中钙含量波动较大,建议在实际生产中对钙含量变异较大的饲料原料进行测定,而对于钙含量较稳定的饲料原料则可以直接引用其平均值。

3.2 不同地区饲料原料中钙含量分布

同一种类饲料原料的钙含量在不同地区亦有所差异。本次调查结果表明,不同省（区）玉米和豆粕中钙含量存在明显的差异,而小麦中钙含量受地区环境因素的影响较小,具有良好的遗传稳定性,此结果与杨淑芬^[11]的研究结果相一致。杨珏等^[26]对山东省4个生态区33种饲料原料营养价值进行评定,结果也表明,谷实类、青粗饲料类原料,同一种类饲料原料的钙含量在不同地区间差异显著,而饼粕类原料地区之间没有差异。但与本研究结果相反,张勇等^[13]分析了6个省（区）来源的240个小麦品种籽粒中主要矿物质元素含量的分布,发现小麦品种籽粒的钙含量有明显的地区差异,其中山东（491 mg·kg^-1）和山西（467 mg·kg^-1）较高,而河南（431 mg·kg^-1）较低。造成这种差异的原因可能与采样点、品种、当地气候条件、土壤类型等因素相关。另外,值得注意的是,本研究中玉米、小麦和豆粕的钙含量均在华北的山西最高,西北的甘肃和西南的四川次之,华东的江苏、华中的湖北和华北的河北均较低,与王学文^[29]的部分研究结果类似。山西和山东土壤类型多为褐土,富含有机质,而江苏和河北土壤类型多为砂土,有机质含量较低,可能是造成不同地区饲料原料中钙含量差异的主要因素^{[26, 30]}。因此,在饲料加工工业中,配制饲粮前须考虑饲料原料地区间的差异,如山西的饲料原料中钙含量普遍偏高,可以适当减少饲粮钙的补充。

由于土壤类型、气候条件、品种、收获时期等方面的差异,不同地区同一品种的饲料原料中钙含量可能有很大的差异。准确地测定饲料原料中钙的含量,是精确配制各种饲粮的基础。当前饲粮配制参考的是国内外饲养标准,使用一个典型的值可能不能反映出饲料原料中钙含量的地区性差异,且大部分中小型养殖场不会考虑测定饲料原料实际的钙含量。因此,应尽可能的对不同地区进行饲料原料中钙含量的分布调查,并获得具有地区代表性的数据,以供生产者参考。建议在实际生产中,根据饲料原料实际钙含量及动物钙需要量,精准配制饲粮,以确保动物的健康及高效生产。

4 结论

本次调查结果表明,矿物质饲料和动物性蛋白饲料中钙含量较高,其次是牧草类饲料、秸秆类饲料和植物性蛋白饲料,而谷物籽实及其加工副产品中钙含量较低。同一类别不同饲料原料间钙含量差别较大,同一种类不同地区饲料原料间钙含量亦有差异。本调查结果对于生产者了解饲料原料中实际钙含量,精准配制饲粮,以确保动物的健康及高效生产具有重要意义。

参考文献 View Option 原文顺序
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