赵丽丽^1,2, 李陆生³, 蔡焕杰^,1,2, 石小虎^1,2, 薛少平⁴1 西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100
2 中国旱区节水农业研究院,陕西杨凌 712100
3 华北水利水电大学水利学院,郑州 450046
4 西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100

Comprehensive Effects of Organic Materials Incorporation on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Air Permeability

ZHAO LiLi^1,2, LI LuSheng³, CAI HuanJie^,1,2, SHI XiaoHu^1,2, XUE ShaoPing⁴ 1 Key Laboratory for Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid Area of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi;
2 Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi ;
3 School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046
4 College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi;

通讯作者: 蔡焕杰，E-mail：caihj@nwsuaf.edu.cn

责任编辑: 李云霞
收稿日期:2018-10-9接受日期:2018-11-16网络出版日期:2019-03-16

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划项目.2016YFC0400200 国家自然科学基金.51879223

Received:2018-10-9Accepted:2018-11-16Online:2019-03-16
作者简介 About authors
赵丽丽,E-mail： sdytdxzll@163.com。







摘要
【目的】 综合分析不同有机物料还田对土壤透水通气能力的影响,对改善作物根区土壤水分和空气环境,提高土壤生产力具有重要意义。【方法】本研究在陕西关中平原塿土上开展了2年（2014年6月至2016年6月）田间小区定位试验,以单施化肥为对照,分析不同有机物料（麦秆、麦壳、土粪和生物肥）配施化肥对0—30 cm土层土壤孔隙性、导水性和导气性的影响,并运用主成分分析综合评价土壤导水导气性。【结果】 有机物料还田可改善土壤孔隙性,促进土壤已有孔隙向较大孔隙发育,尤其在0—10 cm和20—30 cm土层,土壤大孔隙较对照显著（P<0.05）增加12.3%—136.4%;而在10—20 cm土层仅增施麦秆2 年后土壤大孔隙显著（P<0.05）增加。有机物料还田显著（P<0.05）提高了0—10 cm和10—20 cm土壤导水性,增加土壤初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率、90 min累积入渗量和饱和导水率,其中增施麦秆在0—10 cm土层增幅最大,较对照增加5.3—8.8倍,增施生物肥在10—20 cm土层增幅最大,较对照增加2.0—4.5倍;增施生物肥也显著改善了20—30 cm土层土壤导水性。在土壤导气性方面,增施麦秆和麦壳较对照显著（P<0.05）提高0—10 cm土层土壤孔隙连通性进而增加土壤导气率;而增施生物肥较对照显著（P<0.05）提高了10—20 cm和20—30 cm土层的土壤导气率。通过主成分分析综合评价0—30 cm土层土壤导水导气性,结果表明0—10 cm土层增施麦秆最优;10—20 cm和20—30 cm土层增施生物肥最优。【结论】 综合考虑,增施生物肥是关中平原相对较好的有机物料还田方式,对10—30 cm土层导水导气性的综合改善效果最优,可有效缓解塿土亚表层紧实化,改善根区土壤的透水通气效能。
关键词： 有机物料;孔隙性;入渗性能;饱和导水率;导气率;主成分分析

Abstract
【Objective】 The comprehensive analysis of soil water and gas transport properties in response to different types of organic amendments is important for optimizing water and air environment of root-zone soil and improving the soil productivity. 【Method】 For this purpose, a two-year (from June 2014 to June 2016) field experiment was conducted with a fixed plot test on a Lou soil (Eum-Orthic Anthrosols) in the Guanzhong Plain. There were five treatments: application of mineral fertilizer both alone (control, CK) and along with wheat straw (MWS), wheat husk (MWH), farmyard soil (MFS), and bioorganic fertilizer (MBF). This experiment was used to study the effects of combined use of mineral fertilizer and organic materials on soil porosity, hydraulic conductivity and air permeability in the 0-30 cm soil layer. These soil parameters were comprehensively evaluated by using the principal component analysis method.【Result】 Integrated application of organic materials and mineral fertilizer improved soil pore size distribution and promoted the increase in macro-porosity compared to the CK treatment. This was especially true at the 0-10 cm and 20-30 cm soil depths, where incorporation of organic materials significantly (P<0.05) increased soil macro-porosity by 12.3%-136.4% compare to the CK treatment. The significant (P<0.05) increase in the macro-porosity was also recorded in the MWS treatment at the 10-20 cm depth soil layer compared to the CK treatment. Combination with organic materials and mineral fertilizer significantly (P<0.05) enhanced soil hydraulic conductivity at the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil depths compared to the CK treatment, such as increasing initial infiltration rate, steady infiltration rate, average infiltration rate, 90 min cumulative infiltration, as well as saturated hydraulic conductivity. These parameters were highest in the MWS treatment (greater by 5.3-8.8 times compared to the CK treatment) at the 0-10 cm soil depth and in the MBF treatment (greater by 2.0-4.5 times compared to the CK treatment) at the 10-20 cm soil depth, respectively (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the MBF treatment also significantly (P<0.05) improved soil hydraulic conductivity relative to the CK treatment at the 20-30 cm soil depth. With regard to soil air permeability, the MWS and MWH treatments led to significantly (P<0.05) better soil pore continuity and hence higher soil air permeability at the 0-10 cm soil depth, compared to the CK treatment, while the MBF treatment yielded significantly (P<0.05) higher soil air permeability at both the 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil depths. The principal component analysis results indicated that the MWS treatment had the strongest improvement on soil water-gas transport properties at the 0-10 cm soil depth, and the MBF treatment had the strongest improvement at 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil depths. 【Conclusion】 To alleviate sub-surface soil compaction and improve soil water-gas transport properties, application of bioorganic fertilizer was highly recommended. The MBF treatment exhibited the best improvement in soil water-gas transport properties at 10-30 cm soil depth.
Keywords：organic materials;porosity;infiltration capacity;saturated hydraulic conductivity;air permeability;principal component analysis


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本文引用格式
赵丽丽, 李陆生, 蔡焕杰, 石小虎, 薛少平. 有机物料还田对土壤导水导气性的综合影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(6): 1045-1057 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.06.008
ZHAO LiLi, LI LuSheng, CAI HuanJie, SHI XiaoHu, XUE ShaoPing. Comprehensive Effects of Organic Materials Incorporation on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Air Permeability[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(6): 1045-1057 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.06.008

0 引言

【研究意义】陕西关中平原是我国主要的粮食生产区,以小麦-玉米轮作为主,一年两熟,属高度集约化农业生产区,具有悠久连续的农耕历史^[1]。该区土壤类型以塿土为主,是基于黄土母质,伴随长期土粪堆垫,经反复旱耕、熟化发育而成的土壤^[2]。关中平原受到长期灌溉、过量施用化肥和小型农机具耕作（以旋代耕）等农田管理措施的影响,土壤有机质流失（一般低于15 g·kg^-1）,土壤紧实、硬化、板结普遍发生,破坏了土壤孔隙结构,阻断了土壤水分和空气与外界的交换媒介,降低了土壤导水导气性能^[3,4,5]。土壤导水导气性反映土壤水分和空气的更新速率,直接关系到土壤水气的流通、贮存及对作物的供应是否充分、协调,影响土壤热和养分状况,对作物的生长发育和产量形成具有重要的指导意义^[6,7,8,9]。有机物料和化肥配施,综合了有机物料持久性和化肥速效性的优点,既能为农作物生长提供充足的养分,又能改善土壤孔隙结构,提高土壤导水导气性,为作物正常生长创造良好的水分和空气环境^[10,11,12]。【前人研究进展】目前,关于施加有机物料对红壤^[13]、潮土^[14]、石灰性黑钙土^[15]、砂姜黑土^[16]和变性土^[17]的孔隙分布、水分常数及水分入渗参数等的影响已有较多报道。针对塿土,YU等^[18]和丁奠元等^[19]研究指出秸秆粉碎氨化还田促进土壤孔隙结构发育,增加土壤总孔隙度和结构孔隙度,培肥土壤,改善土壤耕性;SHI等^[20]和ZHANG等^[21]发现长期有机无机肥配施显著提高了塿土的非饱和导水率。而关于添加有机物料对土壤导气性的影响,国外****指出施加稻壳或粪肥能够增加土壤大孔隙,改善土壤孔隙连通性,提高土壤导气性^[22,23,24]。国内仅陈帅等^[25]、罗松等^[26]和王卫华等^[27]利用PL-300仪器分析了开垦年限、秸秆覆盖、覆膜和改良剂等田间管理措施下土壤导气性的变化。【本研究切入点】虽然以上研究考虑了有机物料还田对土壤孔隙结构、水力传导特征或导气性的影响,但缺乏其对土壤导水导气性的综合评价。另外,关中平原施用有机物料种类多样,故需对比不同有机物料还田对土壤导水导气性的改善效果,以确定最优还田模式。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究选取麦秆、麦壳、土粪和生物肥4种当地常用的有机物料,通过2年田间小区定位试验,分析其与化肥配施对0—30 cm土层土壤孔隙性和导水导气性的影响,并基于主成分分析获取不同土层改善效果最优的有机物料还田方式,旨在为关中平原地区合理利用有机物料资源及农业生产提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

试验于2014年6月至2016年6月在西北农林科技大学教育部旱区农业水土工程重点实验室节水灌溉试验站进行（108°04′ E,34°17′ N,海拔521 m）。该区属典型的暖温带半湿润季风气候,年均无霜期210 d,日照时数2 164 h,气温13 °C,降水量632 mm,蒸发量1 510 mm。供试土壤类型为塿土（土垫旱耕人为土,Eum-Orthic Anthrosols）,播前土壤基本理化性质见表1。

Table 1
表1
表1播前0—30 cm土层土壤基本理化性质
Table 1Initial physio-chemical characteristics of the 0—30 cm soil layers in the experimental field under investigation

土壤性质 Soil parameters	土层 Depth (cm)
	0—10	10—20	20—30
土壤质地 Soil texture	黏壤土 Clay loam	黏壤土 Clay loam	粉砂质黏壤土 Silty clay loam
砂粒 Sand (0.02—2 mm)	38.24	36.65	30.51
粉粒 Silt (0.002—0.02 mm)	43.80	44.22	46.71
黏粒 Clay (<0.002 mm)	17.96	19.12	22.78
容重 Bulk density (g·cm-3)	1.32	1.44	1.68
有机质Organic matter (g·kg-1)	15.09	13.87	12.53
有效氮Available N (mg·kg-1)	28.37	22.53	19.85
有效磷Available P (mg·kg-1)	16.25	14.83	10.67
有效钾Available K (mg·kg-1)	143.2	138.5	132.0
pH	8.56	8.57	8.55

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1.2 试验设计

试验田种植制度为冬小麦-夏玉米轮作。采用小区试验设计,共5个处理：化肥（CK）;化肥+麦秆（MWS）：秸秆晒干后切割成约2 cm的小段;化肥+麦壳（MWH）：麦壳晒干粉碎后过10目筛备用;化肥+土粪（MFS）：土粪为当地农民腐熟好的羊粪和土壤的4﹕1混合物;化肥+生物肥（MBF）：生物肥为土粪+微生物菌剂（60 kg·hm^-2,有效活菌数≥2×10⁸ cfu/g）,各处理重复3次,固定小区定位处理,小区面积为30 m²（7.5 m×4.0 m）,不同有机物料基本理化性质见表2。试验前,田间肥料管理措施为单施化肥,施肥种类为尿素（46%N）和磷酸二铵（18%N,46%P₂O₅）,冬小麦季施用150 kg N·hm^-2,110 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2,全部基施;夏玉米季施用170 kg N·hm^-2,170 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2,60%基施,40%于大喇叭口期追施。有机物料还田试验,化肥施用量和施用方式遵循试验前农田施肥习惯,有机物料施用量为20 000 kg·hm^-2（干重）。播种前将化肥和有机物料均匀撒于小区地表,用铧式犁翻地1遍,旋耕机旋地2遍耙平土地,作业深度约25 cm。其他管理根据当地常规操作进行。

Table 2
表2
表2试验用有机物料的理化性质
Table 2Physico-chemical characteristics of the applied organic materials

有机物料 Material	纤维素 Cellulose (%)	有机碳 Organic carbon (g·kg-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg-1)	C/N比 C/N ratio	全磷 Total P (g·kg-1)	全钾 Total K (g·kg-1)	干容重 Dry bulk density (g·cm-3)
麦秆 Wheat straw	36.32	432.44	10.84	39.95	1.65	9.71	0.074
麦壳 Wheat husk	24.89	396.99	20.44	19.43	5.41	6.20	0.137
土粪 Farmyard soil	18.25	190.30	11.63	16.46	3.02	6.49	0.474
生物肥 Bioorganic fertilizer	17.96	184.19	12.98	14.21	3.19	6.27	0.325

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1.3 测定项目与方法

于2015年6月和2016年6月小麦收获前在各小区按三角形选取3个样点取样。利用土钻（直径5 cm）分层（每10 cm一层）取土至30 cm,采用烘干法测定土壤水分,比重瓶法测定土粒密度。用环刀（Φ5.046 cm×5 cm）分3层（2—7 cm、12—17 cm、22—27 cm）取原状土,采用环刀法测定土壤容重和10 kPa土壤水吸力条件下的土壤含水量（田间持水量）;根据土壤毛管水上升理论,10 kPa土壤水吸力条件下的土壤体积含水率等于土壤小孔隙（<30 μm）,同等土壤水吸力条件下的孔隙度等于土壤大孔隙（≥30 μm）^[8]。土壤入渗性能采用环刀法测定,初渗率为初始3 min的平均入渗率;稳渗率为达到稳渗时的入渗率;平均入渗率为达到稳渗时的渗透总量与入渗时间的比值;因土壤入渗率在75 min均已达到稳定,为便于比较,累积入渗量取90 min的渗透总量。土壤饱和导水率采用定水头法测定^[7],土壤导气率在10 kPa土壤水吸力条件下采用一维稳态法测定^[28]。于2014年6月（试验前）在试验田随机选取6个样点取样,测定土壤孔隙性和导水导气性相关指标的初始值（PT）。

土壤导气率和孔隙连通性的计算方法如下：

（1）土壤导气率

（1） $K_{a}=\frac{\mu ZQ}{A\Delta P}\times10^{12}$
式中：k_a为土壤导气率（μm²）;μ为干空气动态黏滞系数（Pa·s）;Z为土样高度（m）;Q为气体传导速率（m³·s^-1）;A为横截面积（m²）,ΔP为土柱管内密闭空间压强与大气压强差（Pa）。

干空气黏滞系数受温度影响,估算公式如下：

（2）μ=(1717+4.8T)×10^-8

式中：T为空气温度（℃）。

（2）GROENEVELT等^[29]提出反映土壤孔隙连通性的指标PO

（3） $PO=\frac{k_{a}}{\varepsilon}\times10^{2}$
式中：PO为孔隙连通性指标（μm²）;k_a为一定土壤水吸力条件下（10 kPa）的土壤导气率（μm²）;ε为同等土壤水吸力条件下的土壤孔隙度（%）。

土壤导气率选用10 kPa土壤水吸力（土壤含水量接近田间持水量）条件下的数值,而未采用土壤完全干燥条件下的数值,具有明显优势：完全干燥条件下的土壤易收缩,产生较大裂缝,土壤结构遭受破坏,影响测量精度^[30];土壤导气率与大孔隙中水流密切相关,当土壤含水量接近田间持水量时,气体流动主要发生于大孔隙中^[7],易于探索土壤导气率和孔隙结构之间的关系;前人研究主要探讨10 kPa土壤水吸力条件下的土壤导气率变化特征,本研究选用相同的测定条件便于引用前人成果。

1.4 数据处理

通过SPSS 20.0进行显著性分析和主成分分析,利用Origin 8.0绘图。

2 结果

2.1 土壤孔隙性

土壤孔隙性包括孔隙度、孔隙分布和孔隙连通性,是土壤结构特征的反映,直接影响土壤导水导气性^[7,19]。综合分析有机物料连续2 年还田不同土层土壤孔隙性的变化特征（表3）。结果表明：有机物料还田改善0—10 cm土层土壤容重和孔隙度,但未达到显著水平（P>0.05）,可能受田间管理措施影响较大。各有机物料处理0—10 cm土层土壤大孔隙较CK和PT显著（P<0.05）增加25.5%—66.8%,其中以MWS处理增幅最大,说明该影响与有机物料自身结构特性有关（麦秆具有大量纤维结构（表2）,起到疏通土壤大孔隙的作用）。另外,MWS和MWH处理0—10 cm土层土壤孔隙连通性较CK和PT显著（P<0.05）增加93.1%—221.2%。

有机物料连续还田2年对土壤产生了直接的稀释效应^[31],降低了10—20 cm土壤容重、增加了土壤孔隙度,其中MWS、MWH和MFS处理均达到显著（P<0.05）水平,较CK和PT土壤容重降低了3.2%—5.1%,土壤孔隙度增加了3.9%—6.0%。而且,高量有机物料还田可增加土壤有机质含量,疏松土壤,改善土壤容重和孔隙度,进而提高土壤孔隙连通性^[22]。各有机物料处理10—20 cm土层土壤孔隙连通性较CK和PT显著（P<0.05）增加了64.9%—374.5%。在孔隙分布方面,仅MWS处理2 年后显著（P<0.05）增加10—20 cm土壤大孔隙,而MWH、MFS和MBF处理作用于塿土2年均显著（P<0.05）增加10—20 cm土层土壤小孔隙,可能是由于有机物料还田疏松0—10 cm土层的土壤,灌水和降水过程导致表层土黏粒向下层土壤迁移,堵塞10—20 cm土层部分大孔隙,增加小孔隙^[31],而麦秆因具有大量纤维结构,更有利于形成大孔隙^[19];也可能是由于较低C/N比的有机物料（表2）腐解速率更快,可较快速的改善土壤微生物活性和土壤结构,有利于增加团聚体内部的小孔隙^[18,20]。

Table 3
表3
表32014—2016年有机物料还田不同土层土壤容重、孔隙度、孔隙分布和孔隙连通性变化
Table 3Changes in soil bulk density, total porosity, macro and micro-porosity distribution and pore continuity of different depths with various organic amendments to soils in 2014-2016

年份 Year	土层深度 Depth (cm)	处理 Treatments	容重 Bulk density (g·cm-3)	孔隙度 Total porosity (%)	大孔隙 Macro- porosity (%)	小孔隙 Micro- porosity (%)	孔隙连通性 Pore continuity index (μm2)
2015	0—10	PT	1.32±0.05a	50.29±1.98a	17.50±0.93c	32.79±1.23a	61.65±9.80c
		CK	1.33±0.06a	50.00±2.15a	17.42±1.25c	32.58±2.01a	58.90±13.88c
		MWS	1.27±0.02a	52.44±0.65a	25.66±2.44a	26.78±2.25b	119.06±14.54b
		MWH	1.29±0.05a	51.51±2.06a	22.72±3.18ab	28.79±1.21b	141.86±19.90a
		MFS	1.33±0.04a	50.05±1.60a	20.57±1.35b	29.48±2.51b	50.40±9.41c
		MBF	1.32±0.03a	49.63±1.26a	21.85±2.46b	27.77±1.63b	58.52±9.54c
	10—20	PT	1.44±0.05a	46.03±1.71a	20.60±1.94a	25.43±0.98c	27.88±4.89c
		CK	1.46±0.08a	45.11±3.05a	19.82±1.27a	25.29±0.73c	27.21±7.92c
		MWS	1.41±0.02a	46.85±0.82a	20.65±2.04a	26.40±1.44bc	45.98±7.68b
		MWH	1.39±0.04a	47.65±1.61a	20.35±2.31a	27.30±0.85a	129.09±13.31a
		MFS	1.44±0.04a	45.96±1.32a	18.54±1.94a	27.42±0.89a	48.67±11.82b
		MBF	1.46±0.05a	45.14±1.97a	18.06±1.97a	26.88±0.67ab	57.44±7.80b
	20—30	PT	1.68±0.04a	36.89±1.51a	5.99±1.72b	30.90±2.04a	31.59±7.46a
		CK	1.69±0.04a	36.24±1.43a	5.18±1.98b	31.06±0.54a	37.36±7.08a
		MWS	1.66±0.04a	37.53±1.35a	10.61±1.77a	26.92±1.80b	22.23±3.58b
		MWH	1.64±0.03a	38.32±1.11a	11.94±3.38a	26.38±2.27b	20.21±2.41b
		MFS	1.68±0.03a	36.78±1.13a	10.55±1.75a	26.23±0.62b	36.72±2.79a
		MBF	1.67±0.03a	36.40±1.05a	10.03±1.84a	26.37±1.13b	31.61±1.82a
2016	0—10	PT	1.32±0.05a	50.29±1.98a	17.50±0.93d	32.79±1.23a	61.65±9.80c
		CK	1.31±0.04a	50.62±1.66a	17.94±1.10d	32.68±1.04a	61.66±11.40c
		MWS	1.25±0.02a	53.01±0.92a	27.52±0.87a	25.49±0.57c	138.83±23.22b
		MWH	1.26±0.04a	52.71±1.57a	22.86±2.24b	29.86±0.67b	198.05±25.09a
		MFS	1.30±0.02a	51.32±0.89a	20.14±1.47c	31.17±0.57a	54.01±10.49c
		MBF	1.30±0.03a	51.01±1.10a	22.18±1.66bc	28.84±0.57b	50.36±9.76c
	10—20	PT	1.44±0.55a	46.03±1.71c	20.60±1.94b	25.43±0.98c	27.88±4.89d
		CK	1.43±0.03a	46.13±1.34c	21.00±1.07b	25.13±0.29c	26.90±3.96d
		MWS	1.38±0.02bc	48.29±0.80ab	23.61±0.99a	25.67±0.30c	73.19±15.82b
		MWH	1.36±0.02c	48.79±0.86a	20.67±1.15b	28.12±0.35a	121.56±26.23a
		MFS	1.39±0.03bc	47.90±1.36ab	21.75±1.67b	26.15±0.79b	50.10±3.41c
		MBF	1.41±0.02ab	47.17±0.65bc	21.17±0.99b	26.00±0.79b	51.76±7.29c
	20—30	PT	1.68±0.04ab	36.89±1.51bc	5.99±1.72d	30.90±2.04a	31.59±7.46b
		CK	1.69±0.03a	36.29±1.11c	5.48±1.40d	30.81±0.67a	34.26±6.89ab
		MWS	1.64±0.03bc	38.41±1.32ab	12.95±1.46a	25.46±0.44c	18.19±4.58c
		MWH	1.61±0.03c	39.61±1.34a	12.31±1.89ab	27.30±0.57b	16.39±3.85c
		MFS	1.66±0.03ab	37.66±1.32bc	10.11±1.69bc	27.56±0.37b	34.73±6.69ab
		MBF	1.66±0.03ab	37.44±1.31bc	9.49±1.91c	27.95±0.60b	41.37±6.41a

PT, the initial values before traits; CK, mineral fertilizer without organic material (control); MWS, mineral fertilizer with wheat straw; MWH, mineral fertilizer with wheat husk; MFS, mineral fertilizer with farmyard soil; MBF, mineral fertilizer with bioorganic fertilizer. Different letters indicate significant between-treatment differences within a given layer (P<0.05). The same as below
PT为试验前的初始值;CK为对照,代表单施化肥;MWS为化肥+麦秆;MWH为化肥+麦壳;MFS为化肥+土粪;MBF为化肥+生物肥。不同小写字母表示差异显著（P<0.05）。下同

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有机物料连续2年还田,20—30 cm土层土壤大孔隙较CK和PT显著（P<0.05）增加58.5%—136.4%,土壤小孔隙较CK和PT显著（P<0.05）减少9.3%— 17.9%;可能是有机物料还田促进了作物根系生长和土壤动物活动,有效增加了生物大孔隙^[12]。但有机物料还田没有改善20—30 cm土层的孔隙连通性,MWH和MWS处理土壤孔隙连通性甚至显著（P<0.05）降低,较CK和PT减小29.6%—52.5%,这可能受生物大孔隙的弯曲度影响。

2.2 土壤入渗性能

土壤入渗性能反映土壤导水性,是重要的土壤物理性质^[7,20]。由图1可知,不同有机物料连续2年还田试验中,同一土层土壤初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率和90 min累积入渗量的变化规律基本一致。各有机物料处理较CK和PT显著（P<0.05）增加0—10 cm土层土壤初渗率0.10—2.94 cm·min^-1,稳渗率0.11—1.78 cm·min^-1,平均入渗率0.11—1.98 cm·min^-1和累积入渗量9.73—175.15 cm,其中,MWS处理效果显著最优（P<0.05）,主要原因是MWS处理土壤大孔隙相对较多,对土壤入渗性能有显著正作用。同时,各有机物料处理较CK和PT也显著（P<0.05）增加了10—20 cm土层土壤初渗率0.14—1.57 cm·min^-1,稳渗率0.15—1.06 cm·min^-1,平均入渗率0.16—1.33 cm·min^-1和累积入渗量14.02—120.21 cm,而MBF处理效果显著最优（P<0.05）。可能由于生物肥含有大量有效活菌,增加土壤微生物生物量,增强微生物活性,微生物的菌丝可有效地黏结土壤矿物颗粒,促进良好的团粒结构的形成,改善了土壤孔隙性,进而提高土壤入渗性能,土壤亚表层表现尤其明显^[19,32]。同理,MBF处理对20—30 cm土层土壤入渗性能的改善效果也达到显著（P<0.05）水平,较CK和PT增加土壤初渗率0.03—0.14 cm·min^-1,稳渗率0.02—0.05 cm·min^-1,平均入渗率0.02—0.05 cm·min^-1和累积入渗量2.06—4.88 cm。

图1

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图12014—2016年有机物料还田不同土层土壤入渗速率变化

Fig. 1Changes in soil infiltration rates of organic amendments at different depths in 2014-2016

2.3 土壤饱和导水率

土壤饱和导水率反映土壤导水性,是土壤水分和溶质运移的重要水力参数^[7,20]。如图2-a和2-b所示,不同有机物料连续2年还田试验中,各土层土壤饱和导水率与土壤入渗性能变化规律相似。与 CK和PT对比,有机物料还田显著（P<0.05）提高0—20 cm土层土壤饱和导水率0.05—0.72 cm·min^-1。其中,MWS处理在0—10 cm土层增幅最大,达0.63—0.72 cm·min^-1,而MBF处理在10—20 cm土层增幅最大,达0.23—0.43 cm·min^-1。MBF处理较CK和PT也显著（P<0.05）增加了20—30 cm土层土壤饱和导水率,增幅为0.01—0.02 cm·min^-1,其他处理间无显著差异（P>0.05）。

图2

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图22014—2016年有机物料还田不同土层土壤饱和导水率和导气率（10 kPa）变化

Fig. 2Changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity and air permeability at -10 kPa soil matric suction of organic amendments at different depths in 2014-2016

2.4 土壤导气率

土壤导气率是土壤导气性的重要指标,可充分反映土壤孔隙和土壤结构特征^[6,24]。图2-c和2-d为不同有机物料还田土壤导气率的剖面分布特征。MWS和MWH处理较CK和PT显著（P<0.05）增加0—10 cm土层导气率2.1—5.1倍,这与MWS和MWH处理具有较多的土壤大孔隙和良好的孔隙连通性有关。而且MWS和MWH处理由于较好的孔隙连通性,较CK和PT显著增加了10—20 cm土层导气率（P<0.05）。另外,MBF处理由于增加了土壤微生物的腐解作用,使得土壤颗粒的团聚作用加强,土壤孔隙连通性增加^[22],能够显著改善10—20 cm土层导气率。各处理20—30 cm土层导气率均较低,但MBF和MFS处理土壤导气率较CK和PT显著增加0.6—1.2倍 （P<0.05）,这主要因为增施土粪和生物肥增加了蚯蚓数量和土壤生物活性,进而增加了土壤生物大孔隙,改善土壤通气性^[24]。

2.5 土壤导水导气性综合评价

结合土壤孔隙性（1.容重、2.孔隙度、3.大孔隙、4.小孔隙,5.孔隙连通性）,导水性（6.初渗率、7.稳渗率、8.平均入渗率、9.90 min累积入渗量、10.饱和导水率）和导气性（11.土壤导气率）三类因子进行主成分分析（对容重进行同趋化处理）,所有数据为两次取样的平均值。由图3可知,土壤导水性和导气性在0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层存在分异,在20—30 cm土层几乎重合。在0—10 cm土层,土壤导水性参数与大孔隙最接近（r=0.854—0.889,P<0.01）,土壤导气性参数与容重（r=-0.807,P<0.01）、孔隙度（r=0.810,P<0.01）和孔隙连通性（r=0.975,P<0.01）最接近。土壤导水导气性参数与小孔隙分布相反（r=-0.533—-0.909,P<0.01）,相关系数均为负值。MWS处理0—10 cm土层土壤导水导气性综合得分最高（表4）,主要是因为增施麦秆增加土壤大孔隙、提高土壤水力传导能力,效果最优;而且,增施麦秆也显著改善了土壤孔隙连通性和导气性。在10—20 cm土层,各土壤参数的分布情况与0—10 cm土层基本相似。MBF处理10—20 cm土层导水导气性综合得分最高,原因为生物肥相对于其他有机物料增加了土壤微生物的数量和活动范围^[32],提高了土壤孔隙连通性,不仅改善了土壤导气性,而且对土壤导水性的改善效果达到了最优。在20—30 cm土层,生物肥增加土壤大孔隙,优化土壤孔隙结构,土壤导水导气性参数均与MBF处理最接近,综合得分最高。

图3

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图3各处理土壤导水导气性的主成分分析

Fig. 3Principal component analysis of soil water-gas transport parameters



Table 4
表4
表4有机物料还田对土壤导水导气性影响的综合得分
Table 4Comprehensive scores of effects of organic amendments on soil water-gas transport properties

土层深度 Depth (cm)	处理 Treatments	综合得分 Comprehensive scores
0—10	CK	-0.712
	MWS	1.188
	MWH	0.077
	MFS	-0.391
	MBF	-0.106
10—20	CK	-1.109
	MWS	0.375
	MWH	0.438
	MFS	-0.314
	MBF	0.609
20—30	CK	-1.096
	MWS	0.063
	MWH	0.162
	MFS	-0.028
	MBF	0.899

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3 讨论

3.1 有机物料还田对土壤导水性的影响

已有研究表明有机物料还田能有效提高土壤有机质含量,降低土壤容重,改善土壤孔隙结构,进而增强土壤水分传导性能,具有较好的土壤储水效能^[21,33]。这种改善效果大部分是通过多年连续应用有机物料实现的^[20-21,34]。但也有短期试验研究发现有机物料还田可显著改善土壤导水性^[12,17,35],例如YAZDANPANAH等^[33]研究表明30 000 kg·hm^-2有机废弃物和苜蓿草渣还田2年可显著改善土壤导水性能。与此相似,本研究在关中平原上开展了2年高量有机物料还田试验（20 000 kg·hm^-2）,发现增施麦秆、麦壳、土粪和生物肥均能显著增加0—20 cm土层土壤入渗性能和饱和导水率（图1,2-a和2-b）。一方面是因为有机物料具有高纤维素含量和低容重特性（表2）,将其施于农田可有效降低土壤紧实状况,增加有效孔隙数量,改善土壤导水性能^[33,35]。另一方面,有机物料还田,增加土壤有机质含量,存在于土壤有机质中的长链分子能有效地束缚和黏结矿物颗粒,稳定土壤团聚结构,加快土壤孔隙结构的形成,促进土壤已有孔隙向更大孔隙发育^[19]（表3）,而大孔隙作为土壤水分运移的优势路径^[8,9],对土壤入渗性能和饱和导水率有显著的正作用（图3）。WATSON和LUXMOORE^[36]指出超过70%的壤中流发生于大孔隙中。CARMEIRA等^[37]发现土壤大孔隙对土壤总入渗量的贡献率达到85%。KUNCORO等^[8]也表明添加有机物料条件下,土壤大孔隙解释了土壤饱和导水率79%的变异。然而,郭慧超等^[38]通过室内土柱模拟试验,发现添加生物有机肥能显著减小塿土饱和导水率,主要原因是有机肥与土壤充分混合后直接进行试验,缺少有机肥分解过程,土壤饱和后有机肥膨胀占据土壤大孔隙,降低了土壤饱和导水率。

另外,不同有机物料施加量虽相同,对土壤导水性的改善效果却存在差异（图1,2-a和2-b）,这与有机物料自身属性相关^[32,33]。4种有机物料中,麦秆含有大量的纤维结构,干容重最低（表2）,且呈约2 cm长的段状,经翻压大部分留于表层土^[18],对0—10 cm土层的稀释作用最强,导致土壤容重最低,土壤大孔隙最多,进而对土壤导水性的改善效果最好。另外,麦秆具有高有机碳含量和高C/N比特征（表2）,利于土壤有机碳积累,显著增加0—10 cm土层大孔隙（表3）,对土壤导水性能的改善效果显著优于其他有机物料^[35,39]。相反,微生物肥由于其低有机碳含量和低C/N比特征（表2）,矿化速率高,腐解快,不利于稳定土壤有机碳^[32]。但是,生物肥具有大量有效活菌,可增强土壤生物活性和土壤团聚作用,改善土壤孔隙分布,提高土壤孔隙连通性发育程度,促进土壤水分入渗,提高土壤饱和导水率,尤其是在10—30 cm土层,其改善效果最优（图1,2-a和2-b）。BORIE等^[40]和CELIK等^[32]也表明表层土壤由于受田间管理措施的影响较大,抑制土壤微生物的作用,而亚表层具有更好的微生物环境,促使土壤微生物数量和活性增加,有利于团聚体稳定胶结物质的形成,改善土壤孔隙结构,提高土壤水分传导性能。

3.2 有机物料还田对土壤导气性的影响

有机物料还田后经腐解可有效改善土壤孔隙结构,促进土壤空气与外界的交流,提高土壤导气能力^[24],具有较好的土壤通气效能。已有研究表明有机物料经翻耕还田后大部分混于耕层土壤^[20,21],因此其对耕层土壤导气性的影响尤其明显。本研究表明有机物料还田改善了0—20 cm土层土壤导气率,其中,增施麦秆和麦壳达到显著水平（图2-c和2-d）,这不仅受土壤大孔隙的影响,还与土壤孔隙连通性密切相关（图3）。试验表明麦秆和麦壳还田较单施化肥显著增加0—20 cm土层孔隙连通性,改善土壤导气性（表3,图2-c和2-d）,这与ARTHUR等^[22]和KHAN等^[23]的研究结果类似。此外,HUBBE等^[41]研究表明土壤导气性还与添加的有机物料种类密切相关,增施高纤维素含量的有机物料,对改善土壤导气性发挥显著正作用。这可能也正是本研究中麦秆和麦壳对0—20 cm土层导气性的改善效果优于土粪和生物肥（尤其在0—10土层达到显著水平）的原因。虽然生物肥的纤维素含量相对较低（表2）,但能有效增加亚表层土壤微生物生物量和蚯蚓数量^[32],促进作物根系生长^[22],有利于形成生物大孔隙^[24]并改善孔隙连通性,促使10—20 cm和20—30 cm土层的导气性得以显著提高。有机物料还田条件下,良好的土壤导气性不仅改善土壤肥力和土壤结构,而且阻碍土壤CO₂和N₂O排放,起到保护土壤环境和大气环境的作用^[24]。然而,KUNCORO等^[8,9]表明土壤大孔隙相同的情况下,添加有机物料降低了土壤孔隙连通性,对土壤空气传输产生阻碍作用。这是因为有机物料未经腐解直接混于土壤,增加土壤黏粒质量分数,提高黏粒与土壤颗粒的聚集作用,阻塞了部分大孔隙,降低了土壤孔隙连通性和导气性。

3.3 土壤导水导气性的综合改善建议

由于关中平原长期单施化肥,以旋代耕造成土壤物理性质发生“隐型退化”,土体内部紧实,0—10 cm耕层土壤容重介于1.04—1.34 g·cm^-3,符合农作物正常生长需要;而20—40 cm土壤容重在1.46—1.70 g·cm^-3范围内,约36%的农田超过了1.60 g·cm^-3的极限容重值^[4]。土壤紧实阻碍土壤水分运移与气体交换,限制作物根系下扎,影响作物正常生长^[8,21]。有机物料具有低容重、高孔隙度、高有机碳含量和高纤维结构等自然属性^[32],应用于农田可改善土壤孔隙结构并提高土壤导水导气性^[24,35],对黏粒含量相对较高的土壤其改善效果尤其明显^[33],因此,有机物料还田是关中平原（塿土）必要的农田管理措施。有机物料还田对土壤导水导气性的综合作用与其施加量和施加类型有关,需要在农田运用中重点考虑^[33,41]。YAZDANPANAH等^[33]和王晓娟等^[42]指出短期（2年）有机物料还田对土壤紧实状况的改善效果随施加量的增加而增加。在施加量相同的条件下,不同有机物料类型因自身结构特性差异,对不同土层土壤导水导气性的影响存在差异^[33,41]。本研究运用主成分分析对土壤导水导气性进行综合评价发现：增施麦秆和生物肥分别在0—10 cm和10—30 cm土层对土壤导水导气性的改良效果达到最优（图3）。鉴于关中平原农田亚表层土壤的紧实化问题严重,0—30 cm土壤呈“上松下紧”的结构特征^[4],本研究认为增施生物肥为相对最优的有机物料还田方式,较其他有机物料处理显著改善10—30 cm土层导水导气性,有效缓解亚表层土壤紧实状况,提高土壤透水通气性。因此,在有机物料管理措施应用初级阶段,宜采用高量生物肥还田以构建合理的耕层结构,提高根层土壤水分和空气含量^[22,33],为种子萌发、根系发育和开花结果等作物生长过程提供良好水气条件和肥力条件^[7],增加作物产量和水分利用效率^[5,18],对提高关中平原农田土壤生产力具有重要意义。另外,生物肥原料充足^[43],易于制备,成本不高,在生产实践中可操作性强,可推广应用。

已有研究表明有机物料还田对土壤透水通气性能的正作用主要集中在耕作层^[20,21],为了更有效的改善塿土犁底层紧实程度,构建合理的耕层结构,促进耕层和心土层之间的水气交换,需将有机物料还田与合理的耕作方式相结合^{[44,45,46,47]}。王秋菊等^[44]发现深耕+秸秆还田对土壤饱和透水系数和通气系数的改善效果优于旋耕,但由于深耕成本高,易造成耕层养分下降,不建议连续深耕。相对于连年深耕,免耕和深松隔年轮耕可有效打破犁底层加深耕层,增加犁底层的孔隙度,改善土壤保水力和通气性^[45]。翟振等^[46]进一步研究不同深松作业深度的改土效果,发现对试验地进行25 cm深度的深松,形成耕层25 cm,犁底层5 cm的耕层构造,为相对较好的犁底层改良方式;与全虚耕层构造相比,既可节省农机动力消耗,又有透水、增产效能。秸秆心土混合犁^[47]也是一种改善犁底层土壤结构并增加作物产量的有效措施,但其存在机械作业效率低、动力节余和浪费能源等弊端,可操作性相对较差。综上所述,免耕和深松（作业深度约25 cm）隔年轮耕与生物肥相结合,既可避免连年深耕的高成本和养分流失的弊端,又能改善犁底层土壤结构,增加土壤导水导气性,可能为缓解塿土“隐型退化”的有效措施。

此外,增施有机物料对农田土壤导水导气性的影响是一个渐进式的作用过程,经过多年连续定位试验后更能体现有机物料还田的实际效果。有机物料长期应用过程中,如何科学组装有机物料施加类型、施加量和耕作措施,实现土壤导水导气性的综合提升,推进资源节约和环境保护双赢,有待进一步长期深入的研究。

4 结论

不同种类有机物还田对各土层土壤导水导气性的影响存在差异。有机物料还田与单施化肥相比显著增加0—10 cm土层大孔隙,提高土壤入渗性能和饱和导水率,其中增施麦秆的改善效果最优;而且有机物料还田也改善了0—10 cm土层孔隙连通性和导气率,增施麦秆和麦壳达到显著水平。同时,各有机物料还田相对于单施化肥显著增加10—20 cm土层孔隙连通性,改善土壤入渗性能和饱和导水率,尤其是增施生物肥,土壤导水性参数显著优于其他有机物料处理;增施生物肥较单施化肥也显著增加了10—20 cm土层导气率。另外,增施生物肥较单施化肥显著提高20—30 cm土层土壤大孔隙、入渗性能、饱和导水率和导气率。

综合考虑土壤孔隙性、导水性和导气性因素,发现有机物料还田为综合改善塿土导水导气性的有效措施,增施麦秆对0—10 cm土层的改善效果最优,增施生物肥对10—30 cm土层的改善效果最优。因此,建议在关中平原上增施生物肥,可有效改善亚表层土壤紧实状况,实现塿土导水导气性最优的改善效果。

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[1] JI J M, CAI H J, HE J Q, WANG H J . Performance evaluation of CERES-Wheat model in Guanzhong Plain of Northwest China
Agriculture Water Management, 2014,144:1-10.
DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2014.04.016URL [本文引用: 1]
Winter wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) is one of the most important food crops in Guanzhong Plain of Northwest China. Irrigation and fertilizer are essential for wheat growth in the region because of inadequate precipitation and unfertile soil in the region. However, in most cases optimal yields are not gained due to unreasonable irrigation and fertilizer applications. A decision-supporting tool is required to facilitate local farmers to evaluate irrigation and fertilizer uses and their impact on yield. In this study, CERES (Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis)-Wheat model, a process-based model, was adapted for predicting yield of winter wheat calibrated using plot experiments in the region. Water and nitrogen (N) limitation conditions were included in the experiments conducted in Yangling on small test plots during the growing years of 2009–2010, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012. Results showed that the simulated aboveground biomass, grain yield, leaf area index (LAI), canopy N, cumulative evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen partial fertilizer productivity (NPFP) deviations from the measured were acceptable with normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) below 21%. LAI rose as N application increased and the synergistic impact of irrigation and N was exerted on LAI. ET and canopy N at maturity increased with irrigation although N application was different for 2010–2011 and 2011–2012. The response of both ET and canopy N to fertilizer N showed the similar trend. Besides, the impact of irrigation on ET was affected by different N applications under low irrigation conditions. WUE and NPFP were exerted a great influence on by N fertilizer and the impact of irrigation on them was not significant. Model sensitivity analysis indicated that the grain yield was very sensitive to field capacity among the factors except for the date-related factors and planting date had a significant influence on grain yield by comparison with the factors related to the date. Therefore, the model can be used for the region to assess and optimize winter wheat yield with respect to irrigation and N applications as well as other influential factors.

[2] LI S, LI Y B, LI X S, TIAN X H, ZHAO A Q, WANG S J, WANG S X, SHI J L . Effect of straw management on carbon sequestration and grain production in a maize-wheat cropping system in Anthrosol of the Guanzhong Plain
Soil & Tillage Research, 2016,157:43-51.
DOI:10.1016/j.still.2015.11.002URL [本文引用: 1]
Straw return is a widely recognized strategy for increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and improving soil quality and crop productivity. A 4-year-long field experiment established in 2008 was conducted to investigate the effects of the combined return of maize and wheat straw on the SOC stock at a soil depth of 0–20cm in an intensive summer maize (Zea maysL.)–winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cropping system in the Guanzhong Plain. The study involved four treatments with four replicates: low return of maize and wheat straw (ML–WL), low return of maize straw and high return of wheat straw (ML–WH), high return of maize straw and low return of wheat straw (MH–WL), and high return of maize and wheat straw (MH–WH). Compared with the SOC stock in the pre-experimental soil, the SOC stock in the 0–20cm soil layer decreased by 2.6% under the ML–WL treatment, and in contrast, increased by 1.9% in ML–WH and 14.4% in MH–WH. Similarly, the stabilization rate gradually increased from 2.4% in ML–WH to 10.0% in MH–WH, though an obvious decrease of 6.8% was found in the ML–WL treatment. A significant linear relationship (P<0.05) was found between SOC sequestration and the cumulative plant-derived C input to the soil. A minimum C input of 4.07Mgha611year611was required to maintain the initial level of SOC. However, a significant relationship (P<0.05) also existed between the cumulative plant-derived C input and non-sequestered C. Moreover, the ranking of the treatments with respect to yield and the sustainable yield index (SYI) of maize and wheat was ML–WL<ML–WH<MH–WL<MH–WH. The average SYI of maize and wheat reached a maximum value of 0.651 when the plant-derived C input was 10.51Mgha611year611, which was higher than the maximum value (SYI of 0.64, plant-derived C input of 9.76Mgha611year611) found in the MH–WH treatment. Although the high return of maize and wheat straw was the best treatment in this research, more suitable practices, such wheat straw return including longer stubble or maize straw return in combination with sub-soiling, might increase yield and soil C sequestration, ultimately achieving sustained agricultural development in this cropping system.

[3] ZHANG Y L, LI C H, WANG Y W, HU Y M, CHRISTIE P, ZHANG J L, LI X L . Maize yield and soil fertility with combined use of compost and inorganic fertilizers on a calcareous soil on the North China Plain
Soil & Tillage Research, 2016,155:85-94.
DOI:10.1016/j.still.2015.08.006URL [本文引用: 1]
Excessive N fertilization is a problem in the intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain. Proper N management is essential to maximize N efficiency and sustain agricultural production while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The aim of the present study was to investigate N dynamics, maize yields and soil fertility in response to short term compost application and straw return vs. inorganic fertilization. A field experiment (2012–2014) was conducted for three years on a calcareous soil in Quzhou county, Heibei province, north China. There were four treatments: unfertilized control (T1), inorganic fertilizer (100% NPK, T2), compost (cattle wastes)02+0270% NPK (T3), T302+02wheat straw (T4). No significant differences in biomass accumulation or N uptake among the fertilized treatments were observed across the maize growing season. Compost application for three years tended to increase grain yields particularly in the second and third years, and the average yield increase was approximately 7–15% over T2. Residual N min down the soil profile (102m) in the compost treatments (T3 and T4) decreased by 50% deeper in the soil (60–10002cm depth) at the maize harvest in 2014. Compared to T2, the compost treatments significantly increased NUE and soil available P and K contents. Correlation analysis indicates that maize yield in 2014 was significantly correlated with soil available P and K and with soil organic carbon (SOC). Overall, straw return did not have a significant influence on any measured parameters in either soil or plant samples. Our results demonstrate that 30% replacement of N fertilizer by compost is an effective nutrient management strategy to maintain N uptake and yield of maize, reduce N loss and also increase soil fertility. A considerable increase in invertase activity in the compost treatments highlights that the critical importance of integrating the management of carbon and nitrogen for sustainable agricultural production in this region of highly intensive production.

[4] 王加旭, 王益权, 李欣, 梁化学, 史红平, 石宗琳 . 关中农田土壤物理状态与分析
干旱地区农业研究, 2017,35(3):245-252.
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2017.03.38URL [本文引用: 3]
针对关中农田土壤通气、透水能力下降，抗不良环境能力减弱，生产成本逐年递增的实际问题，以关中11个县区农田土壤为研究对象，以土壤耕作层厚度、容重及团聚体特征为指标，开展了现代利用强度及土壤管理模式下农田土壤物理状态及其退化特征研究。结果表明：关中地区土壤发生学层次厚度尽管很厚，但受下层土体紧实化的影响，农田土壤耕作层普遍浅薄，疏松良好的土壤耕作层厚度变化在5～21 cm。调查范围内耕作层厚度在20 cm左右的仅占18%，10～15 cm之间的占64%，＜10 cm占18%左右。关中地区农田0～20 cm耕层土壤容重变化在1.04～1.34 g·cm-3，平均容重为1.21 g·cm-3，属于良好物理状态；而20～40 cm土壤容重变化在1.46～1.70 g·cm-3之间，平均容重为1.58 g·cm-3，属于很紧实土壤状态。约36%的农田在20～40 cm处容重达到或超过了1.60 g·cm-3的极限容重值。用干、湿筛技术测定的土壤团聚体的组成，关中农田1～5 mm的“（质量）优势团聚体”、团聚体的几何均重直径（GMD）、标准化平均当量直径（NMWD）以及土壤结构系数（Kctp）均显示，耕作层土壤团聚状态处于良好级别，其下层64%的土壤团聚状态较差，关中农田土壤团聚体水稳定性差，各地土壤团聚体状态以及稳定性差别明显。结论：关中地区农田土壤耕层变浅薄，是因为20～40 cm土层紧实化程度增大和犁底层上移与变厚所致；20～40土壤容重已经增大到极限值；0～20 cm土壤团聚体状态良好，但稳定性不强是引起其下层土壤紧实化的重要原因。关中农田土壤亚表层紧实化问题普遍，有愈加严重的发展态势。从空间上紧实化土层具有很强的隐蔽性，难以被人们所觉察，属于隐型土壤物理退化特征，不可小觑。
WANG J X, WANG Y Q, LI X, LIANG H X, SHI H P, SHI Z L . Evaluation of soil physical state in Guanzhong farmland
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2017,35(3):245-252. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2017.03.38URL [本文引用: 3]
针对关中农田土壤通气、透水能力下降，抗不良环境能力减弱，生产成本逐年递增的实际问题，以关中11个县区农田土壤为研究对象，以土壤耕作层厚度、容重及团聚体特征为指标，开展了现代利用强度及土壤管理模式下农田土壤物理状态及其退化特征研究。结果表明：关中地区土壤发生学层次厚度尽管很厚，但受下层土体紧实化的影响，农田土壤耕作层普遍浅薄，疏松良好的土壤耕作层厚度变化在5～21 cm。调查范围内耕作层厚度在20 cm左右的仅占18%，10～15 cm之间的占64%，＜10 cm占18%左右。关中地区农田0～20 cm耕层土壤容重变化在1.04～1.34 g·cm-3，平均容重为1.21 g·cm-3，属于良好物理状态；而20～40 cm土壤容重变化在1.46～1.70 g·cm-3之间，平均容重为1.58 g·cm-3，属于很紧实土壤状态。约36%的农田在20～40 cm处容重达到或超过了1.60 g·cm-3的极限容重值。用干、湿筛技术测定的土壤团聚体的组成，关中农田1～5 mm的“（质量）优势团聚体”、团聚体的几何均重直径（GMD）、标准化平均当量直径（NMWD）以及土壤结构系数（Kctp）均显示，耕作层土壤团聚状态处于良好级别，其下层64%的土壤团聚状态较差，关中农田土壤团聚体水稳定性差，各地土壤团聚体状态以及稳定性差别明显。结论：关中地区农田土壤耕层变浅薄，是因为20～40 cm土层紧实化程度增大和犁底层上移与变厚所致；20～40土壤容重已经增大到极限值；0～20 cm土壤团聚体状态良好，但稳定性不强是引起其下层土壤紧实化的重要原因。关中农田土壤亚表层紧实化问题普遍，有愈加严重的发展态势。从空间上紧实化土层具有很强的隐蔽性，难以被人们所觉察，属于隐型土壤物理退化特征，不可小觑。

[5] MU X Y, ZHAO Y L, LIU K, JI B Y, GUO H B, XUE Z W, LI C H . Responses of soil properties, root growth and crop yield to tillage and crop residue management in a wheat-maize cropping system on the North China Plain
European Journal of Agronomy, 2016,78:32-43.
DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2016.04.010URL [本文引用: 2]
Crop residue removal and subsoil compaction are limiting to yield improvement in the North China Plain (NCP). We conducted a field study composed of six consecutive crop growing seasons from 2010 to 2013 in Henan province, China, to determine responses of soil properties, crop root distribution and crop yield to tillage and residue management in a wheat aize cropping system under irrigated conditions. Tillage practices comprised mouldboard ploughing (MP) to a depth of 15-cm, deep mouldboard ploughing (DMP) to a depth of 30-cm, and chisel ploughing (CP) to a depth of 30-cm. Crop residue management included crop residue retained (CRRet) and crop residue removed (CRRem). The results indicated that yields in DMP and CP increased by 6.0% and 7.3% for wheat and by 8.7% and 9.0% for maize, respectively, relative to MP. The CRRet treatment also increased wheat yield by 6.7% and maize yield by 5.0%. The yield increases under DMP and CP were related to reduced bulk density and soil penetration resistance, increased soil water content, improved total N distribution and improved root density (0 60-cm). Compared with MP, the root mass density under DMP and CP were increased by 43.4% and 42.0% for wheat and by 40.6% and 39.4% for maize, respectively. The yield increases under CRRet were also related to increased soil water content, reduced penetration resistance and increased N status (0 40-cm). Overall, for DMP+CRRet and CP+CRRet, a more favorable soil environment alongside greater root mass density and suitable spatial distribution resulted in higher grain yields of wheat and maize. Thus, compared with conventional shallow tillage practice, DMP or CP with residue application could improve soil quality and agricultural productivity under irrigated areas with loam soil in the NCP.

[6] 李陆生, 张振华, 潘英华, 赵丽丽, 朱敏, 任尚岗 . 一种田间测算土壤导气率的瞬态模型
土壤学报, 2012,49(6):1252-1256.
URL [本文引用: 2]
空气和水共同存在于土壤孔隙中[1],两者之间渗透性关系紧密[2],通过测定土壤导气率可获得给定土壤饱和导水率和非饱和导水率的相关信息[3].同时相对饱和导水率等水力参数测定,土壤导气率的测定对土体结构破坏小,并且能够充分反映土壤孔隙和土壤结构特征[4-5].
LI L S, ZHANG Z H, PAN Y H, ZHAO L L, ZHU M, REN S G . Transient-flow model for in-situ measuring of soil air permeability
Acta Pedologica, 2012,49(6):1252-1256. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 2]
空气和水共同存在于土壤孔隙中[1],两者之间渗透性关系紧密[2],通过测定土壤导气率可获得给定土壤饱和导水率和非饱和导水率的相关信息[3].同时相对饱和导水率等水力参数测定,土壤导气率的测定对土体结构破坏小,并且能够充分反映土壤孔隙和土壤结构特征[4-5].

[7] 邵明安, 王全九, 黄明斌 . 土壤物理学. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2006.
[本文引用: 7]

SHAO M A, WANG Q J , HUANG M B . Soil Physics. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2006. ( in Chinese)
[本文引用: 7]

[8] KUNCORO P H, KOGA K, SATTA N, MUTO Y . A study on the effect of compaction on transport properties of soil gas and water Ⅰ: Relative gas diffusivity, air permeability, and saturated hydraulic conductivity
Soil & Tillage Research, 2014,143:172-179.
[本文引用: 6]

[9] KUNCORO P H, KOGA K, SATTA N, MUTO Y . A study on the effect of compaction on transport properties of soil gas and water Ⅱ: Soil pore structure indices
Soil & Tillage Research, 2014,143:180-187.
DOI:10.1016/j.still.2014.01.008URL [本文引用: 3]
Experimental data on the effects of compaction and applied organic matter (OM) on macropore structure indices, more particularly on pore continuity, have yet rarely been documented. In this study, static compaction was simulated in the laboratory at 150, 225, and 300kPa upon rice husk, rice straw, compost, sawdust, and wood bark-mixed soils and control. Measurements of relative gas diffusivity (Dp/D0)100 and air permeability (ka100) were conducted at 61100cm H2O soil matric suction after measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity (ks). Corresponding dry bulk density (ρd), total porosity (f), and air content (07100) values were also determined. Volume of macropores (01≥30μm) and micropores (01<30μm) were expressed as volume of air and water at 61100cm H2O soil matric suction, respectively, relative to the volume of soil solid. Specific gas diffusivity (SD100) and specific air permeability (Ska100) were calculated as (Dp/D0)100/07100 and ka100/07100, respectively. Analogous to the SD100 and Ska100, specific hydraulic conductivity (Sks) was defined as ks/07100. The results showed that compaction significantly increased ρd, which was followed by a reduction in f, and the mixed OM resulted in a significantly lower ρd and higher f than the control. The volume of macropores was reduced by compaction whereas the volume of micropores remained unaffected, for which the mixed OM tended to result in a higher volume of macropores than the control. Compaction resulted in more tortuous macropores for gas diffusion (lower SD100) and less continuous macropores for gas convection (lower Ska100) for which a significant difference was more pronounced between the 300 and 150kPa compactions. Compaction also resulted in fewer continuous macropores for water movement as indicated by lower Sks. The mixed OM was likely to result in a lower SD100, but except for rice straw tended to result in a higher Ska100 than the control. In addition, the mixed OM also seemed to result in a higher Sks than the control. Of the OM-mixed soils, the decrease in (Dp/D0)100 and ka100 was more sensitive to compaction (i.e., decrease in 07100) than that of the control whereas the decrease in ks acted conversely. Discussion of the measured (Dp/D0)100, ka100, and ks is presented in the companion paper.

[10] YANG X Y, SUN B H, ZHANG S L . Trends of yield and soil fertility in a long-term wheat-maize system
Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2014,13:402-414.
DOI:10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60425-6URL [本文引用: 1]
The sustainability of the wheat-maize rotation is important to China's food security. Intensive cropping without recycling crop residues or other organic inputs results in the loss of soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrients, and is assumed to be non-sustainable. We evaluated the effects of nine different treatments on yields, nitrogen use efficiency, P and K balances, and soil fertility in a wheat-maize rotation system (1991–2010) on silt clay loam in Shaanxi, China. The treatments involved the application of recommended dose of nitrogen (N), nitrogen and phosphorus (NP), nitrogen and potassium (NK), phosphorus and potassium (PK), combined NPK, wheat or maize straw (S) with NPK (SNPK), or dairy manure (M) with NPK (M1NPK and M2NPK), along with an un-treated control treatment (CK). The mean yields of wheat and maize ranged from 992 and 2 235 kg ha611under CK to 5 962 and 6 894 kg ha611under M2NPK treatment, respectively. Treatments in which either N or P was omitted (N, NK and PK) gave significantly lower crop yields than those in which both were applied. The crop yields obtained under NP, NPK and SNPK treatments were statistically identical, as were those obtained under SNPK and MNPK. However, M2NPK gave a significant higher wheat yield than NP, and MNPK gave significant higher maize yield than both NP and NPK. Wheat yields increased significantly (by 86 to 155 kg ha611yr611) in treatments where NP was applied, but maize yields did not. In general, the nitrogen use efficiency of wheat was the highest under the NP and NPK treatments; for maize, it was the highest under MNPK treatment. The P balance was highly positive under MNPK treatment, increasing by 136 to 213 kg ha611annually. While the K balance was negative in most treatments, ranging from 31 to 217 kg ha611yr611, levels of soil available K remained unchanged or increased over the 20 yr. SOM levels increased significantly in all treatments. Overall, the results indicated that combinations of organic manure and inorganic nitrogen, or returning straw with NP is likely to improve soil fertility, increasing the yields achievable with wheat-maize system in a way which is environmentally and agronomically beneficial on the tested soil.

[11] LAIRD D A, CHANG C W . Long-term impacts of residue harvesting on soil quality
Soil & Tillage Research, 2013,134:33-40.
DOI:10.1016/j.still.2013.07.001URL [本文引用: 1]
Development of the cellulosic bioenergy industry raises the prospect of wide spread stover harvesting in the near future; however, the impact of stover harvesting on soil quality may not be apparent for several years. Here we evaluate the impact of 19 years of either zero or approximately 90% removal of above ground crop residue on soil quality. The 0–5, 5–15, and 15–30cm soil depths of Waukegan silt loam (Typic Hapludoll) from east-central Minnesota were sampled from plots after 12 and 7 years of maize and soybean cropping, respectively. On average for the 0–5 and 5–15cm depths, soil organic C was 12% less, total N was 12.6% less, N mineralization potential was 27.7% less, cation exchange capacity was 7.3% less, macro aggregation was 13.0% less, and total respiration was 12.3% less for plots with residue harvesting relative to plots where residue was not harvested. Minimal impacts of residue harvesting were apparent for the 15–30cm soil samples, except N mineralization potential which was 28% lower for plots with residue harvesting. Declines in soil quality indicators due to residue harvesting were only slightly less severe for no-tillage plots relative to chisel and moldboard plow tillage plots. We conclude that harvesting 90% of above ground residue for 19 years resulted in substantial degradation of soil quality, and that the impact on N mineralization potential was substantially larger than the loss of total N, suggesting that labile organic N was selectively depleted. We also conclude that stover harvesting for bioenergy production could cause similar degradation of soil quality unless management practices that increase C inputs to soils are also implemented.

[12] GILL J S , SALE P W G, PERIES R R, TANG C . Changes in soil physical properties and crop root growth in dense sodic subsoil following incorporation of organic amendments
Field Crops Research, 2009,114:137-146.
DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2009.07.018URL [本文引用: 3]
Measurements of soil physical properties, root growth and the water content in the subsurface layers of a clay Sodosol soil were carried out to determine why the incorporation of organic amendment (20 t/ha) resulted in marked increases in wheat yield in an earlier paper. The incorporation of lucerne or dynamic lifter 03 pellets at a depth of 30–40 cm resulted in an almost doubling of the macroporosity from <10% to >18%, together with reductions in bulk density and the volumetric water content ( θ v) at 611500 kPa, and a 50-fold increase on saturated hydraulic conductivity in this subsurface layer. These changes in physical properties in the 30–40 cm deep layer were highly correlated ( r values 0.69–0.93, P < 0.01) with increased root growth in this layer, and increases in crop yield. The practice of incorporating an organic amendment in the top clay layer of the B horizon in soils where the high density restricts root growth, which is termed ‘subsoil manuring’, shows promise for increasing crop productivity on these soils in the high rainfall zone of southern Australia.

[13] 杨志臣, 吕贻忠, 张凤荣, 肖小平, 刘沫 . 秸秆还田和腐熟有机肥对水稻土培肥效果对比分析
农业工程学报, 2008,24(3):214-218.
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2008.03.043URL [本文引用: 1]
为探讨秸秆还田对土壤肥力的影响,该文以18年的定位试验为基 础,通过对直接施用秸秆、有机肥以及化肥、有机肥配施等6个处理小区的土壤进行采样,分析了秸秆还田同有机肥培肥方式对土壤理化性质、养分状况与作物产量 等方面的影响,着重探讨了秸秆直接还田同传统的施用腐熟有机肥对土壤的培肥效果差异.结果表明直接施用作物秸秆同施用腐熟有机肥对土壤的培肥效果基本相 同,均对土壤理化性质有很大的改善,同时可提高作物的产量,因此秸秆直接还田基本可以代替施用腐熟有机肥培肥土壤.
YANG Z C, Lü Y Z, ZHANG F R, XIAO X P, LI M . Comparative analysis of the effects of straw-returning and decomposed manure on paddy soil fertility betterment
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2008,24(3):214-218. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2008.03.043URL [本文引用: 1]
为探讨秸秆还田对土壤肥力的影响,该文以18年的定位试验为基 础,通过对直接施用秸秆、有机肥以及化肥、有机肥配施等6个处理小区的土壤进行采样,分析了秸秆还田同有机肥培肥方式对土壤理化性质、养分状况与作物产量 等方面的影响,着重探讨了秸秆直接还田同传统的施用腐熟有机肥对土壤的培肥效果差异.结果表明直接施用作物秸秆同施用腐熟有机肥对土壤的培肥效果基本相 同,均对土壤理化性质有很大的改善,同时可提高作物的产量,因此秸秆直接还田基本可以代替施用腐熟有机肥培肥土壤.

[14] 李江涛, 钟晓兰, 张斌, 刘勤, 赵其国 . 长期施用畜禽粪便对土壤孔隙结构特征的影响
水土保持学报, 2010,24(6):137-140.
URL [本文引用: 1]
畜禽粪便中含有大量有害物质可能影响农业土壤质量.土壤孔隙结构是反映土壤质量的重要指标.探讨长期施用畜禽粪便对土壤孔隙结构特征的影响,对于理解畜禽粪便对农业土壤质量影响有重要意义.该文分析稻麦轮作土壤上长期(>20年)施用畜禽粪便和化肥土壤孔隙度、孔隙分布、贮水性能及土壤饱和导水率等土壤孔隙结构指标.研究结果显示,长期施用畜禽粪便处理显著改变了土壤孔隙分布和土壤总孔隙度,施用畜禽粪便耕层土壤大孔隙和中孔隙的比例分别是施用化肥处理的1.48～1.70倍和1.35～1.75倍;耕层土壤总孔隙度也比施用化肥处理增加7.5%～11.3%.长期施用畜禽粪便显著提高了土壤贮水性能,施用畜禽粪便耕层土壤饱和含水量、毛管持水量以及田间持水量分别比施用化肥土壤提高了11.63%～23.98%,12.24%～21.72%和11.08%～16.25%.施用鸡粪和猪粪耕层土壤饱和导水率均大于180 cm/d,分别为施用化肥土壤的2.83倍和2.88倍.土壤有机碳与土壤孔隙结构指标间有极显著的相关关系,表明土壤有机碳在土壤孔隙结构的形成和稳定过程中起着重要作用.本研究结果表明,长期施用畜禽粪便主要是通过提高土壤有机碳来改善土壤孔隙结构特征.
LI J T, ZHONG X L, ZHANG B, LIU Q, ZHAO Q G . Soil pore structure properties as affected by long-term application of poultry litter and livestock manure
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2010,24(6):137-140. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 1]
畜禽粪便中含有大量有害物质可能影响农业土壤质量.土壤孔隙结构是反映土壤质量的重要指标.探讨长期施用畜禽粪便对土壤孔隙结构特征的影响,对于理解畜禽粪便对农业土壤质量影响有重要意义.该文分析稻麦轮作土壤上长期(>20年)施用畜禽粪便和化肥土壤孔隙度、孔隙分布、贮水性能及土壤饱和导水率等土壤孔隙结构指标.研究结果显示,长期施用畜禽粪便处理显著改变了土壤孔隙分布和土壤总孔隙度,施用畜禽粪便耕层土壤大孔隙和中孔隙的比例分别是施用化肥处理的1.48～1.70倍和1.35～1.75倍;耕层土壤总孔隙度也比施用化肥处理增加7.5%～11.3%.长期施用畜禽粪便显著提高了土壤贮水性能,施用畜禽粪便耕层土壤饱和含水量、毛管持水量以及田间持水量分别比施用化肥土壤提高了11.63%～23.98%,12.24%～21.72%和11.08%～16.25%.施用鸡粪和猪粪耕层土壤饱和导水率均大于180 cm/d,分别为施用化肥土壤的2.83倍和2.88倍.土壤有机碳与土壤孔隙结构指标间有极显著的相关关系,表明土壤有机碳在土壤孔隙结构的形成和稳定过程中起着重要作用.本研究结果表明,长期施用畜禽粪便主要是通过提高土壤有机碳来改善土壤孔隙结构特征.

[15] 王秋菊, 高中超, 常本超, 刘峰 . 有机物料深耕还田改善石灰性黑钙土物理性状
农业工程学报, 2015,31(10):161-166.
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.021URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
为明确不同深耕方式和有机物料配施还田的改土效果，在黑龙江省安达市石灰性黑钙土上开展了深松、秸秆心土还田、秸秆心土还田+鸡粪3种深耕处理对不同土层土壤物理性状影响的研究，并与常规耕作进行了比较。结果表明：耕层土壤三相比处理间变化无规律，20 cm以下土层秸秆心土还田处理和秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理降低土壤固相效果明显；深耕处理不同土层含水率均高于对照，其中>30～50 cm土层差异明显；秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理有增加土壤孔隙率、孔隙比和土壤饱和导水率的效果；各深耕处理>20～50 cm土层土壤容重和硬度与对照相比降低；深松处理增产效果不明显，秸秆心土还田处理比对照平均增产10.5%，秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理平均增产36.14%，该研究通过明确有机物料不同深耕改土措施对土壤物理性质的影响及与玉米产量的关系，为有机物料深耕还田改善石灰性黑钙土提供理论参考依据。
WANG Q J, GAO Z C, CHANG B C, LIU F . Deep tillage with organic materials returning to field improving soil physical characters of calcic chernozem
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015,31(10):161-166. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.021URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
为明确不同深耕方式和有机物料配施还田的改土效果，在黑龙江省安达市石灰性黑钙土上开展了深松、秸秆心土还田、秸秆心土还田+鸡粪3种深耕处理对不同土层土壤物理性状影响的研究，并与常规耕作进行了比较。结果表明：耕层土壤三相比处理间变化无规律，20 cm以下土层秸秆心土还田处理和秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理降低土壤固相效果明显；深耕处理不同土层含水率均高于对照，其中>30～50 cm土层差异明显；秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理有增加土壤孔隙率、孔隙比和土壤饱和导水率的效果；各深耕处理>20～50 cm土层土壤容重和硬度与对照相比降低；深松处理增产效果不明显，秸秆心土还田处理比对照平均增产10.5%，秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理平均增产36.14%，该研究通过明确有机物料不同深耕改土措施对土壤物理性质的影响及与玉米产量的关系，为有机物料深耕还田改善石灰性黑钙土提供理论参考依据。

[16] 赵占辉, 张丛志, 蔡太义, 刘昌华, 张佳宝 . 不同稳定性有机物料对砂姜黑土理化性质及玉米产量的影响
中国生态农业学报, 2015,23(10):1228-1235.
DOI:10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150546URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
针对黄淮海平原广泛分布的砂姜黑土结构性差、有机质含量偏低的特征, 通过中国科学院封丘农田生态系统国家试验站2年砂姜黑土不同外源有机物料施用处理盆栽试验[共设8个处理, 分别为空白(CK)、施秸秆(S)、施有机肥(M)、施1/2秸秆+1/2有机肥(SM)、施生物炭(C)、施1/2生物炭+1/2秸秆(CS)、施1/2生物炭+1/2有机肥(CM)和施1/3生物炭+1/3有机肥+1/3秸秆(CSM)], 研究了等C、N输入下不同稳定性有机物料(生物炭、秸秆、有机肥)对砂姜黑土理化性质及玉米产量的影响。结果表明, 与CK处理相比, 施用外源有机物料能显著降低土壤容重19.60%~32.23%, 增加饱和含水量7.91%~28.99%、田间持水量10.47%~30.76%, 提高耕层土壤总孔隙度10.36%~28.21%, 提升全量有机质11.00%~37.00%; 并对活性有机质组分(低活性有机质、中活性有机质、高活性有机质)产生显著影响, 其中高活性有机质增加幅度高达39.22%~83.83%。从有机物料的配比效果来看, CSM处理土壤容重最低, 为1.28 gcm^-1, C、S处理土壤容重分别为1.30 gcm^-1、1.36 gcm^-1。CSM处理土壤总孔隙度最大, 为58.53%; S、CS、SM处理次之, 分别为55.62%、56.90%、54.38%; C、M处理最小, 分别为53.18%、50.38%。CS、CM、CSM处理土壤总有机质含量较高, 分别为30.76 gkg^-1、32.99 gkg^-1、31.45 gkg^-1; C、S处理相对较低, 分别为25.36 gkg^-1、26.16 gkg^-1。CS、SM、CSM处理玉米产量最高, 分别为463.67 g盆^-1、376.31 g盆^-1、471.77 g盆^-1, 且差异性显著。可见不同稳定性有机物料施入能够改善土壤理化性质, 提高玉米产量, 生物炭配合秸秆、有机肥还田处理改良土壤及增产效果最佳。
ZHAO Z H, ZHANG C Z, CAI T Y, LIU C H, ZHANG J B . Effects of different stable organic matters on physicochemical properties of lime concretion black soil and maize yield
Chinese Journal of Eco- Agriculture, 2015,23(10):1228-1235. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150546URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
针对黄淮海平原广泛分布的砂姜黑土结构性差、有机质含量偏低的特征, 通过中国科学院封丘农田生态系统国家试验站2年砂姜黑土不同外源有机物料施用处理盆栽试验[共设8个处理, 分别为空白(CK)、施秸秆(S)、施有机肥(M)、施1/2秸秆+1/2有机肥(SM)、施生物炭(C)、施1/2生物炭+1/2秸秆(CS)、施1/2生物炭+1/2有机肥(CM)和施1/3生物炭+1/3有机肥+1/3秸秆(CSM)], 研究了等C、N输入下不同稳定性有机物料(生物炭、秸秆、有机肥)对砂姜黑土理化性质及玉米产量的影响。结果表明, 与CK处理相比, 施用外源有机物料能显著降低土壤容重19.60%~32.23%, 增加饱和含水量7.91%~28.99%、田间持水量10.47%~30.76%, 提高耕层土壤总孔隙度10.36%~28.21%, 提升全量有机质11.00%~37.00%; 并对活性有机质组分(低活性有机质、中活性有机质、高活性有机质)产生显著影响, 其中高活性有机质增加幅度高达39.22%~83.83%。从有机物料的配比效果来看, CSM处理土壤容重最低, 为1.28 gcm^-1, C、S处理土壤容重分别为1.30 gcm^-1、1.36 gcm^-1。CSM处理土壤总孔隙度最大, 为58.53%; S、CS、SM处理次之, 分别为55.62%、56.90%、54.38%; C、M处理最小, 分别为53.18%、50.38%。CS、CM、CSM处理土壤总有机质含量较高, 分别为30.76 gkg^-1、32.99 gkg^-1、31.45 gkg^-1; C、S处理相对较低, 分别为25.36 gkg^-1、26.16 gkg^-1。CS、SM、CSM处理玉米产量最高, 分别为463.67 g盆^-1、376.31 g盆^-1、471.77 g盆^-1, 且差异性显著。可见不同稳定性有机物料施入能够改善土壤理化性质, 提高玉米产量, 生物炭配合秸秆、有机肥还田处理改良土壤及增产效果最佳。

[17] BANDYOPADHYAY K K, MISRA A K, GHOSH P K, HATI K M . Effect of integrated use of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers on soil physical properties and productivity of soybean
Soil & Tillage Research, 2010,110(1):115-125.
DOI:10.1016/j.still.2010.07.007URL [本文引用: 2]
The effect of sole application of inorganic fertilizers (NPK) (N:P:K:: 30:26:25 kg ha 611) and combined application of farmyard manure (FYM) @ 4 Mg ha 611 and inorganic fertilizers (NPK + FYM) vis-a-vis non-application of fertilizers and manures (control) on changes in soil physical properties and plant growth characteristics of soybean (cv. JS 335) was studied in a deep Vertisol at the Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal during the year 2001–2004. The results indicated that conjunctive use of recommended dose of fertilizer and farmyard manure (NPK + FYM) resulted in significant ( P < 0.05) decrease of bulk density (9.3%), soil penetration resistance (42.6%) and increase in hydraulic conductivity (95.8%) and mean weight diameter of the water stable aggregates (13.8%) and soil organic carbon content (45.2%) compared to control. Among the aggregates, in macro-aggregate fraction (250–500 μm and 500–1000 μm size fraction) and in large macro-aggregate fraction (>2000 μm) maximum soil organic carbon concentration was recorded under NPK + FYM. The root mass of soybean was mostly (98%) confined to 15 cm soil depth. Combined application of NPK and FYM recorded significantly higher ( P < 0.05) root length density and root mass density of soybean in the 0–15 cm soil layer at flowering stage over NPK (28 and 65%) and control (63 and 175%). The root length density of soybean was significantly negatively correlated with the penetration resistance ( r = 0.98, P < 0.05). Application of FYM @ 4 Mg ha 611 with NPK significantly ( P < 0.05) improved the biomass partitioning towards pod over NPK and control. The grain yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency of soybean under NPK + FYM were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher than NPK and control. The total above ground biomass and the leaf area index at R8 stage could account for respectively, 89 and 63% variation in grain yield of soybean. Therefore in every crop season, integrated use of farmyard manure at 4 Mg ha 611 and recommended dose of chemical fertilizers may be practised in Vertisols for improving soil physical environment and achieving higher soybean productivity through efficient utilization of water and nutrients.

[18] YU K, DONG Q G, CHEN H X, FENG H, ZHAO Y, SI B.C, LI Y, HOPKINS W . Incorporation of pre-treated straw improves soil aggregate stability and increases crop productivity
Agronomy Journal, 2017,109(5):2253-2265.
DOI:10.2134/agronj2016.11.0645URL [本文引用: 4]
react-text: 59 This study explored the differences of soil water content at 0-20 m soil depth at three locations, including economical plantation in Mizhi, reforestation area in Shenmu, and wind break and sand fixation forest district of Yuyang, and for clarifying the impacts of different land use types on deep soil water distribution and storage characterization, as well as its eco-environmental effect on... /react-text react-text: 60 /react-text [Show full abstract]

[19] 丁奠元, 冯浩, 赵英, 杜璇 . 氨化秸秆还田对土壤孔隙结构的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,22(3):650-658.
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.15128URL [本文引用: 5]
【目的】土壤孔隙性质是土壤结构性的反映,直接影响着土壤的肥力和水分有效性。定量研究氨化秸秆还田对土壤不同大小等级孔隙数量和孔隙分布的影响,可以为土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】采用室内试验方法,设置氨化秸秆加入量为土壤总质量的0(CK)、0.384%(S1)、0.575%(S2)、0.767%(S3)4个处理,室内培养。在培养0、60、120和180 d,取样测定土壤水分特征曲线(SWRC)数据,利用双指数土壤水分特征曲线模型(DE模型,Double-exponential water retention equation),分析氨化秸秆对土壤剩余孔隙、基质孔隙和结构孔隙的影响;基于DE模型的微分函数,探究不同氨化秸秆处理对土壤孔隙分布的影响。【结果】不同处理的土壤水分特征曲线SWRC实测值和DE模型模拟值之间的均方根误差介于0.0036和0.0041 cm~3/cm~3之间,R~2介于0.998和0.999之间,土壤含水量模拟值和实测值非常接近1∶1,表明DE模型可以准确反映添加氨化秸秆后土壤含水量随吸力的变化规律,较准确地估算土壤不同大小等级孔隙数量变化。培养120 d内,氨化秸秆对土壤剩余孔隙、基质孔隙和结构孔隙影响不显著;培养180 d时,各处理土壤结构孔隙度表现出随着氨化秸秆添加量的增加而增加的趋势;此时S3对土壤剩余孔隙影响不显著,显著减小了土壤的基质孔隙度(P0.05),极显著地增加了土壤的结构孔隙度(P0.01)。在孔隙分布中,氨化秸秆促进了土壤已有孔隙向较大孔隙的发育,显著增加了土壤结构孔隙分布数量;随着氨化秸秆添加量的增加,土壤结构孔隙的分布数量越大,且峰值出现的越早。氨化秸秆增加了土壤中有机质含量;土壤结构孔隙和总孔隙均与有机质含量呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05);有机质可以黏结团聚土壤的矿物颗粒,有效地促进了土壤结构孔隙的发育;氨化秸秆对土壤孔隙的影响随着时间的进行越来越明显。【结论】氨化秸秆增加了土壤中有机质含量,促进了土壤孔隙结构的发育,增加了土壤的结构孔隙度和总孔隙度,这对改良和培肥土壤、改善土壤耕性具有重要意义。
DING D Y, FENG H, ZHAO Y, DU X . Effect of ammoniated straw returning on soil pore structure
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2016,22(3):650-658. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.15128URL [本文引用: 5]
【目的】土壤孔隙性质是土壤结构性的反映,直接影响着土壤的肥力和水分有效性。定量研究氨化秸秆还田对土壤不同大小等级孔隙数量和孔隙分布的影响,可以为土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】采用室内试验方法,设置氨化秸秆加入量为土壤总质量的0(CK)、0.384%(S1)、0.575%(S2)、0.767%(S3)4个处理,室内培养。在培养0、60、120和180 d,取样测定土壤水分特征曲线(SWRC)数据,利用双指数土壤水分特征曲线模型(DE模型,Double-exponential water retention equation),分析氨化秸秆对土壤剩余孔隙、基质孔隙和结构孔隙的影响;基于DE模型的微分函数,探究不同氨化秸秆处理对土壤孔隙分布的影响。【结果】不同处理的土壤水分特征曲线SWRC实测值和DE模型模拟值之间的均方根误差介于0.0036和0.0041 cm~3/cm~3之间,R~2介于0.998和0.999之间,土壤含水量模拟值和实测值非常接近1∶1,表明DE模型可以准确反映添加氨化秸秆后土壤含水量随吸力的变化规律,较准确地估算土壤不同大小等级孔隙数量变化。培养120 d内,氨化秸秆对土壤剩余孔隙、基质孔隙和结构孔隙影响不显著;培养180 d时,各处理土壤结构孔隙度表现出随着氨化秸秆添加量的增加而增加的趋势;此时S3对土壤剩余孔隙影响不显著,显著减小了土壤的基质孔隙度(P0.05),极显著地增加了土壤的结构孔隙度(P0.01)。在孔隙分布中,氨化秸秆促进了土壤已有孔隙向较大孔隙的发育,显著增加了土壤结构孔隙分布数量;随着氨化秸秆添加量的增加,土壤结构孔隙的分布数量越大,且峰值出现的越早。氨化秸秆增加了土壤中有机质含量;土壤结构孔隙和总孔隙均与有机质含量呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05);有机质可以黏结团聚土壤的矿物颗粒,有效地促进了土壤结构孔隙的发育;氨化秸秆对土壤孔隙的影响随着时间的进行越来越明显。【结论】氨化秸秆增加了土壤中有机质含量,促进了土壤孔隙结构的发育,增加了土壤的结构孔隙度和总孔隙度,这对改良和培肥土壤、改善土壤耕性具有重要意义。

[20] SHI Y G, ZHAO X N, GAO X D, ZHANG S L, WU P T . The effects of long-term fertiliser applications on soil organic carbon and hydraulic properties of a Loess soil in China
Land Degradation & Development, 2016,27(1):60-67.
DOI:10.1002/ldr.2391URL [本文引用: 7]
<p>Based on a 28-year in situ experiment, this paper investigated the impacts of organic and inorganic fertiliser applications on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and soil hydraulic properties of the silt loam (Eumorthic Anthrosols) soils derived from loess soil in the Guanzhong Plain of China. There were two crop (winter wheat and summer maize) rotations with conventional tillage. The treatments included control without fertiliser application, organic manure application (M), chemical fertiliser application (NP), and the application of organic manure with chemical fertiliser (MNP). The results showed that the 28-year organic manure applications (M and MNP) significantly ( p

[21] ZHANG S L, YANG X Y, WISS M, GRIP M, LOVDAHL L . Changes in physical properties of a loess soil in China following two long-term fertilization regimes
Geoderma, 2006,136(3/4):579-587.
DOI:10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.04.015URL [本文引用: 6]
A 13-year long-term experiment on the Loess Plateau of China was used to evaluate the effect of two different fertilizer regimes on the soil's physical/hydraulic properties. The fertilizer regimes included (i) control without any fertilizer (C), (ii) applications of chemical fertilizer (NPK), and (iii) applications of chemical fertilizer plus dairy manure (MNPK). Undisturbed soil cores were collected from the field to determine soil water retention curves and hydraulic conductivity (saturated and unsaturated). In addition, gravimetric water content, soil bulk density, porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity were measured several times during the crop growing season to check seasonal variations. Annual application of manure increased soil water retention at the two soil depths tested (0–5 and 10–1502cm) relative to the control treatment ( P ≤ 0.1), by 13 to 32% at tension ranges from 0 to 30002kPa for the 0–502cm layer, and by 5 to 19% from 0 to 202kPa for the 10–1502cm layer. The field soil water content was also significantly increased at 0–1002cm depth ( P ≤ 0.05). Saturated hydraulic conductivity did not show any significant differences among treatments on the sampling dates due to large variations in the data. In contrast, the MNPK and NPK treatments decreased unsaturated hydraulic conductivity compared with C at 0–502cm depth. No significant differences between treatments in this variable were observed at 10–1502cm depth. Generally, NPK showed similar effects to C. Soil physical properties (bulk density and porosity) showed significant seasonal variations.

[22] ARTHUR E, SCHJ?NNING P, MOLDRUP P, TULLER M , JONGE L W D . Density and permeability of a loess soil: long-term organic matter effect and the response to compressive stress
Geoderma, 2013, 236-245:193-194.
DOI:10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.09.001URL [本文引用: 6]
Long-term field trials provide an ideal means to assess effects of cultivation practises (e.g., fertilisation, tillage, crop rotation etc.) on soil physical properties and soil fertility. To build upon the knowledge of the role of organic carbon (OC) and other soil properties on soil response to compressive stress, undisturbed soil cores were collected from a long-term fertilisation experiment in Bad Lauchstadt in Germany, including combinations of animal manure and mineral fertilisers. The cores were drained to -100 hPa matric potential and exposed to uniaxial confined compression (200 kPa). Investigated indicators for compression response included compression index, precompression stress, and resistance and resilience indices based on measured soil physical properties (air permeability, and void ratio). Soil resilience was assessed following exposure of compacted cores to freeze-thaw (FT) and wet-dry (WD) cycles. The OC content increased with increased fertilisation and resulted in decreased initial bulk density, higher air-filled and total porosities, and increased organisation of the pore space. Soil resistance decreased with increasing OC content but the correlation was not significant. However, initial bulk density (rho(bi)) and initial gravimetric water content (w(i)) were significantly positively correlated to the indices of soil compression resistance, with the effect of rho(bi) being significantly stronger. Significant recovery of air-filled void ratio and air permeability was observed following exposure to FT and WD cycles, with the latter cycle showing higher recovery levels. The OC and rho(bi) significantly influenced the magnitude of recovery following FT cycles, with pi), showing contrasting trends on void ratio after both WD and FT cycles. It was concluded that the main drivers influencing soil response to compressive stress are rho(bi) and w(i). No direct influence of OC was observed, rather the indirect effect of OC was seen through lower rho(bi), and greater w(i) associated with higher OC levels. Further studies are required to differentiate the relative effects of OC, rho(bi) and w(i) for variably-textured soils. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[23] KHAN A R, CHANDRA D, QURAISHI S, SINHA R K . Soil aeration under different soil surface conditions
Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 2000,185(2):105-112.
DOI:10.1046/j.1439-037X.2000.00417.xURL [本文引用: 2]
The assessment of the importance of soil aeration for various plant characteristics and environmental conditions is necessary to evaluate the oxygen relations to the crops. The root environment as a solid-liquid matrix depends upon soil structure and moisture condition. A limited oxygen supply restricts the root development and also reduces the nitrogen fixation in peanuts. Soil surface conditions can be altered by mulching and plays a significant role in protecting the plants against deficient aeration during critical periods of growth phases. The effects of eight mulching treatments (rice husk, rice husk-incorporated, paddy straw, sawdust, water mulch, clear polyethylene, black polyethylene and control) on the soil oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) during the various growth phases of peanut crop ( Arachis hypogaea L.) were investigated on a lateritic sandy loam soil (ultisols). These experiments were conducted for two consecutive seasons. ODR values were higher in mulched plots. With the progress of growth stages and also in deeper soil depths, the differences between the values of ODR among treatments narrowed down. The influence of mulches on other physical edaphic properties like bulk density, aeration (noncapillary) porosity and soil temperature were also studied. Mulches reduced the surface crusting and thereby soil bulk density; and increased the aeration porosity and ODR. Soil temperature was higher under plastic mulches whereas vegetative mulches suppressed it.

[24] NAVEED M, MOLDRUP P, VOGEL H J, LAMANDé M, WILDENSCHILD D, TULLER M , JONGE L.W.D . Impact of long-term fertilization practice on soil structure evolution
Geoderma, 2014, 217-218:181-189.
[本文引用: 7]

[25] 陈帅, 陈强, 孙涛, 张光辉, 张兴义 . 黑土坡耕地秸秆覆盖对表层土壤结构和导气性的影响
水土保持通报, 2016,36(1):17-21.
DOI:10.13961/j.cnki.stbctb.2016.01.004URL [本文引用: 1]
[目的]调查研究秸秆覆盖对黑土坡耕地表层土壤结构和导气性的影响,揭示秸秆覆盖措施对农田黑土土壤物理性状和功能的影响.[方法]利用黑土农田保护性耕作连续7 a的坡耕地长期定位田间试验,系统观测秸秆覆盖免耕处理和传统耕作处理的表层0-10 cm的土壤容重、孔隙度、饱和含水量、田间持水量和土壤导气率等指标,并加以分析.[结果](1)与秸秆移除传统耕作相比,秸秆覆盖免耕处理能够显著增加表层土壤容重、饱和含水量以及田间持水量,减少总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度;(2)秸秆覆盖免耕处理使土壤水稳性团聚体显著增加,水稳性大团聚体(＞0.25 mm)的含量、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GWD)分别提高了10.41％,45.28％和22.58％,且土壤表层导气性降低了30％.[结论]连续7a的秸秆覆盖免耕改善了表层土壤团粒结构,增加了保水能力,但导气性较差.
CHEN S, CHEN Q, SUN T, ZHANG G H, ZHANG X Y . Effects of straw mulching on topsoil structure and air permeability in Black soil sloping farmland
Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016,36(1):17-21. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.13961/j.cnki.stbctb.2016.01.004URL [本文引用: 1]
[目的]调查研究秸秆覆盖对黑土坡耕地表层土壤结构和导气性的影响,揭示秸秆覆盖措施对农田黑土土壤物理性状和功能的影响.[方法]利用黑土农田保护性耕作连续7 a的坡耕地长期定位田间试验,系统观测秸秆覆盖免耕处理和传统耕作处理的表层0-10 cm的土壤容重、孔隙度、饱和含水量、田间持水量和土壤导气率等指标,并加以分析.[结果](1)与秸秆移除传统耕作相比,秸秆覆盖免耕处理能够显著增加表层土壤容重、饱和含水量以及田间持水量,减少总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度;(2)秸秆覆盖免耕处理使土壤水稳性团聚体显著增加,水稳性大团聚体(＞0.25 mm)的含量、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GWD)分别提高了10.41％,45.28％和22.58％,且土壤表层导气性降低了30％.[结论]连续7a的秸秆覆盖免耕改善了表层土壤团粒结构,增加了保水能力,但导气性较差.

[26] 罗松, 韩少杰, 王恩姮, 陈祥伟 . 不同开垦年限黑土耕地土壤导气率及其影响因素
东北林业大学学报, 2017,45(6):47-50.
URL [本文引用: 1]
为探讨开垦对典型黑土土壤导气率的影响,以未经开垦天然次生林（0 a）和开垦年限为17、30、40 a耕地土壤为研究对象,采用PL-300型土壤导气率测定仪测定耕作区0~20 cm土层水平、垂直2个方向的土壤导气率,并计算其各向异性。结果表明：土壤水平、垂直导气率均随开垦年限的增加而显著减少（p〈0.05）;与未开垦天然次生林相比,土壤垂直导气率下降22.44%~95.44%,土壤水平导气率下降40.45%~92.50%;不同开垦年限土壤水平、垂直导气率均呈现出随土层的加深而降低的一致规律。不同开垦年限土壤导气率各向异性表现出随着开垦年限增加逐渐增大的趋势,并在30、40 a表现出显著性（p〈0.05）。土壤导气率与密度呈极显著负相关,与孔隙度、非毛管空隙度、有机质均呈极显著正相关。黑土土壤的气体传输能力随开垦年限逐渐降低,密度、孔隙度、非毛管空隙度、有机质均显著影响黑土土壤导气率。
LUO S, HAN S J, WANG E H, CHEN X W . Air permeability and its influence factors of black soil with different tillage periods
Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2017,45(6):47-50. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 1]
为探讨开垦对典型黑土土壤导气率的影响,以未经开垦天然次生林（0 a）和开垦年限为17、30、40 a耕地土壤为研究对象,采用PL-300型土壤导气率测定仪测定耕作区0~20 cm土层水平、垂直2个方向的土壤导气率,并计算其各向异性。结果表明：土壤水平、垂直导气率均随开垦年限的增加而显著减少（p〈0.05）;与未开垦天然次生林相比,土壤垂直导气率下降22.44%~95.44%,土壤水平导气率下降40.45%~92.50%;不同开垦年限土壤水平、垂直导气率均呈现出随土层的加深而降低的一致规律。不同开垦年限土壤导气率各向异性表现出随着开垦年限增加逐渐增大的趋势,并在30、40 a表现出显著性（p〈0.05）。土壤导气率与密度呈极显著负相关,与孔隙度、非毛管空隙度、有机质均呈极显著正相关。黑土土壤的气体传输能力随开垦年限逐渐降低,密度、孔隙度、非毛管空隙度、有机质均显著影响黑土土壤导气率。

[27] 王卫华, 李建波, 张志鹏, 王全九 . 覆膜滴灌条件下土壤改良剂对土壤导气率的影响
农业机械学报, 2015,46(6):160-167.
DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.06.023 [本文引用: 1]
A field experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of soil amendments on soil air permeability under plastic mulching condition. The results showed that soil texture kept slight changes after applying soil amendments; however, it resulted in significant decrease of soil bulk density and increase of saturated water content and field capacity. Although plastic sheet mulch was helpful for soil water storage and heat preservation, it prevented air exchange at soil-atmosphere interface which led to decrease of soil air permeability. Meanwhile, soil structure and physical properties were improved through the application of soil amendments, resulting in clear air flow in soil pores, which led to increase of soil air permeability. Furthermore, the improvement of three types of soil amendment on soil air permeability were ranked in the order of phosphogypsum (PG) > polyacrylamide (PAM) > Handilong. As for PAM and Handilong treatments, high application rate had better effect on soil air permeability than that of low application rate. As for PG treatment, the value of soil air permeability under high application rate was 1.12 times as high as that under low application rate, and moderate and low application rates had similar effects on soil air permeability. The results indicated that soil amendments could obviously improve soil air permeability, which certainly provided new methods for improving soil air permeability during field crops growth.
WANG W H, LI J B, ZHANG Z P, WANG Q J . Effects of soil amendments on soil air permeability in film mulched drip irrigation field
Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2015,46(6):160-167. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.06.023 [本文引用: 1]
A field experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of soil amendments on soil air permeability under plastic mulching condition. The results showed that soil texture kept slight changes after applying soil amendments; however, it resulted in significant decrease of soil bulk density and increase of saturated water content and field capacity. Although plastic sheet mulch was helpful for soil water storage and heat preservation, it prevented air exchange at soil-atmosphere interface which led to decrease of soil air permeability. Meanwhile, soil structure and physical properties were improved through the application of soil amendments, resulting in clear air flow in soil pores, which led to increase of soil air permeability. Furthermore, the improvement of three types of soil amendment on soil air permeability were ranked in the order of phosphogypsum (PG) > polyacrylamide (PAM) > Handilong. As for PAM and Handilong treatments, high application rate had better effect on soil air permeability than that of low application rate. As for PG treatment, the value of soil air permeability under high application rate was 1.12 times as high as that under low application rate, and moderate and low application rates had similar effects on soil air permeability. The results indicated that soil amendments could obviously improve soil air permeability, which certainly provided new methods for improving soil air permeability during field crops growth.

[28] SOLTANI A , RAVALEC-DUPIN M L, FOURAR M . An experimental method for one dimensional permeability characterization of heterogeneous porous media at the core scale
Transport Porous Media, 2009,77(1):1-16.
DOI:10.1007/s11242-008-9258-0URL [本文引用: 1]
Many reservoir simulator inputs are derived from laboratory experiments. Special core analysis techniques generally assume that core samples are homogeneous. This assumption does not hold for porous media with significant heterogeneities. This paper presents a new method to characterize core scale permeability heterogeneity. The method is validated by both numerical and experimental results. The leading idea consists in injecting a high viscosity miscible fluid into a core sample saturated with a low viscosity fluid. In such conditions, the fluid displacement is expected to be piston-like. We investigate the evolution of the pressure drop as a function of time. A continuous permeability profile is estimated along flow direction from the pressure drop assuming that the core sample is a stack of infinitely thin cross sections perpendicular to flow direction. Thus, we determine a permeability value for each cross section. Numerical and laboratory experiments are carried out to validate the method. Flow simulations are performed for numerical models representing core samples to estimate the pressure drop. The selected models are sequences of plugs with constant permeabilities. In addition, laboratory displacements are conducted for both low permeability and high permeability core samples. To investigate whether there is dispersion inside the porous medium, CT scan measurements are performed during fluid displacement: the location of the front is observed at successive time intervals. The results validate the methodology developed in this paper as long as heterogeneity is one dimensional.

[29] GROENEVELT P H, KAY B D, GRANT C D . Physical assessment of a soil with respect to rooting potential
Geoderma, 1984,34(2):101-114.
DOI:10.1016/0016-7061(84)90016-8URL [本文引用: 1]
The potential suitability of a soil to accommodate growing roots was assessed on the basis of: (1) the existing pore space available for unobstructed root growth; and (2) the obstruction offered to a growing root by the soil matrix. The former was evaluated by measuring the air permeability of undisturbed soil cores, equilibrated at a chosen water tension. The latter was evaluated by measuring the spectrum of the tip resistance encountered by a slowly penetrating fine probe. The influence of cropping history on this potential suitability was examined by comparing the same soil with two different cropping sequences (corn grown continuously for five years and forages grown for three years followed by two years of corn). Measurements were started shortly before the forages were plowed under. Air permeabilities were higher for the plots on which forages had been grown, indicating greater potential suitability for unobstructed root growth. The penetration experiments showed that the average resistance to deformation of root-sized pores was equal for the two cropping patterns. The average bulk density was higher in the continuous corn plots than in the plots on which forages had been grown. After analysis of our data we postulated that the effect of the higher bulk density was offset by lower aggregate strength in the continuous corn plots. Implications of this hypothesis are discussed.

[30] 王卫华 . 土壤导气率变化特征试验研究
[D]. 西安: 西安理工大学, 2008.
[本文引用: 1]

WANG W H . Experimental studies on soil air permeability
[D]. Xi’an: Xi’an University of Technology, 2008. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[31] 李江涛, 钟晓兰, 赵其国 . 畜禽粪便施用对稻麦轮作土壤质量的影响
生态学报, 2011,31(10):2837-2845.
URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
通过采集试验区长期施用鸡粪 (PL)、猪粪 (LM) 和化肥 (CF) 的稻麦轮作耕层和犁底层土壤,分析了不同施肥处理土壤有机碳和养分含量、土壤物理结构特征、土壤生物学性质的差异,探讨了长期施用畜禽粪便对土壤质量的影响。研究结果显示,长期施用畜禽粪便耕层和犁底层土壤有机碳含量显著高于施用化肥处理(<em>P</em><0.05);与CF处理比较,PL和LM处理土壤氮、磷、钾全量和有效养分含量均明显增加,其中耕层土壤Olsen-P 含量为施用化肥处理的7-8倍,速效钾含量比施用化肥土壤高89.2%-102.9%。施用畜禽粪便明显改善了土壤物理结构,其耕层土壤大孔隙体积、中孔隙体积和总孔隙度分别为CF处理土壤的1.48-1.70倍,1.35-1.75倍和1.07-1.11倍;土壤团聚体水稳定性显著增强,而土壤抗张强度显著降低。施用畜禽粪便土壤微生物和生化性质也明显高于施用化肥土壤,其中LM处理耕层土壤MBC和MBN最大,分别是CF处理土壤的2.1倍和1.5倍;施用畜禽粪便土壤脲酶和转化酶活性也分别为施用化肥土壤的3.5-6.7倍和1.6-2.1倍。相关分析显示,土壤有机碳含量与各肥力指标间均表现出极显著相关(<em>P</em><0.01)。研究结果说明,长期施用畜禽粪便土壤质量显著高于仅施化肥土壤。
LI J T, ZHONG X L, ZHAO Q G . Enhancement of soil quality in a rice-wheat rotation after long-term application of poultry litter and livestock manure
Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2011,31(10):2837-2845. (in Chinese)
URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
通过采集试验区长期施用鸡粪 (PL)、猪粪 (LM) 和化肥 (CF) 的稻麦轮作耕层和犁底层土壤,分析了不同施肥处理土壤有机碳和养分含量、土壤物理结构特征、土壤生物学性质的差异,探讨了长期施用畜禽粪便对土壤质量的影响。研究结果显示,长期施用畜禽粪便耕层和犁底层土壤有机碳含量显著高于施用化肥处理(<em>P</em><0.05);与CF处理比较,PL和LM处理土壤氮、磷、钾全量和有效养分含量均明显增加,其中耕层土壤Olsen-P 含量为施用化肥处理的7-8倍,速效钾含量比施用化肥土壤高89.2%-102.9%。施用畜禽粪便明显改善了土壤物理结构,其耕层土壤大孔隙体积、中孔隙体积和总孔隙度分别为CF处理土壤的1.48-1.70倍,1.35-1.75倍和1.07-1.11倍;土壤团聚体水稳定性显著增强,而土壤抗张强度显著降低。施用畜禽粪便土壤微生物和生化性质也明显高于施用化肥土壤,其中LM处理耕层土壤MBC和MBN最大,分别是CF处理土壤的2.1倍和1.5倍;施用畜禽粪便土壤脲酶和转化酶活性也分别为施用化肥土壤的3.5-6.7倍和1.6-2.1倍。相关分析显示,土壤有机碳含量与各肥力指标间均表现出极显著相关(<em>P</em><0.01)。研究结果说明,长期施用畜禽粪便土壤质量显著高于仅施化肥土壤。

[32] CELIK I, GUNAL H, BUDAK M, AKPINAR C . Effects of long-term organic and mineral fertilizers on bulk density and penetration resistance in semi-arid Mediterranean soil conditions
Geoderma, 2010,160(2):236-243.
DOI:10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.09.028URL [本文引用: 7]
78The decline in organic matter lead disintegration of aggregates demonstrated on lower MWD values. 78Manure and compost did not cause any further increase in MWD indicated reaching a steady state. However, compost with mycorrhizae application continued to significant increase in MWD of soils. 78Mycorrhiza along with organic fertilizers resulted in an improvement of soil structure. 78Compost application lowered the bulk density and reached to a steady state at the given conditions.

[33] YAZDANPANAH N, MAHMOODABADI M, CERDà A . The impact of organic amendments on soil hydrology, structure and microbial respiration in semiarid lands
Geoderma, 2016,266:58-65.
DOI:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.11.032URL [本文引用: 9]
61Higher microbial respiration was associated with greater hydraulic conductivity61Soil microbial respiration interacted with structural stability and pore size61Macroporosity was much more sensitive to amendments application than microporosity61MSW-treated soils with higher CO2emission had more WSA>0.25mm and macro pores

[34] XIN X L, ZHANG J B, ZHU A, ZHANG C Z . Effects of long-term (23 years) mineral fertilizer and compost application on physical properties of fluvo-aquic soil in the North China Plain
Soil & Tillage Research, 2016,156:166-172.
DOI:10.1016/j.still.2015.10.012 [本文引用: 1]
The influence of compost and mineral fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC) and physical properties varied greatly in previous studies because of differences in site conditions such as climate and soil. This study was conducted as a long-term (1989–2012) field experiment to evaluate the effects of mineral fertilization and compost application on SOC content and some physical properties of an intensively cultivated sandy loam soil in the North China Plain. The experiment consisted of seven treatments: organic compost (OM); half organic compost plus half mineral fertilizer NPK (1/2OM1/2NPK); mineral fertilizer NPK (NPK); mineral fertilizer NP (NP); mineral fertilizer PK (PK); mineral fertilizer NK (NK); and unfertilized control (CK), each with four replicates. Relative to CK, the SOC content was higher in all of the compost and mineral fertilizer treatments, but increments in SOC under the compost application treatments were higher than mineral fertilization application. Compost application (OM, 1/2OM1/2NPK) decreased soil bulk density and increased total porosity significantly in comparison with that in the CK plots. Soil bulk density and total porosity for the mineral fertilization treatments, except NP, did not significantly differ from CK. The lowest penetration resistance at 0–2002cm soil depth was observed in the NK plots, and the highest penetration resistance was found in the CK plots. Compost application increased the total amount of water-stable macro-aggregates (>0.2502mm); however, MWD was not significantly affected by compost application. The MWD in the NK treatment was lower than in CK by 0.202mm, while its variation among NPK, OM, 1/2OM1/2NPK, NP, PK, and CK was not significant. The compost- and mineral fertilizer-treated soil had 34.6–91.7% higher volume of macropores than the CK soil. The OM and 1/2OM1/2NPK-treated soil had a significantly higher proportion of small pores (<3.302μm), and the mineral fertilizer-treated soil did not differ from CK. The hydraulic conductivity in the balanced fertilization plots (OM, 1/2OM1/2NPK, NPK) tended to be higher than in the unbalanced fertilization treatments (NP, PK, and NK) and CK. The results indicated that supplementation with organic manure such as compost is more beneficial to enhance soil fertility and maintain the sustainability of crop production in the North China Plain.

[35] KHALIQ A, ABBASI M K . Improvements in the physical and chemical characteristics of degraded soils supplemented with organic-inorganic amendments in the Himalayan region of Kashmir, Pakistan
Catena, 2015,126:209-219.
DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2014.11.015URL [本文引用: 4]
61Soil degradation has been identified as major ecological problem in the Himalayan region.61Poultry manure and wheat straw residues were tested for soil quality improvement.61Both amendments improved soil physical properties, and thus soil quality.61Both increased organic matter and NPK, hence improved soil fertility.61Application of organic amendments can improve and restore the degraded soils.

[36] WATSON K, LUXMOORE R . Estimating macroporosity in a forest watershed by use of a tension infiltrometer
Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1986,50(3):578-582.
DOI:10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000030007xURL [本文引用: 1]
The ability to obtain sufficient field hydrologic data at reasonable cost can be an important limiting factor in applying transport models. A procedure is described for using ponded-flow- and tension-infiltration measurements to calculate transport parameters in a forest watershed. Thirty infiltration measurements were taken under ponded-flow conditions and at 3, 6, and 15 cm (H/sub 2/O) tension. It was assumed from capillarity theory that pores > 0.1-, 0.05-, and 0.02-cm diam, respectively, were excluded from the transport process during the tension infiltration measurements. Under ponded flow, 73% of the flux was conducted through macropores (i.e., pores > 0.1-cm diam.). An estimated 96% of the water flux was transmitted through only 0.32% of the soil volume. In general the larger the total water flux the larger the macropore contribution to total water flux. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test indicated that water flux through both matrix pore space and macropores was log-normally distributed in space.

[37] CAMEIRA M R, FERNANDO R M, PEREIRA L S . Soil macropore dynamics affected by tillage and irrigation for a silty loam alluvial soil in southern Portugal
Soil & Tillage Research, 2003,70(2):131-140.
DOI:10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00154-XURL [本文引用: 1]
Soil tillage can have a significant effect on soil porosity and water infiltration. This study reports field measurements of near saturated hydraulic conductivity in an undisturbed soil under two tillage treatments, conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT). The objective was to determine effective macro and mesoporosities, porosity dynamics during the irrigation season, and their contribution to water flow. Field observations were performed during the 1998 maize ( Zea mays L.) cropping season in an Eutric Fluvisol with a silty loam texture, located in the Sorraia River Watershed in the south of Portugal. Infiltration measurements were done with a tension infiltrometer. At each location an infiltration sequence was performed corresponding to water tensions ( ) of 0, 3, 6 and 15 cm. Five sets of infiltration measurements were taken in both treatments in the top soil layer between May and September. One set of measurements was done at the depth of 30 cm at the bottom of the plowed layer in the CT plot. After 5 years of continuous tillage treatments the results show that regardless of the tillage treatment, saturated conductivity values K( 0) were several times larger than near saturation conductivity K( 3). This indicates that subsurface networks of water conducting soil pores can exist in both CT and MT maize production systems. In CT, the moldboard plow created macro and mesoporosity in the top soil layer while breaking pore continuity at 30 cm depth. This porosity was partially disrupted by the first irrigation, resulting in a significant decrease of 45% in the macropore contribution to flow. Later in the season, the irrigation effect was overlaid by the root development effect creating new channels or continuity between existing pores. In MT macroporosity contribution to flow did not show significant differences in time, representing 85% of the total flow. In both the treatments, macropores were the main contributing pores to the total flow, in spite of the very low macroporosity volumes.

[38] 郭慧超, 邵明安, 樊军 . 有机肥质量分数对土壤导水率稳定性的影响
中国水土保持科学, 2013,11(6):7-14.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-3007.2013.06.002URL [本文引用: 1]
饱和导水率是水循环和土壤侵蚀模型中的重要参数,也是土壤结构改善的重要指标。通过室内土柱模拟实验研究有机肥添加量对风沙土和塿土导水率的影响。土壤添加有机肥的比例设置为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%7个水平,土壤密度设3个水平,各处理5个重复。结果表明:1)土壤饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈降低趋势,风沙土的饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈直线下降趋势,而塿土饱和导水率的降低趋势随有机肥质量分数的增加减缓;2)有机肥质量分数的增加对土壤密度的降低作用可以抵消有机肥增加导致的饱和导水率的降低;3)低土壤密度下土壤导水率随时间变化不稳定,土壤密度增大后随时间变化稳定。随着有机肥质量分数的增加,土壤导水率的测定过程趋于稳定,但是测定时间延长。
GUO H C, SHAO M A, FAN J . Effects of the organic matter content on the stability of the soil hydraulic conductivity
Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2013,11(6):7-14. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-3007.2013.06.002URL [本文引用: 1]
饱和导水率是水循环和土壤侵蚀模型中的重要参数,也是土壤结构改善的重要指标。通过室内土柱模拟实验研究有机肥添加量对风沙土和塿土导水率的影响。土壤添加有机肥的比例设置为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%7个水平,土壤密度设3个水平,各处理5个重复。结果表明:1)土壤饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈降低趋势,风沙土的饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈直线下降趋势,而塿土饱和导水率的降低趋势随有机肥质量分数的增加减缓;2)有机肥质量分数的增加对土壤密度的降低作用可以抵消有机肥增加导致的饱和导水率的降低;3)低土壤密度下土壤导水率随时间变化不稳定,土壤密度增大后随时间变化稳定。随着有机肥质量分数的增加,土壤导水率的测定过程趋于稳定,但是测定时间延长。

[39] 王秋菊, 常本超, 张劲松, 韩东来, 隋玉刚, 陈海龙, 杨兴玉, 王雪冬, 焦峰, 新家宪, 刘峰 . 长期秸秆还田对白浆土物理性质及水稻产量的影响
中国农业科学, 2017,50(14):2748-2757.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.14.011URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】明确长期秸秆还田对白浆土土壤物理性质及水稻产量的影响。【方法】开展秸秆还田长期定位试验。试验设置4个处理,分别为对照(CK),单施秸秆(S),秸秆+化肥(SNPK),单施化肥(NPK)。在2005年后连年处理,并于试验处理前和2010年、2015年试验处理期间调查土壤容重、硬度、孔隙、三相组成以及水稻产量。【结果】白浆土长期秸秆还田有利于水稻产量提高,10年产量平均,秸秆还田配施肥料处理水稻产量比对照和秸秆单独还田处理增产275.70%和133.23%,比单施化肥处理增产14.17%。秸秆还田处理水稻产量在还田第5—10年平均产量比第1—5年有增加趋势;长期秸秆还田可以改善土壤物理性质,降低土壤容重、硬度,还田10年后,秸秆还田配施化肥处理土壤容重低于化肥单施、秸秆单施及对照处理,SNPK处理0—20、20—30 cm土层土壤容重与对照相比分别降低6.34%和10.00%,与还田5年后同类处理相比仍呈下降趋势;秸秆还田配施化肥处理土壤硬度10年后在10、20、30 cm土层与处理前相比分别降低为26.87%、5.68%和4.62%,在20—30 cm土层与对照相比差异显著,还田10年与5年后相比有下降趋势,其他处理变化不明显;还田5年后,秸秆还田配施化肥处理在0—20、20—30、30—40 cm土层土壤固相比例与对照相比分别下降8.82%、8.36%和3.65%,还田10年后分别下降10.87%、10.61%和4.67%,10年后要比5年后下降幅度大,秸秆还田配施化肥比秸秆单施和化肥单施处理下降幅度大;长期秸秆还田可以增加土壤有效孔隙的数量,在处理间和年限间差异极显著,还田10年后,在0—20、20—30、30—40 cm土层秸秆还田配施化肥土壤有效孔隙比对照增加28.86%、63.85%和23.40%,在20—30 cm和30—40 cm土层比化肥单施增加12.55%和62.96%,在0—20、20—30、30—40cm土层比秸秆单施增加19.68%、56.52%和24.46%;与还田5年后相比,土壤有效孔隙度均呈现增加的趋势。【结论】长期秸秆还田可以改善白浆土不良物理性状,降低白浆层的容重、硬度,增加土壤总孔隙度和有效孔隙的比例,提高水稻产量。秸秆还田年限越长改善土壤不良物理性质效果越明显。单独进行秸秆还田改善土壤效果不明显,秸秆还田配施肥料处理效果明显;在不同处理上,秸秆还田配施化肥处理既有改土效果,又可提高水稻产量,而单施化肥和单独秸秆还田均达不到此类效果。
Wang Q j, CHaNG B C, Zhang J s, HAN D L, SUI Y G, CHEN H L, YANG X Y, WANG X D, Jiao F, KEN A, Liu F . Effects of albic soil physical properties and rice yields after long-term straw incorporation
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017,50(14):2748-2757. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.14.011URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】明确长期秸秆还田对白浆土土壤物理性质及水稻产量的影响。【方法】开展秸秆还田长期定位试验。试验设置4个处理,分别为对照(CK),单施秸秆(S),秸秆+化肥(SNPK),单施化肥(NPK)。在2005年后连年处理,并于试验处理前和2010年、2015年试验处理期间调查土壤容重、硬度、孔隙、三相组成以及水稻产量。【结果】白浆土长期秸秆还田有利于水稻产量提高,10年产量平均,秸秆还田配施肥料处理水稻产量比对照和秸秆单独还田处理增产275.70%和133.23%,比单施化肥处理增产14.17%。秸秆还田处理水稻产量在还田第5—10年平均产量比第1—5年有增加趋势;长期秸秆还田可以改善土壤物理性质,降低土壤容重、硬度,还田10年后,秸秆还田配施化肥处理土壤容重低于化肥单施、秸秆单施及对照处理,SNPK处理0—20、20—30 cm土层土壤容重与对照相比分别降低6.34%和10.00%,与还田5年后同类处理相比仍呈下降趋势;秸秆还田配施化肥处理土壤硬度10年后在10、20、30 cm土层与处理前相比分别降低为26.87%、5.68%和4.62%,在20—30 cm土层与对照相比差异显著,还田10年与5年后相比有下降趋势,其他处理变化不明显;还田5年后,秸秆还田配施化肥处理在0—20、20—30、30—40 cm土层土壤固相比例与对照相比分别下降8.82%、8.36%和3.65%,还田10年后分别下降10.87%、10.61%和4.67%,10年后要比5年后下降幅度大,秸秆还田配施化肥比秸秆单施和化肥单施处理下降幅度大;长期秸秆还田可以增加土壤有效孔隙的数量,在处理间和年限间差异极显著,还田10年后,在0—20、20—30、30—40 cm土层秸秆还田配施化肥土壤有效孔隙比对照增加28.86%、63.85%和23.40%,在20—30 cm和30—40 cm土层比化肥单施增加12.55%和62.96%,在0—20、20—30、30—40cm土层比秸秆单施增加19.68%、56.52%和24.46%;与还田5年后相比,土壤有效孔隙度均呈现增加的趋势。【结论】长期秸秆还田可以改善白浆土不良物理性状,降低白浆层的容重、硬度,增加土壤总孔隙度和有效孔隙的比例,提高水稻产量。秸秆还田年限越长改善土壤不良物理性质效果越明显。单独进行秸秆还田改善土壤效果不明显,秸秆还田配施肥料处理效果明显;在不同处理上,秸秆还田配施化肥处理既有改土效果,又可提高水稻产量,而单施化肥和单独秸秆还田均达不到此类效果。

[40] BORIE F, RUBIO R, ROUANET J L, MORALES A, BORIE G, ROJAS C . Effects of tillage systems on soil characteristics, glomalin and mycorrhizal propagules in a Chilean Ultisol
Soil & Tillage Research, 2006,88(1/2):253-261.
DOI:10.1016/j.still.2005.06.004URL [本文引用: 1]
Tillage affects the soil physical and chemical environment in which soil microorganisms live, thereby affecting their number, diversity and activity. However, soil disturbance generally has the greatest impact on biological properties, including both free and symbiotic fungal populations. Interest in more ecologically sustainable agricultural systems is rising with increasing recognition that agricultural intensification can adversely affect environmental quality. This paper discusses the effect of tillage system on some soil characteristics, such as pH, C, N and S levels, total and Olsen-P contents including some P forms associated with organic matter, glomalin contents and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) parameters, such as root colonization, spore number and total and active hyphal length. Measurements were in the sixth year of an on-going tillage-rotation experiment conducted on an Ultisol under no-till (NT), reduced tillage (RT) and conventional tillage with stubble mixed into the soil (CTS) or stubble burnt (CTB). Soil was sampled at two dates; after wheat ( Triticum aestivum) harvest (autumn) and 6 months after subsequent grassland seeding (spring). Higher C, N, S, total P and fulvic acid-P concentrations and pH occurred under NT and RT than under CTS and CTB after wheat harvest. However, results at the second sampling were not consistent. AM spore number and active hyphal length were highest under NT having the greatest incidence on AM root colonization and P concentration in shoots of the pasture. Glomalin concentration was higher under NT and RT than under CTS and CTB but no differences in calculated glomalin to total C (ca. 5%) were found. It is concluded that a less disruptive effect of NT influences positively all soil characteristics and also increases P acquisition by the following crop in the rotation system.

[41] HUBBE M A, NAZHAD M , SáNCHEZ C . Composting as a way to convert cellulosic biomass and organic waste into high-value soil amendments: A review
Bioresources, 2010,5(4):2808-2854.
DOI:10.1007/s00226-009-0268-zURL [本文引用: 3]
Plant-derived cellulosic materials play a critical role when organic wastes are composted to produce a beneficial amendment for topsoil. This review article considers publications dealing with the science of composting, emphasizing ways in which the cellulosic and lignin components of the composted material influence both the process and the product. Cellulose has been described as a main source of energy to drive the biological transformations and the consequent temperature rise and chemical changes that are associated with composting. Lignin can be viewed as a main starting material for the formation of humus, the recalcitrant organic matter that provides the water-holding, ion exchange, and bulking capabilities that can contribute greatly to soil health and productivity. Lignocellulosic materials also contribute to air permeability, bulking, and water retention during the composting process. Critical variables for successful composting include the ratio of carbon to nitrogen, the nature of the cellulosic component, particle size, bed size and format, moisture, pH, aeration, temperature, and time. Composting can help to address solid waste problems and provides a sustainable way to enhance soil fertility.

[42] 王晓娟, 贾志宽, 梁连友, 韩清芳, 丁瑞霞, 杨保平, 崔荣美 . 旱地施有机肥对土壤有机质和水稳性团聚体的影响
应用生态学报, 2012,23(1):159-165.
URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
通过渭北旱塬2007&mdash;2010年田间定位试验，研究了有机肥不同施用量(低量7500 kg&middot;hm^-2、中量15000 kg&middot;hm^-2、高量22500 kg&middot;hm^-2)对连作玉米地土壤有机质、团聚体各层粒径分布和稳定性的影响.结果表明：0～20 cm土层，高量有机肥处理土壤有机质含量较低量有机肥处理提高4.1%～4.6%，高、中量有机肥处理较对照提高4.6%～11.2%,低量有机肥处理在施肥第4年（2010年）较CK提高4.7%～6.3%.0～30 cm土层，所有有机肥处理&gt;5 mm水稳性团聚体的增幅最大，其含量随有机肥用量的增加而显著升高；有机肥处理显著提高了土壤&gt;0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体平均质量直径和团聚体稳定率，且随有机肥用量的增加而显著增加；中、高量有机肥处理比单施化肥处理增加效果显著.
WANG X J, JIA Z K, LIANG L Y, HAN Q F, DING R X, YANG B P, CUI R M . Effects of organic manure application on dry land soil organic matter and water stable aggregates
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2012,23(1):159-165. (in Chinese)
URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
通过渭北旱塬2007&mdash;2010年田间定位试验，研究了有机肥不同施用量(低量7500 kg&middot;hm^-2、中量15000 kg&middot;hm^-2、高量22500 kg&middot;hm^-2)对连作玉米地土壤有机质、团聚体各层粒径分布和稳定性的影响.结果表明：0～20 cm土层，高量有机肥处理土壤有机质含量较低量有机肥处理提高4.1%～4.6%，高、中量有机肥处理较对照提高4.6%～11.2%,低量有机肥处理在施肥第4年（2010年）较CK提高4.7%～6.3%.0～30 cm土层，所有有机肥处理&gt;5 mm水稳性团聚体的增幅最大，其含量随有机肥用量的增加而显著升高；有机肥处理显著提高了土壤&gt;0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体平均质量直径和团聚体稳定率，且随有机肥用量的增加而显著增加；中、高量有机肥处理比单施化肥处理增加效果显著.

[43] 吕凤莲, 侯苗苗, 张弘弢, 强久次仁, 周应田, 路国艳, 赵秉强, 杨学云, 张树兰 . 塿土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系有机肥替代化肥比例研究
植物营养与肥料学报, 2018,24(1):22-32.
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.17210URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】有机肥替代部分化肥是实现我国化肥零增长目标的重要措施之一。探讨特定环境条件下有机肥替代化肥比例的作物产量效应及氮效率,可为合理利用有机肥资源提供科学依据。【方法】通过两年不同有机无机配施比例探讨陕西关中塿土冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系产量及氮效率的响应。试验设对照不施肥(CK)、氮磷钾100%由化肥提供(NPK)、75%NPK+25%有机肥氮(25%M)、50%NPK+50%有机肥氮(50%M)、25%NPK+75%有机肥氮(75%M)和全部氮由有机肥提供(100%M),共6个处理。【结果】与对照相比,各施肥处理均能不同程度地提高小麦、玉米产量及其总产量。在不同有机无机配比的处理中,随着有机氮替代比例的增加产量表现为先增加后降低的趋势,75%M处理的作物产量最高。不同施肥处理,两个轮作年氮回收率的变化范围分别为35%~43%和38%~61%;氮农学效率的范围分别为12.3~18.3 kg/kg和17~24 kg/kg;氮偏生产力范围分别为41.4~46.5 kg/kg和44~51 kg/kg;氮生理效率范围分别为31~47 kg/kg和34~46 kg/kg。总体而言,75%M处理的氮效率高于其它处理。小麦–玉米轮作两年之后,施肥处理0—100 cm土层硝态氮残留量为11~133 kg/hm~2,以NPK处理最高。氮平衡结果显示,50%M、75%M和100%M均有一定的氮素盈余,盈余量为33~120 kg/hm~2,其中以100%M处理的盈余量最大。25%M和NPK处理有一定亏缺,分别为N 19.6 kg/hm~2和40.3 kg/hm~2。另外,两个轮作年的年均经济收益大小为75%M50%M25%MNPK100%M,其中75%M处理的年收益最高为19906元/hm~2,100%M处理的年收益最低为16634元/hm~2。【结论】经过小麦–玉米两个轮作年,有机肥替代75%化肥氮可以提高作物产量和氮效率,增加年经济效益,同时有效减少土壤硝态氮的残留量。
Lü F L, HOU M M, ZHANG H T , QIANG J C R, ZHOU Y T, LU G Y, ZHAO B Q, YANG X Y, ZHANG S L . Replacement ratio of chemical fertilizer nitrogen with manure under the winter wheat- summer maize rotation system in Lou soil
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018,24(1):22-32. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.17210URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】有机肥替代部分化肥是实现我国化肥零增长目标的重要措施之一。探讨特定环境条件下有机肥替代化肥比例的作物产量效应及氮效率,可为合理利用有机肥资源提供科学依据。【方法】通过两年不同有机无机配施比例探讨陕西关中塿土冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系产量及氮效率的响应。试验设对照不施肥(CK)、氮磷钾100%由化肥提供(NPK)、75%NPK+25%有机肥氮(25%M)、50%NPK+50%有机肥氮(50%M)、25%NPK+75%有机肥氮(75%M)和全部氮由有机肥提供(100%M),共6个处理。【结果】与对照相比,各施肥处理均能不同程度地提高小麦、玉米产量及其总产量。在不同有机无机配比的处理中,随着有机氮替代比例的增加产量表现为先增加后降低的趋势,75%M处理的作物产量最高。不同施肥处理,两个轮作年氮回收率的变化范围分别为35%~43%和38%~61%;氮农学效率的范围分别为12.3~18.3 kg/kg和17~24 kg/kg;氮偏生产力范围分别为41.4~46.5 kg/kg和44~51 kg/kg;氮生理效率范围分别为31~47 kg/kg和34~46 kg/kg。总体而言,75%M处理的氮效率高于其它处理。小麦–玉米轮作两年之后,施肥处理0—100 cm土层硝态氮残留量为11~133 kg/hm~2,以NPK处理最高。氮平衡结果显示,50%M、75%M和100%M均有一定的氮素盈余,盈余量为33~120 kg/hm~2,其中以100%M处理的盈余量最大。25%M和NPK处理有一定亏缺,分别为N 19.6 kg/hm~2和40.3 kg/hm~2。另外,两个轮作年的年均经济收益大小为75%M50%M25%MNPK100%M,其中75%M处理的年收益最高为19906元/hm~2,100%M处理的年收益最低为16634元/hm~2。【结论】经过小麦–玉米两个轮作年,有机肥替代75%化肥氮可以提高作物产量和氮效率,增加年经济效益,同时有效减少土壤硝态氮的残留量。

[44] 王秋菊, 高中超, 张劲松, 常本超, 姜辉, 孙兵, 郭中原, 贾会彬, 焦峰, 刘峰 . 黑土稻田连续深耕改善土壤理化性质提高水稻产量大田试验
农业工程学报, 2017,33(9):126-132.
URL [本文引用: 2]
为了明确深耕对水田土壤理化性质及水稻产量影响,该文在黑土型水稻土上开展深耕研究,应用自主研发的水田深翻犁,开展深翻、浅翻与旋耕大区对比研究。结果表明:浅翻和深翻可以降低土壤固相比率和容重,与旋耕相比,土壤固相比率降低幅度分别为0.74%~4.80%和1.86%~3.90%;>10~20 cm土层土壤容重分别下降0.09 g/cm~3和0.08 g/cm~3,>20~30 cm土层深翻处理土壤容重比旋耕下降0.03 g/cm~3;>10~20 cm土层土壤的通气系数和饱和透水系数浅翻处理比旋耕分别提高4.04倍和2.71倍,深翻提高4.42倍和2.14倍;>20~30 cm深翻比旋耕提高1.86倍和2.87倍,2年趋势一致;深翻可使土壤养分指标在各层趋于平均化;深耕可促进水稻根系生长,根系的生长量与根长增加幅度为6.53%~16.33%和10.81%~21.62%,深翻好于浅翻;深耕提高水稻产量,2015年浅翻和深翻处理水稻实测产量分别比旋耕增产6.91%和9.81%,2016年增产6.59%和7.84%,2年增产趋势一致。
WANG Q J, GAO Z C, ZHANG J S, CHANG B C, JIANG H, SUN B, GUO Z Y, JIA H B, JIAO F, LIU F . Black-soil paddy field experiment on improving soil physical and chemical properties and increasing rice yield by continuous deep ploughing
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017,33(9):126-132. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 2]
为了明确深耕对水田土壤理化性质及水稻产量影响,该文在黑土型水稻土上开展深耕研究,应用自主研发的水田深翻犁,开展深翻、浅翻与旋耕大区对比研究。结果表明:浅翻和深翻可以降低土壤固相比率和容重,与旋耕相比,土壤固相比率降低幅度分别为0.74%~4.80%和1.86%~3.90%;>10~20 cm土层土壤容重分别下降0.09 g/cm~3和0.08 g/cm~3,>20~30 cm土层深翻处理土壤容重比旋耕下降0.03 g/cm~3;>10~20 cm土层土壤的通气系数和饱和透水系数浅翻处理比旋耕分别提高4.04倍和2.71倍,深翻提高4.42倍和2.14倍;>20~30 cm深翻比旋耕提高1.86倍和2.87倍,2年趋势一致;深翻可使土壤养分指标在各层趋于平均化;深耕可促进水稻根系生长,根系的生长量与根长增加幅度为6.53%~16.33%和10.81%~21.62%,深翻好于浅翻;深耕提高水稻产量,2015年浅翻和深翻处理水稻实测产量分别比旋耕增产6.91%和9.81%,2016年增产6.59%和7.84%,2年增产趋势一致。

[45] 侯贤清, 贾志宽, 韩清芳, 孙红霞, 王维, 聂俊峰, 杨宝平 . 不同轮耕模式对旱地土壤结构及入渗蓄水特性的影响
农业工程学报, 2012,28(5):85-94.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2012.05.015URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
为了探索免耕与深松隔年轮耕对土壤结构及入渗蓄水性能的影响，2007－2010年在宁南旱区采用免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松与连年翻耕3种耕作模式，对土壤体积质量、团聚体、入渗率及水分利用效率等方面的影响进行了研究。结果表明：与连年翻耕相比，免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松处理使0～60 cm各土层土壤体积质量平均降低3.5%、6.2%（P<0.05）；使0～20 cm土层>0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体数量平均分别增加10.3%（P<0.05）和20.3%（P<0.01），>20～40 cm土层分别平均增加17.2%（P<0.05）和23.6%（P<0.01）。免耕/深松/免耕处理0～10 cm和>30～40 cm土层的水稳性团聚体稳定率分别比连年翻耕提高35.1%和45.8%（P<0.05），深松/免耕/深松处理>10～20 cm和>20～30 cm土层水稳性团聚体稳定率分别提高101.7%和61.7%（P<0.01）。不同轮耕模式显著增强了土壤的入渗性能，提高对土壤水分的有效利用及降水利用率，免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松处理降雨入渗率较连年翻耕分别提高35.2%和15.3%（P<0.05），水分利用效率平均提高7.2%和7.7%（P<0.05），降水生产效率平均提高9.6%和10.7%（P<0.05）。
HOU X Q, JIA Z K, HAN Q F, SUN H X, WANG W, NIE J F, YANG B P . Effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil structure, infiltration and water storage characteristics in dryland
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012,28(5):85-94. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2012.05.015URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
为了探索免耕与深松隔年轮耕对土壤结构及入渗蓄水性能的影响，2007－2010年在宁南旱区采用免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松与连年翻耕3种耕作模式，对土壤体积质量、团聚体、入渗率及水分利用效率等方面的影响进行了研究。结果表明：与连年翻耕相比，免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松处理使0～60 cm各土层土壤体积质量平均降低3.5%、6.2%（P<0.05）；使0～20 cm土层>0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体数量平均分别增加10.3%（P<0.05）和20.3%（P<0.01），>20～40 cm土层分别平均增加17.2%（P<0.05）和23.6%（P<0.01）。免耕/深松/免耕处理0～10 cm和>30～40 cm土层的水稳性团聚体稳定率分别比连年翻耕提高35.1%和45.8%（P<0.05），深松/免耕/深松处理>10～20 cm和>20～30 cm土层水稳性团聚体稳定率分别提高101.7%和61.7%（P<0.01）。不同轮耕模式显著增强了土壤的入渗性能，提高对土壤水分的有效利用及降水利用率，免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松处理降雨入渗率较连年翻耕分别提高35.2%和15.3%（P<0.05），水分利用效率平均提高7.2%和7.7%（P<0.05），降水生产效率平均提高9.6%和10.7%（P<0.05）。

[46] 翟振, 李玉义, 郭建军, 王婧, 董国豪, 郭智慧, 逄焕成 . 耕深对土壤物理性质及小麦-玉米产量的影响
农业工程学报, 2017,33(11):115-123.
[本文引用: 2]
为了解不同犁底层破除程度对黄淮海平原农田土壤蓄水保墒、穿透阻力动态变化及作物产量的影响,在山东德州试验基地以冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,设置4个犁底层厚度处理,分别为犁底层不破除(RT15)、犁底层破除1/3(DL20)、犁底层破除2/3(DL25)和犁底层完全破除(DL40)。结果表明:1)完全或者部分破除犁底层均能够显著降低10~30 cm土层容重和穿透阻力,各处理降低幅度具体表现为DL40>DL25>DL20>RT15。2)DL20、DL25和DL40处理有利于增加降水或灌溉后水分入渗,冬小麦苗期20~70 cm土壤平均含水率分别较RT15处理提高5.3%、15.9%和23.6%,且冬小麦季耗水量分别较RT15处理提高4.9%、10.2%和11.6%;DL20、DL25和DL40处理夏玉米苗期20~70 cm土壤平均含水率分别较RT15处理提高7.7%、14.2%和15.8%,但夏玉米季耗水量分别较RT15处理降低5.8%、7.6%和10.5%。3)冬小麦季0~15和>15~30 cm土层穿透阻力均表现为双峰型,且2土层受冻融作用影响各处理在越冬期达到穿透阻力峰值1 489.2~2 128.1和1 925.4~4 423.7 kPa;30~45 cm土层各处理穿透阻力变化规律在两季作物生长后期差异较大,冬小麦生长后期表现为DL40>DL25>DL20>RT155,而夏玉米后期表现为DL40<DL25<DL20<RT15。4)相对完全打破犁底层,部分打破犁底层更有利于提高水分利用效率,显著增加作物产量,DL25处理冬小麦和夏玉米产量分别较DL40处理增加4.2%和2.4%。综合考虑,DL25是目前相对较好的犁底层改良方式,此时犁底层厚度适当,既可节省农机能耗,又可兼有透水、增产效能。
ZHAI Z, LI Y Y, GUO J J, WANG J, DONG G H, GUO Z H, PANG H C . Effect of tillage depth on soil physical properties and yield of winter wheat-summer maize
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017,33(11):115-123. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 2]
为了解不同犁底层破除程度对黄淮海平原农田土壤蓄水保墒、穿透阻力动态变化及作物产量的影响,在山东德州试验基地以冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,设置4个犁底层厚度处理,分别为犁底层不破除(RT15)、犁底层破除1/3(DL20)、犁底层破除2/3(DL25)和犁底层完全破除(DL40)。结果表明:1)完全或者部分破除犁底层均能够显著降低10~30 cm土层容重和穿透阻力,各处理降低幅度具体表现为DL40>DL25>DL20>RT15。2)DL20、DL25和DL40处理有利于增加降水或灌溉后水分入渗,冬小麦苗期20~70 cm土壤平均含水率分别较RT15处理提高5.3%、15.9%和23.6%,且冬小麦季耗水量分别较RT15处理提高4.9%、10.2%和11.6%;DL20、DL25和DL40处理夏玉米苗期20~70 cm土壤平均含水率分别较RT15处理提高7.7%、14.2%和15.8%,但夏玉米季耗水量分别较RT15处理降低5.8%、7.6%和10.5%。3)冬小麦季0~15和>15~30 cm土层穿透阻力均表现为双峰型,且2土层受冻融作用影响各处理在越冬期达到穿透阻力峰值1 489.2~2 128.1和1 925.4~4 423.7 kPa;30~45 cm土层各处理穿透阻力变化规律在两季作物生长后期差异较大,冬小麦生长后期表现为DL40>DL25>DL20>RT155,而夏玉米后期表现为DL40<DL25<DL20<RT15。4)相对完全打破犁底层,部分打破犁底层更有利于提高水分利用效率,显著增加作物产量,DL25处理冬小麦和夏玉米产量分别较DL40处理增加4.2%和2.4%。综合考虑,DL25是目前相对较好的犁底层改良方式,此时犁底层厚度适当,既可节省农机能耗,又可兼有透水、增产效能。

[47] 朱宝国, 张春峰, 贾会彬, 王囡囡, 孟庆英, 匡恩俊, 王秋菊, 高中超, 刘峰, 张立波, 高雪冬 . 秸秆心土混合犁改良白浆土效果
农业工程学报, 2017,33(15):57-63.
DOI:10.11975/j.issn1002-6819.2017.15.007URL [本文引用: 2]
为将表层秸秆施入心土,改善贫瘠的心土层创造有利条件,该文设计了将白浆土＂上翻20 cm,下混30-40 cm,同时将有机物料施入心土层＂的秸秆心土混合犁。该研究通过设置秸秆心土混合区和浅翻深松区田间对比试验,调查机械作业后土壤理化性质,指示作物农艺性状以及产量指标等,明确秸秆心土混合的改土增产机理,进一步拓宽白浆土改良途径,为机械改土技术的广泛应用提供技术支撑。研究结果表明：与浅翻深松相比,秸秆心土混合改善心土层土壤物理性质,20-40 cm土层土壤含水率提高2.69-4.90个百分点;硬度降低44.45%左右,且没有出现峰值;改善土壤通透性,固相降低幅度为4.51-2.14个百分点,液相增加幅度为1.17-4.13个百分点,气相增加幅度为0.38-0.98个百分点,容重下降幅度为0.16-0.11 g/cm^3;提高心土层养分含量,碱解氮提高17.33%,有效磷提高116.39%,速效钾提高37.86%,有机质提高36.66%,同时提高心土层全量养分含量,缓解土壤酸性。连续2 a调查大豆产量,秸秆心土混合区比对照区增产15.77%-16.33%,一次改土后效时间长,增产效果显著。该研究结果可为白浆土及其同类低产土壤改良及作物高产提供技术支撑。
ZHU B G, ZHANG C F, JIA H B, WANG N N, MENG Q Y, KUANG E J, WANG Q J, GAO Z C, LIU F, ZHANG L B, GAO X D . Effect of planosol improvement by using straw subsoil mixed layer plough
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017,33(15):57-63. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.11975/j.issn1002-6819.2017.15.007URL [本文引用: 2]
为将表层秸秆施入心土,改善贫瘠的心土层创造有利条件,该文设计了将白浆土＂上翻20 cm,下混30-40 cm,同时将有机物料施入心土层＂的秸秆心土混合犁。该研究通过设置秸秆心土混合区和浅翻深松区田间对比试验,调查机械作业后土壤理化性质,指示作物农艺性状以及产量指标等,明确秸秆心土混合的改土增产机理,进一步拓宽白浆土改良途径,为机械改土技术的广泛应用提供技术支撑。研究结果表明：与浅翻深松相比,秸秆心土混合改善心土层土壤物理性质,20-40 cm土层土壤含水率提高2.69-4.90个百分点;硬度降低44.45%左右,且没有出现峰值;改善土壤通透性,固相降低幅度为4.51-2.14个百分点,液相增加幅度为1.17-4.13个百分点,气相增加幅度为0.38-0.98个百分点,容重下降幅度为0.16-0.11 g/cm^3;提高心土层养分含量,碱解氮提高17.33%,有效磷提高116.39%,速效钾提高37.86%,有机质提高36.66%,同时提高心土层全量养分含量,缓解土壤酸性。连续2 a调查大豆产量,秸秆心土混合区比对照区增产15.77%-16.33%,一次改土后效时间长,增产效果显著。该研究结果可为白浆土及其同类低产土壤改良及作物高产提供技术支撑。