Abstract With the intensification of livestock breeding, the air quality problem of livestock farms caused by high density breeding is becoming more and more serious. Animal husbandry has become one of the important sources of air pollutants in China. Air emitted from most intensive livestock houses contains a large amount of pollutants, including ammonia, sulfides, particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only poses a big threat to animals and workers in livestock farms, but also spreads to the surrounding environment resulting in air pollution. Scientific and applicable air pollutants measuring methods are the basis of monitoring and controlling air pollution in livestock and poultry farms. In this article, the detection methods of livestock farming related hazardous gases (e.g., NH3, H2S), greenhouse gases, particulate matters and odor were summarized. The detection methods of hazardous gases in livestock houses mainly include chemical analysis, semiconductor gas sensor detection, spectroscopic methodology and mass spectrometry. The wet-chemical method is cheap and can detect gases sensitively and accurately, while it cannot detect gases in real time, and the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The gas tube is cheap and easy to operate, but the deviation is great. Electrochemical sensor is of high sensitivity, moderate cost and can be used to detect gas concentration continuously, however, the devices are easy to age. Spectrum method and mass spectrometry can detect gas quickly and accurately, but it is not suitable for conventional air detection of productive livestock farming due to its high costs. In this paper, the detection methods of greenhouse gases (e.g., CH4, CO2) generated from animal intestinal fermentation and livestock environment were also summarized. It is hard to conclude an accurate detection of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry, because the concentrations of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry changes all the time (diurnal and seasonal) and are related to other factors including sampling points. No international common testing method and measurement standard are concluded till now, therefore, the research of greenhouse gases detection method and standard in animal husbandry should be carried out as soon as possible. The detection methods of particulate matters (PM) in livestock farms were reviewed from three aspects: physical, chemical and biological characteristics. PM contains complex components in livestock farms, therefore, it is highly needed to improve PM detection technology. Besides, the component analysis and sensory analysis of odorous substances in livestock farms were overviewed. The odor analysis of professional olfactory discernment personnel owns stronger subjectivity and costs higher than gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. While, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is unable to determine all gaseous organic compounds with one sample. Combining gas chromatography and dynamic olfactometer can be more efficient for comprehensive analysis of odor samples. In this article, detection methods and techniques of air pollutants in animal husbandry were comprehensively reviewed to provide a reference for the development of air pollutants detection technologies in livestock and poultry breeding in China. Keywords:livestock and poultry farm;air pollution;measurement;harmful gases;particulate matter;odor
PDF (516KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 汪开英, 吴捷刚, 赵晓洋. 畜禽场空气污染物检测技术综述[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(8): 1458-1474 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.08.015 WANG KaiYing, WU JieGang, ZHAO Xiaoyang. Review of Measurement Technologies for Air Pollutants at Livestock and Poultry Farms[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(8): 1458-1474 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.08.015
质谱法在定性分析污染气体类型与浓度方面运用广泛,其原理为利用电场和磁场将运动的离子按质荷比分离后通过测量离子准确质量确定离子的化合物组成。NORMAN等[51]运用质子转移反应质谱仪(Proton- Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry,PTR-MS),以O2+离子为试剂,对大气中NH3浓度进行监测。该方法在快速、高灵敏度地检测NH3浓度的同时记录NH3浓度30s内的变化;FEILBERG等[52]采用质子转移反应质谱法对集约化猪场和牛场H2S浓度进行了测量。
Table 4 表4 表4家畜肠道发酵温室气体检测方法的优缺点 Table 4Advantages and disadvantages of greenhouse gas detection methods for the intestinal fermentation of domestic animals
检测方法 Testing method
优点 Advantages
缺点 Disadvantages
呼吸代谢箱法 Respiratory metabolism box method
发展较为成熟,应用广泛;可精确的测量肠道发酵产生的甲烷 Mature development and wide application; Accurate measurement of methane produced by intestinal fermentation
不能真实反映家畜体外的自然环境;构造和维修费用昂贵 Unable to reflect the external natural environment of livestock; High cost
六氟化硫示踪法 sulfur hexafluoride tracer method
投资和运行费用低;可进行群体检测 Low investment and operating costs; Group detection
发展不够成熟,仪器设备有待改进 Instruments and equipment need to be improved
头罩法和面罩法 Headcover and mask method
成本低 Low cost
低估甲烷产量;准确度不高;使用具有局限性 Understating methane production; Low accuracy; Limitations of usage
Table 6 表6 表6畜禽场恶臭成分分析方法 Table 6Analysis methods for odor components from livestock and poultry farm
成分分析方法 Component analysis method
原理 Theory
检测物质 Substance detected
优点 Advantages
缺点 Disadvantages
参考文献 References
湿化学法 Wet-chemical method
利用被测气体成分与示剂的化学反应来测定气体浓度 Determination of gas concentration by chemical reaction between measured gases and indicators
NH3、H2S、SO2、硫醇类物质等 NH3, H2S, SO2, thiols, etc.
方法成熟,检测精度较高 mature method and high precision
检测时间较长 Longer detection time
[107]
气体探测管 Gas tubes
利用被测气体成分附着在固体指示剂表面的显色反应来测定气体浓度 Determination of gas concentration by color reaction of the gas components attached to the surface of the solid indicators
NH3、H2S、二甲基硫醚等 NH3, H2S, dimethyl sulfide, etc.
使用方便 Convenience of usage
检测精度较低 Low detection accuracy
[108, 109]
气相色谱分析法 Gas chromatography
利用不同组分在流动相(载气)和固定相间的分配差异进行分离 Separation of different components between mobile phase (carrier gas) and stationary phase
H2S、CS2、甲苯、二甲苯、吲哚类物质等 H2S, CS2, toluene, xylene, indole, etc.
分析速度快,灵敏度高 Fast analysis and high sensitivity
无法反映恶臭的气味特征,采样容器易造成样品污染和损失 Unable to reflect the smell characteristics of odors; samples easy to get polluted
[110-112]
质谱分析法 Mass spectrometry
将样品离子化,变为气态离子混合物,并按质荷比(m/z)分离,从而测定物质的质量与含量及其结构 Ionized into a gaseous ion mixture and separated according to the mass charge ratio (m/z), so as to determine the mass, content and structure of the substance.
甲苯、二甲苯、等 Toluene, xylene, etc.
分析对象范围广泛、检测灵敏度高 Wide range and high sensitivity
仪器使用、维护成本高 High cost
[113-116]
色谱-质谱联用法 Chromatography-mass spectrometry
结合气相色谱法对混合物的高效分离能力与质谱法对纯化合物的准确定性能力对恶臭进行分析 Analysis of odor by high efficientseparation of mixtures by gas chromatography and accurate qualitative analysis of pure compounds by mass spectrometry
SO2、甲苯、二甲苯、等多种恶臭物质 SO2, toluene, xylene, etc.
结合色谱法与质谱法优点 Combined advantages of chromatography and mass spectrometry
$OC=\frac{某恶臭样本浓度}{某恶臭阈值}(D/T)=\frac{V_{o}+V_{a}}{V_{o}}$ 式中,D/T—稀释倍数/阈值(dilution to threshold);Vo—恶臭样品体积(volume of odorous air);Va—洁净空气体积(volume of fresh air)
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