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高硼土壤增施硫肥对油菜硼吸收与分配的影响

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-26

<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/mathjax/2.7.2-beta.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script> <script> MathJax.Hub.Config({ extensions: ["tex2jax.js"], jax: ["input/TeX", "output/HTML-CSS"], tex2jax: {inlineMath: [ ['$','$'], ["\\(","\\)"] ],displayMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ["\\[","\\]"] ],processEscapes: true}, "HTML-CSS": { availableFonts: ["TeX"] }, TeX: {equationNumbers: {autoNumber: ["none"], useLabelIds: true}}, "HTML-CSS": {linebreaks: {automatic: true}}, SVG: {linebreaks: {automatic: true}} }); </script> 李鸣凤, 刘新伟, 王海彤, 赵竹青,华中农业大学微量元素研究中心/新型肥料湖北省工程实验中心,武汉 430070

Effects of Sulfur Fertilizer on Boron Uptake and Distribution of Rape in B-contaminated Soil

LI MingFeng, LIU XinWei, WANG HaiTong, ZHAO ZhuQing,Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan 430070

通讯作者: 赵竹青,E-mail: zzq@mail.hzau.edu.cn

收稿日期:2018-09-2接受日期:2018-12-17网络出版日期:2019-03-01
基金资助:中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金.2662018PY002


Received:2018-09-2Accepted:2018-12-17Online:2019-03-01
作者简介 About authors
李鸣凤,Tel:13554313504;E-mail: mingfengL0124@163.com






摘要
【目的】 探索高硼环境下施用硫肥对油菜硼吸收和分配的影响,为合理施用硫肥缓解油菜硼毒害提供理论基础。【方法】 以油菜华油杂9号为试验材料,在高硼灰潮土上(全硼含量13.44 mg·kg -1,有效硼5.03 mg·kg -1)进行盆栽试验。研究了6个硫水平(0、20、50、100、200、500 mg·kg -1)对油菜果荚、叶、茎、根部的硼含量及硼的分配、细胞壁的提取率、细胞壁硼含量和比例的影响。 【结果】 随着施硫量增加,油菜各部位的生物量呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中施硫50 mg·kg -1时,油菜鲜重生物量最高,可达364.5 g/株。施用不同量硫肥后,油菜硼含量及分配均为果荚>叶>茎>根,表明果荚为硼的主要累积器官。增施硫肥,油菜果荚的硼含量呈下降趋势,施硫量由0增至100 mg·kg -1,油菜果荚硼含量和分配显著降低,降幅分别为14.8%和15.0%。油菜果荚细胞壁提取率增加43.0%,其细胞壁硼含量和比例无显著变化,继续增施硫肥至200 mg·kg -1,油菜果荚硼含量、硼分配比和细胞壁硼均下降至显著水平,且细胞壁硼分配比显著上升。与果荚不同,增施硫肥后油菜叶、茎和根的硼含量则呈缓慢上升的趋势。施硫量由0增至100 mg·kg -1,油菜叶、茎和根硼含量分别增加15.0%、32.9%和34.9%,其分配比例分别增加13.4%、29.6%和18.6%,同时油菜叶片、茎和根部细胞壁硼含量显著增加12.3%、22.9%和14.9%,表明增施硫肥增加了油菜叶、茎和根的硼含量。 【结论】 硫肥可通过增加油菜生物量,限制硼从根、茎、叶到果荚的转运,以及增加油菜果荚细胞壁硼含量来缓解高硼对油菜果荚的毒害,最佳施硫量为50—100 mg·kg -1
关键词: ;硫肥;油菜;硼分配;细胞壁

Abstract
【Objective】This study explored the effects of sulfur (S) fertilizer application on B uptake and distribution in rapeseed under high boron (B) environment, and provided a theoretical basis for rational application of S fertilizer to alleviate B toxicity in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). 【Method】Rape plants (cv. Huayouza 9) were grown in pots filled with calcareous alluvial soil contaminated with B (total B content: 13.44 mg·kg -1; available B: 5.07 mg·kg -1) and the effects of S fertilizer level (0, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg·kg -1) on B concentration, distribution, cell wall extraction rate, cell wall B concentration and its proportion of total B in different parts of the rape were determined at the podding stage. 【Result】 With the increase of S application, the biomass increased at first and then decreased in different parts of rape. When the S was applied at 50 mg·kg -1, the fresh biomass of rape was the largest, reached 364.5 g/plant under different S application, and the B concentration and distribution in different parts of rape followed the order of pods>leaves>stems>roots, which indicated that the pods were the main accumulation site of B. As the S fertilizer level increased from 0 to 100 mg·kg -1, the pod B concentration and distribution ratios decreased by 14.8% and 15.0%, respectively. The extraction rate of cell wall of rapeseed pods increased by 43.0%, and there was no significant change in the B concentration and proportion in the cell wall. When S fertilizer was continuously applied to 200 mg·kg -1, the B concentration, distribution ratios and cell wall B concentration of rapeseed pods decreased significantly, and cell wall B proportion increased significantly compared with that of non-sulfur fertilizer. The opposite trends were found in the B concentrations and cumulative distribution ratios in the leaves, stems and roots. As the S fertilizer level increased from 0 to 100 mg·kg -1, the B concentration significantly increased by 15.0%, 32.9% and 34.9% in rape leaves, stems, and roots, respectively. The B distribution ratios significantly increased by 13.4%, 29.6% and 18.6%, and B concentration in the cell wall significantly increased by 12.3%, 22.9% and 14.9% in rape leaves, stems, and roots, respectively. It showed that the addition of S fertilizer increased the B concentration of the leaves, stems and roots of rapeseed. 【Conclusion】S fertilizer application effectively alleviated B toxicity by increasing biomass, limiting B translocation from roots, stems and leaves to pods, and by increasing the extraction rate of cell wall in rape plants grown on B-contaminated soil. The optimum amount of S fertilizer application was 50-100 mg·kg -1.
Keywords:boron contamination;sulfur fertilizer;rape;boron distribution;cell wall


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本文引用格式
李鸣凤, 刘新伟, 王海彤, 赵竹青. 高硼土壤增施硫肥对油菜硼吸收与分配的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(5): 874-881 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.009
LI MingFeng, LIU XinWei, WANG HaiTong, ZHAO ZhuQing. Effects of Sulfur Fertilizer on Boron Uptake and Distribution of Rape in B-contaminated Soil[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(5): 874-881 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.009


0 引言

【研究意义】硼(B)是植物必需的微量元素之一,适宜植物生长的土壤有效硼浓度范围为0.5—1.0 mg·kg-1[1]。但由于采矿污染、高硼含量灌溉水,以及不平衡肥料施用等原因造成农田土壤中硼积累过高[2]。在高硼土壤上(有效硼>3.0 mg·kg-1)作物会出现不同程度的硼毒害现象[1],例如叶的尖端和边缘表现烧伤和坏死症状 [3],根系的生长受到抑制[4],生物量显著下降[5]。目前我国高硼土壤主要集中在硼矿区,如辽宁、 吉林、青海和西藏等地区[6]。油菜是十字花科作物,需硼量较大,长江流域属于缺硼地区,油菜种植区域已经推广硼肥施用技术,施肥不当或硼肥逐年累积造成的硼毒害现象时有发生,硼毒害不仅影响油菜的产量和品质,还对动物和人类健康具有潜在的负面影响[7]。且目前部分油菜种植区域忽略了硫肥的施用,出现了高硼缺硫土壤。因此探索油菜种植区域硫缓解硼毒害可行性具有的实际生产意义。【前人研究进展】硫对于油菜是仅次于氮、磷、钾元素之后的第四位元素[8]。适量的硫肥可以促进油菜的生长,提高油菜的产量和品质[9]。研究表明硫元素的吸收和循环显著影响其他元素的吸收和利用,硫与其他元素间的交互作用及其效应要超过它单独的营养作用[10]。硫肥可以增加植物根系中的铜、锌、镉的含量,降低其在植物茎叶中的累积[10]。WANG等研究表明,增施 NaHS,显著降低了硼毒害下的黄瓜幼苗细胞壁果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性,从而减少高硼对根的抑制程度,增强黄瓜幼苗抵抗高硼胁迫的能力[11]。另有研究表明SO42-可能与硼产生互作效益,从而减少植物对硼的吸收利用[12]。目前硫对植物硼吸收利用分配的研究相对较少。【本研究切入点】油菜是世界上第二大食用油来源[13],具有很高的营养价值和良好的脂肪酸组成。作为最大的油菜生产国,中国占全球23.6%的油菜种植面积和占22.2%的全球油菜籽产量[14]。油菜需硫量和需硼量均较大,硫与其他元素的研究多集中在与氮、锌以及重金属等元素的相互关系[10],硫对缓解油菜硼毒害的作用还缺乏系统研究。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究以华油杂9号为试验材料,在高硼缺硫的灰潮土中,通过植物硼吸收分配以及细胞壁硼含量和比例来探索施硫量对油菜硼的吸收利用的影响。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验土壤和材料

试验土壤为湖北天门油菜田的灰潮土,试验地点为湖北省武汉市华中农业大学。在油菜种植前一周,将过2 mm筛的12 kg土壤与定量基肥拌匀,装于直径为25 cm,高为35 cm的桶中。土样的主要理化性质为pH 7.12、有机质 17.51 g·kg-1、碱解氮 53.12 mg·kg-1、有效磷 5.06 mg·kg-1、速效钾85.03 mg·kg-1、有效硫14.86 mg·kg-1、有效硼5.03 mg·kg-1、全硼13.44 mg·kg-1

1.2 试验设计

油菜种子在40℃水中浸泡2 h。然后将种子放置在充满超纯水的无菌海绵上催芽,以无菌纱布覆盖,24 h后,选取露白的油菜种子移植在盆栽中,每盆定植1株。试验共6个处理,设6个硫水平:0、20、50、100、200、500 mg·kg-1(表示为S0、S20、S50、S100、S200、S500),4次重复。其他肥料的施肥量为: N 0.3 g·kg-1,K2O 0.32 g·kg-1,P2O5 0.16 g·kg-1,与土壤混匀。试验于2017年11月种植,2018年3月油菜结荚期(果荚形成期)测定。

1.3 采样与测定

生物量的测定:果荚期油菜分为果荚、叶、茎和根四部分,用去离子洗净,擦干,称量油菜各部位鲜重。

细胞壁的提取及各部位硼含量的测定:提取方法参照 HU等的方法[15],将约3.0000 g的油菜样品用液氮研磨,加入10倍体积的冰水转移至离心管,然后1 000×g 离心10 min,收集上清液,残渣再用 10 倍体积的冰水冲洗后离心,合并这两次的上清液,测定其中的硼含量作为自由态硼含量(主要指存在于自由空间中的硼);残渣用 10 倍体积80% 乙醇冲洗 3 次,然后用10 倍体积的甲醇-氯仿(体积比1﹕1)混合物冲洗1次,最后用10倍体积丙酮冲洗。上述有机试剂浸提的主要是细胞的原生质体,因此有机试剂提取的这部分硼定义为原生质体硼。最后剩下的不溶性残渣即为粗细胞壁,将其烘干并称重,测定细胞壁硼含量。总硼含量为自由态硼含量,原生质体态硼含量和细胞壁硼含量的总和。姜黄素比色法测定硼含量。

细胞壁提取率(%)=烘干后细胞壁质量/提取细胞壁样品的鲜重×100%;

细胞壁硼含量(mg·kg-1)=粗细胞壁硼含量×细胞壁提取率;

总硼含量(mg·kg-1)=自由态硼含量+原生质体态硼含量+细胞壁硼含量;

细胞壁硼比例(%)=细胞壁硼含量/总硼含量。

叶片的超显微结构测定[16]:取油菜顶4片完全展开叶,自上往下算。用去离子水冲洗干净后,将叶片剪成 1 mm×1 mm 左右的小块,快速放入 2.5%的戊二醛固定液中固定 12 h 以上。取出植物材料,用 0.1 mol·L-1的磷酸缓冲液冲洗 4 次,每次 15 min。最后将植物组织依次放入 50%、70%、90%的乙醇中进行脱水 15 min。接着用 90%乙醇和 90%丙酮的等体积混合液脱水15 min,再用 90%的丙酮脱水 15 min,最用在纯丙酮中脱水2次,每次 15 min。整个脱水过程保持组织的温度为 0—4℃。将植物组织用丙酮和包埋液进行包埋和固化处理后,使用超薄切片机将样品组织切成厚度约50—60 nm 的切片,染色后在透射电镜下观察拍照。

1.4 数据分析

本试验采用Excel 2016和SPSS statistics17.0软件进行图表的编辑和试验数据的统计分析处理。

2 结果

2.1 增施硫肥对油菜不同部位生物量的影响

随着施硫量增加,油菜各部位生物量呈现先增加后降低的趋势(表1)。施硫量由0增至50 mg·kg-1,油菜果荚、叶和茎部位生物量显著增加,增幅分别为19.5%、18.0%和17.0%,油菜根部生物量无显著变化,油菜的单株生物量显著增加16.4%。施硫量由50增至500 mg·kg-1,油菜果荚、叶、茎和根的生物量显著降低,降幅分别为15.7%、15.3%、17.6%和13.2%,表明在高硼土壤上施用适量硫肥可促进油菜的生长,但过量的硫肥会抑制油菜的生长。

Table 1
表1
表1增施硫肥对结荚期油菜不同部位生物量的影响(鲜重FW)
Table 1Effect of S fertilizer level on biomass in different parts of rape plants at the podding stage (fresh weight)
施硫量
S fertilizer level (mg·kg-1)
油菜不同部位鲜重 Fresh weight in different parts of rape (g/plant)单株生物量
Biomass (g/plant)
果荚 Pod叶 Leaf茎 Stem根 Root
057.30±2.71c77.02±6.46b142.48±5.95cd36.35±1.49ab313.16±13.52cd
2064.15±3.87abc84.60±2.23ab151.91±11.07bc37.61±1.78a338.26±13.33b
5068.47±3.70a90.90±5.38a166.68±6.25a38.49±2.18a364.53±6.75a
10064.57±5.62ab85.79±7.10ab157.18±7.58ab38.76±2.65a346.29±14.74ab
20060.89±3.32bc81.38±2.58ab148.35±1.86bcd35.72±1.82ab326.34±5.23bc
50057.71±2.15bc77.00±3.93b137.38±3.28d33.42±2.51b305.50±8.94d
Values are mean ± SE (n = 3), numbers followed by different letters in the same column differ significantly at P <0.05. The same as below
数值为平均值±标准误(n =3), 同列数值后不同字母代表 P <0.05 下差异显著。下同

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2.2 增施硫肥对油菜硼含量及分配的影响

不同施硫量下油菜硼含量及其分配均为果荚>叶>茎>根,说明油菜果荚是硼主要累积位点(图1)。随着施硫量增加,油菜果荚硼含量呈显著下降趋势,油菜叶、茎和根硼含量则呈显著上升趋势。施硫量由0增至100 mg·kg-1,油菜果荚硼含量及分配比例显著降低,降幅分别为14.8%和15.0%,然而油菜叶、茎和根硼含量分别增加15.0%、32.9%和34.9%,其分配比例分别增加13.4%、29.6%和18.6%。施硫量由100增至500 mg·kg-1,油菜果荚硼含量和分配比例均显著降低,叶、茎和根硼含量显著增加。表明增施硫肥限制硼从根、茎叶到果荚的移位,增强了油菜对硼的耐受性。

图1

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图1增施硫肥对结荚期油菜硼含量(左)及分配(右)的影响

Fig. 1Effect of S fertilizer level on B concentration (left) and distribution ratio (right) in different parts of rape plants at the podding stage



2.3 增施硫肥对油菜细胞壁硼含量和比例的影响

不同施硫量下油菜各部位的细胞壁中硼含量为果荚>叶>茎>根,说明油菜的果荚需硼量较大。随着施硫量的增加,油菜果荚细胞壁硼含量显著下降,相反的是,油菜叶、茎和根细胞壁硼含量显著上升(图2)。施硫量由0增至100 mg·kg-1,油菜果荚胞壁硼含量和比例无显著变化,油菜叶片、茎和根部细胞壁硼含量显著增加,增幅为12.3%、22.9%和14.9%。施硫量由0增至100 mg·kg-1,油菜叶片、茎细胞壁硼比例无显著变化,油菜根部细胞壁硼比例显著下降7.4%。相比不施用硫肥,施硫200 mg·kg-1后,油菜果荚细胞壁硼含量显著下降16.1%,而细胞壁硼分配比例显著上升13.0%。说明增施适量硫肥对油菜果荚细胞壁结合硼含量无显著影响,增施过量硫肥显著降低了油菜细胞壁硼含量。

图2

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图2增施硫肥对结荚期油菜细胞壁硼含量(左)和比例(右)的影响

Fig. 2Effect of S fertilizer level on cell wall B concentration(left) and its proportion on total B (right) in different parts of rape plants at the podding stage



2.4 增施硫肥对油菜各部位细胞壁提取率的影响

随着施硫量增加,油菜果荚细胞壁提取率呈不断上升趋势。相比不施硫,施硫100 mg·kg-1后,油菜果荚细胞壁提取率增加43.0%(表2)。不同的是随着施硫量的增加,油菜叶片、茎和根部细胞壁提取率呈下降的趋势,施硫量由0增至100 mg·kg-1,油菜叶和茎细胞壁提取率有轻微下降,未达到显著差异,油菜根部细胞壁提取率下降11.0%。相比不施用硫肥,增施硫肥至500 mg·kg-1,油菜叶片、茎和根部细胞壁提取率分别下降17.5%、10.8%和13.7%。表明在高硼土壤上增施硫肥可以提高油菜果荚细胞壁提取率,降低油菜叶、茎和根部细胞壁提取率。

Table 2
表2
表2增施硫肥对结荚期油菜各部位细胞壁提取率的影响
Table 2Effect of S fertilizer level on cell wall extraction ratio in different parts of rape plants at the podding stage (fresh weight)
施硫量
S fertilizer level (mg·kg-1)
细胞壁提取率 The extraction rate of the cell wall (%)
果荚 Pod叶 Leaf茎 Stem根 Root
07.90±0.45c7.65±0.32b21.25±1.48a20.71±1.18a
208.23±0.15c7.62±0.43b22.69±0.58a19.77±1.20ab
509.25±0.17c7.04±0.77ab22.62±1.14a19.36±0.77ab
10011.30±0.97b6.97±0.31ab21.32±0.95a18.44±1.00b
20011.99±0.79ab6.37±0.50a19.20±1.18b17.91±0.77b
50012.94±1.41a6.31±0.23a18.95±0.67b17.87±1.61b

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2.5 增施硫肥对油菜叶片细胞的超显微结构的影响

在高硼环境下,油菜叶片细胞的叶绿体、线粒体等细胞器等均较为完整(图3)。在缺硫处理下,油菜叶片叶绿体呈细长状,叶绿体和线粒体紧贴细胞壁,细胞壁较厚。施硫100 mg·kg-1后,油菜叶绿体呈饱满梭状,线粒体的脊增加,细胞质较为充盈,细胞壁较薄。施硫500 mg·kg-1后,油菜叶绿体出现变形,轻微解体现象,叶绿体基粒垛叠结构遭到破坏,细胞壁较薄。

图3

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图3增施硫肥对结荚期油菜叶片透射电镜结构的影响

Fig. 3Effects of S fertilizer on the transmission electron micrographs of leaves of rape at the podding stage



3 讨论

3.1 高硼土壤上增施适宜硫肥可促进油菜生长发育

油菜对硫的需求量较大,仅次于氮、钾,与磷的需求量较为一致[17]。研究表明适量的增施硫肥,显著促进油菜的生长发育[9]。本试验结果表明随着施硫量的增加,油菜各部位生物量呈现先增加后降低的趋势(图1)。施硫量小于50 mg·kg-1,显著提高了油菜生物量。继续增施硫肥100 mg·kg-1时油菜生物量无显著差异,施硫量高于100 mg·kg-1时,油菜各部位生物量显著下降,原因在于试验土壤为低硫土壤(有效硫为14.86 mg·kg-1),且油菜需硫量较大,因而适宜的增施硫肥促进了油菜的生长,继续增施硫肥高于100 mg·kg-1,大量的硫肥可能影响土壤的pH[18,19]、微生物[20]或直接导致植物硫中毒[21]等,从而抑制了植物的生长。油菜叶片的超显微结构表明在施硫量为100 mg·kg-1油菜叶片的叶绿体、线粒体等器官结构最为完整(图3),有利于油菜光合作用,从而促进生物量的累积。总之,在高硼灰潮土上,硫对于油菜生物量表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制,适宜的施硫量为50—100 mg·kg-1

3.2 高硼土壤上增施硫肥可缓解油菜果荚硼毒害

研究表明当环境中硼浓度较低时,植物不同部位的硼重新活化,优先供应植物的生殖结构,但是,当环境中硼浓度较高时硼主要累积在具有高蒸腾速率的器官叶片中[22]。油菜不同于其他作物,果荚期油菜叶片慢慢凋零,角果既是油菜重要的光合器官又是经济器官,油菜籽粒近2/3的产量来自角果皮的光合作用[23]。果荚期油菜各部位硼含量及其分配均为果荚>叶>茎>根,说明果荚期油菜的果荚是硼主要累积位点,更容易受到过量硼的伤害(图1)。SAVI?等[24]研究表明油菜地上部组织浓度约高于10 mg·kg-1 FW时,说明油菜处于硼毒害范围。而本试验中不施硫处理,油菜果荚、叶片、茎和根硼浓度分别为33.64、10.02、3.89和3.11 mg·kg-1图1),表明油菜遭受了硼毒害的部位主要为果荚。施硫量由0增至100 mg·kg-1油菜果荚硼含量显著下降14.8%,然而其他部位硼含量显著上升(图1),适量的增施硫肥主要是缓解高硼对油菜果荚伤害。REID[25]研究表明对作物对硼的耐受性与减少硼向叶中运输和积累的能力有关。本试验结果表明在高硼土壤上增施硫肥,油菜果荚硼的分配显著下降,而叶、茎和根的硼分配比例显著上升,表明增施硫肥不仅通过生物量的稀释效应来缓解油菜硼毒害还通过限制硼从根茎叶向果荚的转移,从而增强了油菜对硼的耐受性。

3.3 高硼土壤上增施硫对油菜细胞壁的影响

硼主要作用于细胞壁,有研究表明细胞中的硼 80%以上存在于细胞壁中,硼对细胞壁的结构和功能有重要影响[26]。硼在植物细胞壁的含量和相对分布取决于硼的供应,在硼供应相对多的环境,植物自由态硼、原生质体态硼以及细胞壁硼含量均高,细胞壁硼占总硼的比例相对较低[27]。本试验中在高硼土壤上,油菜各部位细胞壁硼比例为16.3%—37.0%(图2)。相比不施用硫肥,施硫100 mg·kg-1,油菜果荚总硼含量显著降低14.8%,而果荚细胞壁硼含量和比例无显著影响,主要原因在于细胞壁具有有限的硼结合位点[28],且增施硫肥主要降低了油菜自由态硼或原生质体态硼的含量。施硫量由0增至100 mg·kg-1,油菜叶片、茎和根部细胞壁硼含量显著增加12.3%、22.9%和14.9%,由此表明油菜叶片、茎和根部细胞壁硼的结合位点并没有与硼完全结合,表明增施硫肥至100 mg·kg-1,油菜叶片、茎和根部硼含量增加并没有使其处于硼毒害水平。相比不施用硫肥,施硫200 mg·kg-1,油菜果荚硼含量和细胞壁硼含量均显著下降,细胞壁硼比例显著上升,表明施硫量高于200 mg·kg-1后,油菜果荚细胞壁硼含量已经下降至正常水平。

研究表明硼与RG-II的交联增加了细胞壁的机械强度并保证了膨压驱动的细胞的正常生长[29]。硼在细胞壁上的结合与细胞壁孔隙大小密切相关,细胞壁孔隙大小直接控制着离子和小分子有机物在细胞中的自由渗透扩散[30]。本试验的结果表明,在高硼土壤上增施硫肥,油菜果荚的硼含量下降,细胞壁提取率增加,表明油菜可能是通过增加细胞壁厚度,降低硼等小分子进入油菜果荚细胞,从而缓解硼毒害对油菜果荚的伤害。

4 结论

高硼环境下,果荚期的油菜各部位中果荚为硼的主要累积位点,更容易受到过量硼伤害。适量硫肥通过增加油菜生物量,限制硼从根、茎、叶转运到果荚,降低了油菜果荚硼含量和分配比例,从而提高油菜硼的耐受能力。同时,施硫可通过增加细胞壁提取率、降低果荚细胞壁硼含量,缓解过量硼对油菜果荚的伤害。在高硼环境下,油菜适宜的施硫量为50—100 mg·kg-1

参考文献 原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子

CARTWRIGHT B, ZARCINAS B A, MAYFIELD A H .Toxic concentration of boron in a red-brown earth at Gladstone South Australia
Soil Research, 1984,22(3):261-272.

DOI:10.1071/SR9840261URL [本文引用: 2]
Severe leaf blotching in a crop of barley growing on a red-brown earth (Calcic Rhodoxeralf) was closely associated with high concentrations of boron in the soil. No infection by fungal pathogens capable of accounting for the symptoms was found. Of 14 elements determined in the plants only accumulation of high-concentrations of boron was associated with the disorder. Boron concentrations in saturation extracts of subsoil ranged up to 17.9 g boron/cm3 under plants that were severely affected, and plants sampled just prior to anthesis contained up to 96 fig boron/g (mean 62.4). Plants that were only slightly affected contained less than 15 g boron/g (mean 13.8). Grain yield was depressed by 17% due to the boron toxicity. This is only the second report of boron toxicity due to naturally occurring boron in Australia, and the first for a red-brown earth.

PARKS J L, EDWARDS M .Boron in the Environment
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2005,35(2):81-114.

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GüR N, TüRKER O C, B?CüK H . Toxicity assessment of boron (B) by Lemna minor L. and Lemna gibba L. and their possible use as model plants for ecological risk assessment of aquatic ecosystems with boron pollution.
Chemosphere , 2016,157:1-9.

DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.138URLPMID:27192627 [本文引用: 1]
61Toxicity effect of boron (B) onLemna minorandLemna gibbawere assessed with various B dosage.61We found that B concentrations higher than 802mg/L could be toxic forLemnaspecies.61Frond number is recommended as a sensitive endpoints to expressLemnagrowth inhibition.61SOD, APX, and GPX can serve as important biomarkers for environment contaminated by B.61Lemnaare useful model plants for biomonitoring and phytoremediation of B.

SHAH A, WU X W, ULLAH A, FAHAD S, MUHAMMAD R, YAN L, JIANG C C .Deficiency and toxicity of boron: alterations in growth, oxidative damage and uptake by citrange orange plants
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017,145(6):575-582.

DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.003URLPMID:28800533 [本文引用: 1]
Abstract Boron (B) deficiency and toxicity are the major factors that affect plant growth and yield. The present study revealed the effect of B deficiency and toxicity on plant growth, morphology, physiology, and cell structure. A hydroponic culture experiment was conducted with five B levels, B deficient (B0), sufficient (B20, B10, B40) and toxic (B100). Our results show that both B deficient as well as excess level inhibit plant growth. In B deficiency, the major visible symptoms were appeared in roots, while B excess burned the leaf margin of older leaves. The antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) decreased at B deficiency and also decreased up to some extent at B excess, while in sufficient treatments, the higher antioxidant enzymes were found at B20. In addition, the MDA concentration decreased at B deficiency and increased with B concentration. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf gas exchange and intercellular CO 2 were reduced at both B deficiency as well as excess and higher at sufficient B20 treatment significantly. The chlorophyll and carotenoid content increased at B20 treatment, while decreased at B deficiency and excess. The middle lamellae of cell wall were found thick at B excess and normal at B20. The current study revealed that B deficiency as well as excess concentration affect plant growth and various morpho-physiological processes. Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

段碧辉, 刘新伟, 矫威, 赵竹青, 胡承孝 .硒减轻油菜幼苗硼毒害机理的研究
中国农业科学, 2014,47(11):2126-2134.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.11.006URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
【目的】硼是植物生长发育所必需的微量元素,但在土壤中过量存在会对植物产生毒害。在干旱半干旱地区硼毒害是限制作物生长的重要因子,此外,硼矿开采以及硼肥用量过大或施用不均匀均会导致硼浓度过高,从而限制作物生长。适量硒能提高作物抗性,减轻作物因逆境产生的伤害,本文旨在通过适量硒处理,研究硒对高硼条件下油菜生物量及油菜活性氧代谢的变化,探讨硒缓解高硼对油菜生长抑制作用的机理,进而提高作物对硼的适宜范围,减轻硼毒害对农业生产的危害。【方法】本文以油菜(湘农油571)为试验材料,设置硼和硒2因素2水平(硼水平为:50、500 &mu;mol&bull;L-1,分别用B50、B500表示,硒水平为:0、1 &mu;mol&bull;L-1,分别用Se0、Se1表示)完全随机试验,共4个处理,通过苗期溶液培养,研究硒对高硼(500 &micro;mol&bull;L-1)胁迫条件下油菜幼苗生长、硼吸收累积和抗氧化酶及非酶系统的影响。【结果】高硼胁迫条件下油菜幼苗地上部和地下部干物质重显著降低,与正常硼(50 &mu;mol&bull;L-1)处理相比分别降低20.1%和32.0%;硼含量和累积量显著增加,与正常硼处理相比分别增加2.95和2.97倍;油菜幼苗因硼毒害导致叶片内抗氧化酶(过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX))活性和非酶抗氧化物(谷胱甘肽(GSH))含量显著降低,与正常硼处理相比,CAT、POD和APX活性分别降低19.7%、11.0%和15.0%;而过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,比正常硼处理分别增加19.0%和18.5%。高硼条件下,经1 &mu;mol?L-1硒处理,与无硒处理相比,地上部和地下部干物质重分别增加22.8%和28.6%,硼含量和累积量分别降低38.6%和31.9%;油菜幼苗叶片内抗氧化酶活性和非酶抗氧化物含量显著增加,CAT、POD和APX活性分别增加12.8%、15.1%和15.3%,GSH和ASA含量分别增加9.7%和21.0%;而过氧化氢和丙二醛含量分别降低25.1%和21.2%。【结论】适量硒可降低高硼胁迫下油菜幼苗硼的吸收累积,增强抗氧化酶和非酶系统抗氧化作用,降低活性氧累积,减轻细胞质膜因过氧化作用而产生的损伤,从而显著减轻过量硼对油菜生长的影响,提高油菜幼苗对硼过量的适应性。
DUAN B H, LIU X W, JIAO W, ZHAO Z Q, HU C X . Alleviation of boron toxicity on rape seedlings by selenium
Scientia Agricultura Sinica , 2014,47(11):2126-2134. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.11.006URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
【目的】硼是植物生长发育所必需的微量元素,但在土壤中过量存在会对植物产生毒害。在干旱半干旱地区硼毒害是限制作物生长的重要因子,此外,硼矿开采以及硼肥用量过大或施用不均匀均会导致硼浓度过高,从而限制作物生长。适量硒能提高作物抗性,减轻作物因逆境产生的伤害,本文旨在通过适量硒处理,研究硒对高硼条件下油菜生物量及油菜活性氧代谢的变化,探讨硒缓解高硼对油菜生长抑制作用的机理,进而提高作物对硼的适宜范围,减轻硼毒害对农业生产的危害。【方法】本文以油菜(湘农油571)为试验材料,设置硼和硒2因素2水平(硼水平为:50、500 &mu;mol&bull;L-1,分别用B50、B500表示,硒水平为:0、1 &mu;mol&bull;L-1,分别用Se0、Se1表示)完全随机试验,共4个处理,通过苗期溶液培养,研究硒对高硼(500 &micro;mol&bull;L-1)胁迫条件下油菜幼苗生长、硼吸收累积和抗氧化酶及非酶系统的影响。【结果】高硼胁迫条件下油菜幼苗地上部和地下部干物质重显著降低,与正常硼(50 &mu;mol&bull;L-1)处理相比分别降低20.1%和32.0%;硼含量和累积量显著增加,与正常硼处理相比分别增加2.95和2.97倍;油菜幼苗因硼毒害导致叶片内抗氧化酶(过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX))活性和非酶抗氧化物(谷胱甘肽(GSH))含量显著降低,与正常硼处理相比,CAT、POD和APX活性分别降低19.7%、11.0%和15.0%;而过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,比正常硼处理分别增加19.0%和18.5%。高硼条件下,经1 &mu;mol?L-1硒处理,与无硒处理相比,地上部和地下部干物质重分别增加22.8%和28.6%,硼含量和累积量分别降低38.6%和31.9%;油菜幼苗叶片内抗氧化酶活性和非酶抗氧化物含量显著增加,CAT、POD和APX活性分别增加12.8%、15.1%和15.3%,GSH和ASA含量分别增加9.7%和21.0%;而过氧化氢和丙二醛含量分别降低25.1%和21.2%。【结论】适量硒可降低高硼胁迫下油菜幼苗硼的吸收累积,增强抗氧化酶和非酶系统抗氧化作用,降低活性氧累积,减轻细胞质膜因过氧化作用而产生的损伤,从而显著减轻过量硼对油菜生长的影响,提高油菜幼苗对硼过量的适应性。

王春利, 邢小茹, 吴国平, 司杨, 魏复盛 .宽甸土壤及部分农作物中硼的分布及污染分析
中国环境监测, 2003,19(5):4-7.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2003.05.002URL [本文引用: 1]
用ICP—MS测定了辽宁宽句23个土壤样品中的硼。背景地区和污染地区的土壤硼含量分别在39.2~82.4mg/kg和133~1195mg/kg之间。其中硼矿开采区的土壤硼含量高达1195mg/kg。还用同样的方法分析了背景地区和污染地区几种农作物中硼的含量,结果表明,背景地区的大豆、土豆、玉米和豆角的硼含量(干基)分别为:37.4~47.9、5.8~6.3、24.4~25.5和1.24~2.74mg/kg,而污染地区相应农作物的硼含量分别为:34.0、12.0~12.8、40.7和2.48~2.64mg/kg。
WANG C L, XING X R, WU G P, SI Y, WEIF S . Analyses of boron distribution and pollution in soil and some crops in Kuandian
Environmental Monitoring in China , 2003,19(5):4-7. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2003.05.002URL [本文引用: 1]
用ICP—MS测定了辽宁宽句23个土壤样品中的硼。背景地区和污染地区的土壤硼含量分别在39.2~82.4mg/kg和133~1195mg/kg之间。其中硼矿开采区的土壤硼含量高达1195mg/kg。还用同样的方法分析了背景地区和污染地区几种农作物中硼的含量,结果表明,背景地区的大豆、土豆、玉米和豆角的硼含量(干基)分别为:37.4~47.9、5.8~6.3、24.4~25.5和1.24~2.74mg/kg,而污染地区相应农作物的硼含量分别为:34.0、12.0~12.8、40.7和2.48~2.64mg/kg。

SCIALLI A R, BONDE J P BRüSKE-HOHLFELD I,CULVER B D,Li Y,SULLIVAN F M,. An overview of male reproductive studies of boron with an emphasis on studies of highly exposed Chinese workers
Reproductive Toxicology, 2010,29(1):10-24.

DOI:10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.10.006URLPMID:19850122 [本文引用: 1]
Boron treatment of rats, mice, and dogs has been associated with testicular toxicity, characterized by inhibited spermiation at lower dose levels and a reduction in epididymal sperm count at higher dose levels. The no-adverse-effect level for reproductive effects in male rats is 17.502mg B/kg bw/day. Earlier studies in human workers and populations have not identified adverse effects of boron exposure on fertility, but outcome measures in these studies were relatively insensitive, based mainly on family size and did not include an evaluation of semen end points. A recent study of nearly 1000 men working in boron (B) mining or processing in Liaoning province in northeast China has been published in several Chinese and a few English language papers. This study included individual assessment of boron exposure, interview data on reproductive experience and semen analysis. Employed men living in the same community and in a remote community were used as controls. Boron workers (02=0275) had a mean daily boron intake of 31.302mg B/day, and a subset of 16 of these men, employed at a plant where there was heavy boron contamination of the water supply, had an estimated mean daily boron intake of 12502mg B/day. Estimates of mean daily boron intake in local community and remote background controls were 4.2502mg B/day and 1.4002mg/day, respectively. Reproductive outcomes in the wives of 945 boron workers were not significantly different from outcomes in the wives of 249 background control men after adjustment for potential confounders. There were no statistically significant differences in semen characteristics between exposure groups, including in the highly exposed subset, except that sperm Y:X ratio was reduced in boron workers. Within exposure groups the Y:X ratio did not correlate with the boron concentration in blood, semen and urine. In conclusion, while boron has been shown to adversely affect male reproduction in laboratory animals, there is no clear evidence of male reproductive effects attributable to boron in studies of highly exposed workers.

黄启为, 杨志辉, 胡树林, 刘鹏, 王翠红, 彭建伟 .硫肥对油菜产量及品质的影响
湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2001,27(4):276-279.

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1007-1032.2001.04.008URL [本文引用: 1]
1997-1999年通过田间试验,研究了S95,硫磺粉、普钙以及施用15,30,60kg/hm^2的硫肥(S,以S95为硫源)对油菜产量和品质的影响,结果表明:施用硫肥能显著增加油菜籽粒的产量,增产幅度为17.3%-42.8%,S95的肥效优于硫磺粉和普钙,施硫肥(S)15,30,60kg/hm^2对油菜籽粒都有显著的增产作用,秸秆和根系的干重比对照高19.9%-66.8%,但尚未达显著差异。施用硫肥显著提高油菜籽粒的含硫量,降低油菜籽粒的氮硫比,其升降幅度与硫肥用量相关,施用硫肥对油菜籽粒的粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含理无显著影响。
HUANG Q W, YANG Z H, HU S L, LIU P, WANG C H, PENG J W . Effects of sulfur fertilizer on yield and quality of rapeseed
Journal of Hunan Agricultural University (Natural Sciences) , 2001,27(4):276-279. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1007-1032.2001.04.008URL [本文引用: 1]
1997-1999年通过田间试验,研究了S95,硫磺粉、普钙以及施用15,30,60kg/hm^2的硫肥(S,以S95为硫源)对油菜产量和品质的影响,结果表明:施用硫肥能显著增加油菜籽粒的产量,增产幅度为17.3%-42.8%,S95的肥效优于硫磺粉和普钙,施硫肥(S)15,30,60kg/hm^2对油菜籽粒都有显著的增产作用,秸秆和根系的干重比对照高19.9%-66.8%,但尚未达显著差异。施用硫肥显著提高油菜籽粒的含硫量,降低油菜籽粒的氮硫比,其升降幅度与硫肥用量相关,施用硫肥对油菜籽粒的粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含理无显著影响。

吴曦, 陈明昌, 杨治平 .碱性土壤施硫磺对油菜生长、土壤pH和有效磷含量的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2007,13(4):671-677.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2007.0421URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
通过盆栽试验研究了不同硫磺施用量对碱性土壤pH、速效磷和磷酸酶活性以及油菜生物量、植株体内硝酸盐含量,硝酸还原酶活性和植株吸磷量的影响。研究结果表明,施用硫磺能显著降低土壤的pH值,增加土壤有效磷含量。与对照相比,施硫磺后土壤pH值最大降幅为0.5个单位。当硫磺用量为120.mg/kg时土壤有效磷含量最高,比对照增加了68.6%。对油菜生长状况的研究表明,施用硫磺能增加油菜植株生物量,降低油菜植株体内硝酸盐含量,提高硝酸还原酶的活性和植株吸磷量。施硫磺与对照相比,油菜植株生物量最大增加了29.64%,植株体内硝酸盐含量降低了58.6%,硝酸还原酶活性提高了近1.8倍,吸磷量增加了1.55倍。研究结果还显示,虽然高硫处理对土壤pH值降低具有明显的作用,但同时会也抑制油菜生长和发育。
WU X, CHEN M C, YANG Z P . Effects of sulfur application on the growth of cole, soil pH and available P in alkaline soil
Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science , 2007,13(4):671-677. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2007.0421URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
通过盆栽试验研究了不同硫磺施用量对碱性土壤pH、速效磷和磷酸酶活性以及油菜生物量、植株体内硝酸盐含量,硝酸还原酶活性和植株吸磷量的影响。研究结果表明,施用硫磺能显著降低土壤的pH值,增加土壤有效磷含量。与对照相比,施硫磺后土壤pH值最大降幅为0.5个单位。当硫磺用量为120.mg/kg时土壤有效磷含量最高,比对照增加了68.6%。对油菜生长状况的研究表明,施用硫磺能增加油菜植株生物量,降低油菜植株体内硝酸盐含量,提高硝酸还原酶的活性和植株吸磷量。施硫磺与对照相比,油菜植株生物量最大增加了29.64%,植株体内硝酸盐含量降低了58.6%,硝酸还原酶活性提高了近1.8倍,吸磷量增加了1.55倍。研究结果还显示,虽然高硫处理对土壤pH值降低具有明显的作用,但同时会也抑制油菜生长和发育。

孟赐福, 姜培, 曹志洪, 徐秋芳, 周国模 .硫素与其他营养元素的交互作用对作物养分吸收、产量和质量的影响
土壤, 2009,41(3):329-334.

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0253-9829.2009.03.001URL [本文引用: 3]
养分平衡是养分管理的必要环节,对增加作物产量和提高品质具有重要的作用。本文综述了硫 (S)索与其他营养元素之间的交互作用对作物养分吸收、产量和质量的影响。S与N或Ca、K、Zn之间交互作用对养分吸收和利用是协同的,而S与Mg、 Mo、Cu、、Se、Fe、Sb、Cd、B、Br之间交互作用对养分吸收和利用是拮抗的。然而,S与P或Se之间的交互作用对养分吸收和利用是协同还是拮 抗取决于作物种类、生长阶段和养分的浓度。N、S配施可以促进蛋白质的合成,提高作物产量和品质。由于S素与其他营养元素之间存在的这种拮抗作用,因此施 用S肥可以减轻污染土壤重金属对蔬菜的毒害作用或加剧缺S土壤上蔬菜B和Mo的缺乏。
MENF C F, JIANG P K, CAO Z H, XU Q F, ZHOU G M . Interaction effects of sulfur and other nutrients on nutrient uptakes, yields, and qualities of crops
Soils , 2009,41(3):329-334. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0253-9829.2009.03.001URL [本文引用: 3]
养分平衡是养分管理的必要环节,对增加作物产量和提高品质具有重要的作用。本文综述了硫 (S)索与其他营养元素之间的交互作用对作物养分吸收、产量和质量的影响。S与N或Ca、K、Zn之间交互作用对养分吸收和利用是协同的,而S与Mg、 Mo、Cu、、Se、Fe、Sb、Cd、B、Br之间交互作用对养分吸收和利用是拮抗的。然而,S与P或Se之间的交互作用对养分吸收和利用是协同还是拮 抗取决于作物种类、生长阶段和养分的浓度。N、S配施可以促进蛋白质的合成,提高作物产量和品质。由于S素与其他营养元素之间存在的这种拮抗作用,因此施 用S肥可以减轻污染土壤重金属对蔬菜的毒害作用或加剧缺S土壤上蔬菜B和Mo的缺乏。

WANG B L, SHI L, LI Y X, ZHANG W H .Boron toxicity is alleviated by hydrogen sulfide in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings
. Planta , 2010,231(6):1301-1309.

[本文引用: 1]

SMITH T E, GRATTAN S R, GRIEVE C M, POSS J A, SUAREZ D L . Salinity's influence on boron toxicity in broccoli: II. Impacts on boron uptake, uptake mechanisms and tissue ion relations
Agricultural Water Management, 2010,97(6):783-791.

DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.01.015URL [本文引用: 1]
Limited research has been conducted on the interactive effects of salinity and boron stresses on plants despite their common occurrence in natural systems. The purpose of this research was to determine and quantify the interactive effects of salinity, salt composition and boron on broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L.) performance, particularly, element accumulation, ion interactions and boron uptake processes. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a sand tank system where salinity-B treatment solutions were supplemented with a complete nutrient solution. Chloride-dominated salinity and salinity characteristic of California's San Joaquin valley (SJV), or sulfate-dominated, were tested at ECw (electrical conductivity of the irrigation water) levels of 2, 12 and 19 dS m 611. Each salinity treatment consisted of boron treatments of 0.5, 12 and 24 mg L 611. Salinity, regardless of salt composition, reduced shoot boron concentration at very high boron concentration (24 mg L 611). However, increased salinity increased shoot boron concentration when external boron concentration was low (0.5 mg L 611). Tissue Ca, Mg, Na, K, S and Cl concentrations were also affected by salinity level, chloride or sulfate salinity composition, and in some cases by substrate boron concentration. Calcium concentrations in shoots were greater for chloride-treated salinity as compared to SJV salinity-treated plants; magnesium concentrations trended opposite and were greater in those treated with SJV salinity. Chloride and sodium shoot concentrations both increased with salinity. Shoot chloride was greater with chloride substrate salinity and shoot sodium was greater with SJV substrate salinity. Using stable isotope analysis of solutions to separate transpiration from evapotranspiration (ET), we found that boron uptake and accumulation in the shoot was not simply the product of mass flow (solution concentration × cumulative transpiration), and the vast majority of the water lost from the tank system was by transpiration (>90%) regardless of treatment. Under low substrate boron, the levels of boron in broccoli shoots could be not accounted for by simple passive uptake and transport in the transpiration stream, which suggests that some energy-dependent process was also occurring. However, under high boron treatments, broccoli plants exhibited a mechanism that restricted boron uptake, transport and accumulation in the shoot.

FOLEY J A, RAMANKUTTY N, BRAUMAN K A, CASSIDY E S, GERBER J S, JOHNSTON M, MUELLER N D O'CONNELL C,RAY D K,WEST P C,BALZER C,BENNETT E M,CARPENTER S R,HILL J,MONFREDA C,POLASKY S,ROCKSTR?M J,SHEEHAN J,SIEBERT S,TILMAN D,ZAKS D P,. Solutions for a cultivated planet
Nature, 2011,478(7369):337-342.

DOI:10.1038/nature10452URLPMID:21993620 [本文引用: 1]
Abstract Increasing population and consumption are placing unprecedented demands on agriculture and natural resources. Today, approximately a billion people are chronically malnourished while our agricultural systems are concurrently degrading land, water, biodiversity and climate on a global scale. To meet the world's future food security and sustainability needs, food production must grow substantially while, at the same time, agriculture's environmental footprint must shrink dramatically. Here we analyse solutions to this dilemma, showing that tremendous progress could be made by halting agricultural expansion, closing 'yield gaps' on underperforming lands, increasing cropping efficiency, shifting diets and reducing waste. Together, these strategies could double food production while greatly reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture.

FAO. Food and agriculture organization of the united nations,2016
. . Food and agriculture organization of the united nations, 2016. .

URL [本文引用: 1]

HU H, BROWN P H .Localization of boron in cell walls of squash and tobacco and its association with pectin evidence for a structural role of boron in the cell wall
Plant Physiology, 1994,105(2):681-689.

DOI:10.1104/pp.105.2.681URL [本文引用: 1]

刘磊超, 姜存仓, 董肖, 吴秀文, 刘桂东, 卢晓佩 .硼胁迫对枳橙砧木细根根尖成熟区和幼嫩叶片细胞结构的影响
中国农业科学, 2015,48(24):4957-4964.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.24.010URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】通过研究枳橙砧木对硼胁迫的反应,揭示缺硼对柑橘砧木细根根尖成熟区和中部功能叶解剖结构的影响。【方法】采用营养液的方式培养枳橙砧木幼苗,试验设置2个处理,分别为不施硼(-B)处理和施硼(硼酸含量为10μmol·L^-1,+B)处理。取枳橙砧木中上部的幼嫩叶片和细根根尖成熟区部分为观察材料,采用石蜡切片并结合透射电镜(TEM),研究缺硼对枳橙砧木解剖结构和亚细胞微观结构的影响。【结果】缺硼导致根部的皮层薄壁细胞数目减少且排列疏松紊乱、细胞变形破裂,细胞间隙增大;同时,细胞质出现解体并伴随多种细胞器消失,细胞壁厚度明显增加;而加硼处理的植株根部薄壁细胞的形态则表现正常,细胞大小均一,排列紧密,细胞间隙小;加硼处理的维管束细胞着色较深,形态正常,维管束的结构层次清晰,呈圆周状均匀分散在中央髓部周围。硼胁迫严重抑制了根部维管束发育,使其分化不明显、细胞体积小且排列无规则。缺硼的叶片纵切面加厚且不均匀,海绵组织细胞变形破裂,细胞间出现大的空缺,细胞数目多且体积大,使得海绵组织在叶肉中所占的比例明显增加;加硼处理的叶片纵切面各处厚度均一,表皮细胞形状规则排列紧密,栅栏组织细胞呈长圆柱形,细胞单层垂直分布表皮细胞之下,细胞排列整齐紧密;栅栏组织下面的海绵组织细胞结构完整,排列疏松,细胞间形成大小均匀的气腔。另外,缺硼导致叶片细胞中积累较多淀粉粒,叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量比加硼时分别提高35.3%和66.7%,而加硼处理的叶片细胞中则没有观察到有明显的淀粉粒存在;缺硼叶片的维管束中薄壁细胞出现变形、破裂等现象。【结论】缺硼破坏细胞内部结构,造成细胞壁加厚,叶片细胞内淀粉粒积累加剧;影响叶片中海绵组织细胞形态大小,细胞出现不正常增生,从而抑制砧17
LIU L C, JIANG C C, DONG X, WU X W, LIU G D, LU X P . Effects of boron deficiency on cellular structures of maturation zone from root tips and functional leaves from middle and upper plant in trifoliate orange rootstock
Scientia Agricultura Sinica , 2015,48(24):4957-4964. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.24.010URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】通过研究枳橙砧木对硼胁迫的反应,揭示缺硼对柑橘砧木细根根尖成熟区和中部功能叶解剖结构的影响。【方法】采用营养液的方式培养枳橙砧木幼苗,试验设置2个处理,分别为不施硼(-B)处理和施硼(硼酸含量为10μmol·L^-1,+B)处理。取枳橙砧木中上部的幼嫩叶片和细根根尖成熟区部分为观察材料,采用石蜡切片并结合透射电镜(TEM),研究缺硼对枳橙砧木解剖结构和亚细胞微观结构的影响。【结果】缺硼导致根部的皮层薄壁细胞数目减少且排列疏松紊乱、细胞变形破裂,细胞间隙增大;同时,细胞质出现解体并伴随多种细胞器消失,细胞壁厚度明显增加;而加硼处理的植株根部薄壁细胞的形态则表现正常,细胞大小均一,排列紧密,细胞间隙小;加硼处理的维管束细胞着色较深,形态正常,维管束的结构层次清晰,呈圆周状均匀分散在中央髓部周围。硼胁迫严重抑制了根部维管束发育,使其分化不明显、细胞体积小且排列无规则。缺硼的叶片纵切面加厚且不均匀,海绵组织细胞变形破裂,细胞间出现大的空缺,细胞数目多且体积大,使得海绵组织在叶肉中所占的比例明显增加;加硼处理的叶片纵切面各处厚度均一,表皮细胞形状规则排列紧密,栅栏组织细胞呈长圆柱形,细胞单层垂直分布表皮细胞之下,细胞排列整齐紧密;栅栏组织下面的海绵组织细胞结构完整,排列疏松,细胞间形成大小均匀的气腔。另外,缺硼导致叶片细胞中积累较多淀粉粒,叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量比加硼时分别提高35.3%和66.7%,而加硼处理的叶片细胞中则没有观察到有明显的淀粉粒存在;缺硼叶片的维管束中薄壁细胞出现变形、破裂等现象。【结论】缺硼破坏细胞内部结构,造成细胞壁加厚,叶片细胞内淀粉粒积累加剧;影响叶片中海绵组织细胞形态大小,细胞出现不正常增生,从而抑制砧17

WEIL R R, MUGHOGHO S K .Sulfur nutrition of maize in four regions of Malawi
Agronomy Journal, 2000,92(4):649.

DOI:10.2134/agronj2000.924649xURL [本文引用: 1]
ABSTRACT Sulfur, though widely deficient in Africa, has received little attention by soil fertility researchers. Shifts to low-S, high-analysis fertilizers, continuous cropping, and higher-yielding varieties may have increased S limitations in maize (Zea mays L.) production. We aimed to characterize maize S nutritional status in farmers' fields in four regions of Malawi and determine maize response to S. Four 42 to 68 km2 study areas were delineated, two with low-elevation lacustrine soils, and two with highly weathered residual upland soils. Maize plants in 238 farmer fields were sampled for nutrient analysis at 8- to 12-leaf vegetative and tasseling growth stages. Replicated experiments were conducted in two years on a total of 20 farms to determine maize yield responses to S with and without N and/or P. Sampling areas differed significantly in maize S concentrations, S Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) indices, and N:S ratios. For earleaves, means were 1.46 g/kg S; S DRIS index, 12.2; and N:S ratio, 11.5. The ratio of N:S in the earleaf was the best predictor of maize yield response to S (R2 = 0.58). Maize yields showed a N x S interaction such that there were no responses to S unless N was also supplied. With 80 kg/ha N, a significant response to S was shown by maize in all but one of 20 experiments. A response curve for S showed that 5 to 10 kg/ha of S was optimal, with mean yield responses ranging from 90 to 142 kg grain/kg S.

刘新伟, 段碧辉, 夏全杰, 矫威, 郭再华, 胡承孝, 赵竹青 .硫对土壤中硒形态变化及油菜硒吸收的影响
环境科学, 2014,35(9):3564-3571.

DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2014.09.044URL [本文引用: 1]
本研究以优质高产甘蓝型油菜(湘农油571)为试验材料,通过苗期土培和溶液培养试验,分析了硫肥对外源施硒条件下土壤硒赋存形态和硒价态变化的影响,旨在揭示硫调控油菜硒吸收的作用机制.结果表明,5 mg·kg-1硒和150 mg·kg-1硫对油菜生长都有一定的促进作用,但这种促进都没有达到显著水平;施硫可以显著降低油菜地上部和根的硒含量,最高降幅分别为64.0%和39.1%;施硫可以显著降低土壤pH值,最高可降低0.65个单位,显著增加土壤有机质含量,最高可增加1.76 g·kg-1;施硫可以显著降低水溶态硒和铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量并显著增加有机结合态硒含量,而对交换态和残渣态硒含量的影响不显著;施硫可以显著降低水溶态并显著增加交换态中四价硒的含量,对这两种形态中的六价硒含量都表现为显著的降低作用,对负二价硒含量没有显著的影响;油菜对两种硒价态的吸收差异与硫密切相关,无硫时,六价硒处理的苗期油菜地上部和根的硒含量为四价硒处理的7.3倍和3.2倍,而硫浓度为2 mmol·L-1时,其硒含量却不及四价硒处理的32.6%和8.7%.总体上,施用适量硫肥在改善作物生长的同时可以通过降低土壤pH值和提高有机质含量促使水溶态硒在土壤中向铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态的钝化并抑制硒向六价态的转化来降低油菜对硒的吸收,对合理调控富硒地区作物硒含量,保证我国居民饮食质量和安全、土壤硒资源长效利用及区域经济发展具有重要意义.
LIU X W, DUAN B H, XIA Q J, JIAO W, GUO Z H, HU C X, ZHAO Z Q . Effects of sulfur on transformation of selenium in soil and uptake of selenium in rape
Environmental Science , 2014,35(9):3564-3571. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2014.09.044URL [本文引用: 1]
本研究以优质高产甘蓝型油菜(湘农油571)为试验材料,通过苗期土培和溶液培养试验,分析了硫肥对外源施硒条件下土壤硒赋存形态和硒价态变化的影响,旨在揭示硫调控油菜硒吸收的作用机制.结果表明,5 mg·kg-1硒和150 mg·kg-1硫对油菜生长都有一定的促进作用,但这种促进都没有达到显著水平;施硫可以显著降低油菜地上部和根的硒含量,最高降幅分别为64.0%和39.1%;施硫可以显著降低土壤pH值,最高可降低0.65个单位,显著增加土壤有机质含量,最高可增加1.76 g·kg-1;施硫可以显著降低水溶态硒和铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量并显著增加有机结合态硒含量,而对交换态和残渣态硒含量的影响不显著;施硫可以显著降低水溶态并显著增加交换态中四价硒的含量,对这两种形态中的六价硒含量都表现为显著的降低作用,对负二价硒含量没有显著的影响;油菜对两种硒价态的吸收差异与硫密切相关,无硫时,六价硒处理的苗期油菜地上部和根的硒含量为四价硒处理的7.3倍和3.2倍,而硫浓度为2 mmol·L-1时,其硒含量却不及四价硒处理的32.6%和8.7%.总体上,施用适量硫肥在改善作物生长的同时可以通过降低土壤pH值和提高有机质含量促使水溶态硒在土壤中向铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态的钝化并抑制硒向六价态的转化来降低油菜对硒的吸收,对合理调控富硒地区作物硒含量,保证我国居民饮食质量和安全、土壤硒资源长效利用及区域经济发展具有重要意义.

刘新伟, 段碧辉, 赵小虎, 郭再华, 胡承孝, 赵竹青 .外源四价硒条件下硫对小麦硒吸收的影响机制
中国农业科学, 2015,48(2):241-250.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.02.04URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】研究硫肥对外源四价硒条件下土壤硒赋存形态和价态变化的影响,旨在揭示硫调控小麦硒吸收的作用机制。【方法】以郑麦9023为试验材料,通过苗期土培和水培进行,土培试验设3个硫水平,分别为0、150和300 mg·kg-1,硫源为硫磺,2个硒水平,分别为0和5 mg·kg-1,硒源为亚硒酸钠,生长至70 d 收获并取土样;水培试验先将幼苗在1/5 Hogland-Arnon 营养液中培养2周,然后开始进行处理,设3个硫水平,分别为0、1和2 mmol·L-1,硫源为硫酸镁,硒水平为10μmol·L-1,2种硒源,分别为亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠,培养24 h 后收获,土培和水培试验均为完全交互设计,重复4次,采用 HG-AFS-8220型双道原子荧光光度计对小麦地上部和根以及土壤中硒含量进行测定,根据与植物硒吸收的相关性,将土壤总硒分成不同赋存形态和价态。【结果】施用适量硒和硫对小麦生长均有一定的促进作用;150 mg·kg-1硫可以显著降低小麦地上部和根中硒含量和硒累积量,降幅分别可达61.7%、34.4%和55.7%、24.7%,但是这种降低不会随施硫量的增加而显著变化;施硫可以显著降低土壤pH 值,最高可降低0.50个单位,并增加了土壤有机质含量,最高可增加0.78 g·kg-1。施硫可以显著降低土壤中水溶态硒含量,并显著增加铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量,也增加了有机结合态和残渣态硒含量,而对交换态硒含量无显著影响,表明施硫促使了硒在土壤中的钝化。施硫可以显著降低水溶态中各种价态硒含量,其降幅基本一致,施硫可以增加交换态中四价硒含量而显著减少六价硒含量,表明施硫抑制了硒在土壤中向高效价态的转化。小麦对四价硒和六价硒的吸收差异与是否施硫密切相关,无硫时,六价硒处理下小麦地上部和根中硒含量分别为四价硒处理的44.7和22.4倍,而硫浓度为1 mmol·L-1时,其硒含量迅速降为四价硒处理的2.8倍和51.8%,表明硫可以显著缩小小麦对四价和六价硒的吸收能力差异。【结论】施用适量硫肥在改善小麦生长的同时,可以通过降低土壤 pH 和提高有机质含量,促使水溶态硒在土壤中向铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态及残渣态的钝化,并抑制交换态中四价硒向六价态的转化,从而降低小麦对硒的吸收。因此,可以通过在高硒缺硫地区增施硫肥以及缺硒高硫地区减施硫肥来有效调控作物体内的硒含量。
LIU X W, DUAN B H, ZHAO X H, GUO Z H, HU C X, ZHAO Z Q . Effects of sulfur on selenium uptake in wheat and its mechanism when amended with selenite
Scientia Agricultura Sinica , 2015,48(2):241-250. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.02.04URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】研究硫肥对外源四价硒条件下土壤硒赋存形态和价态变化的影响,旨在揭示硫调控小麦硒吸收的作用机制。【方法】以郑麦9023为试验材料,通过苗期土培和水培进行,土培试验设3个硫水平,分别为0、150和300 mg·kg-1,硫源为硫磺,2个硒水平,分别为0和5 mg·kg-1,硒源为亚硒酸钠,生长至70 d 收获并取土样;水培试验先将幼苗在1/5 Hogland-Arnon 营养液中培养2周,然后开始进行处理,设3个硫水平,分别为0、1和2 mmol·L-1,硫源为硫酸镁,硒水平为10μmol·L-1,2种硒源,分别为亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠,培养24 h 后收获,土培和水培试验均为完全交互设计,重复4次,采用 HG-AFS-8220型双道原子荧光光度计对小麦地上部和根以及土壤中硒含量进行测定,根据与植物硒吸收的相关性,将土壤总硒分成不同赋存形态和价态。【结果】施用适量硒和硫对小麦生长均有一定的促进作用;150 mg·kg-1硫可以显著降低小麦地上部和根中硒含量和硒累积量,降幅分别可达61.7%、34.4%和55.7%、24.7%,但是这种降低不会随施硫量的增加而显著变化;施硫可以显著降低土壤pH 值,最高可降低0.50个单位,并增加了土壤有机质含量,最高可增加0.78 g·kg-1。施硫可以显著降低土壤中水溶态硒含量,并显著增加铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量,也增加了有机结合态和残渣态硒含量,而对交换态硒含量无显著影响,表明施硫促使了硒在土壤中的钝化。施硫可以显著降低水溶态中各种价态硒含量,其降幅基本一致,施硫可以增加交换态中四价硒含量而显著减少六价硒含量,表明施硫抑制了硒在土壤中向高效价态的转化。小麦对四价硒和六价硒的吸收差异与是否施硫密切相关,无硫时,六价硒处理下小麦地上部和根中硒含量分别为四价硒处理的44.7和22.4倍,而硫浓度为1 mmol·L-1时,其硒含量迅速降为四价硒处理的2.8倍和51.8%,表明硫可以显著缩小小麦对四价和六价硒的吸收能力差异。【结论】施用适量硫肥在改善小麦生长的同时,可以通过降低土壤 pH 和提高有机质含量,促使水溶态硒在土壤中向铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态及残渣态的钝化,并抑制交换态中四价硒向六价态的转化,从而降低小麦对硒的吸收。因此,可以通过在高硒缺硫地区增施硫肥以及缺硒高硫地区减施硫肥来有效调控作物体内的硒含量。

谢晓梅, 廖敏, 张楠, 徐培智, 徐昌旭, 刘光荣 .外源S 2-抑制水稻生长及土壤微生物活性的半效应浓度研究
植物营养与肥料学报, 2015,21(5):1286-1293.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0523Magsci [本文引用: 1]
【目的】S<sup>2-</sup>是冷浸田类低产稻田中水稻生长的重要限制因子,探讨S<sup>2-</sup>对土壤-水稻生态系统的生态毒性特征,可为揭示冷浸田土壤S<sup>2-</sup>毒害临界值及其机理研究提供理论依据。【方法】以单季常规晚粳稻秀水134为材料,采用盆栽试验模拟冷浸田土壤S<sup>2-</sup>毒害,设外加S<sup>2-</sup> 0、10、50、100、300、600和1200 mg/kg,在水稻苗期和分蘖期调查水稻生长,叶片叶绿素含量、脯氨酸和抗氧化酶系统活性,土壤微生物活性。【结果】在含一定S<sup>2-</sup>本底(12.08 mg/kg)的正常稻田土壤中,随外源S<sup>2-</sup>的加入量增加,对水稻生长的抑制逐步增强。当外源S<sup>2-</sup>浓度超过50 mg/kg后,水稻的株高、干物质积累量显著降低;水稻叶片生理指标叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、脯氨酸含量、抗氧化酶系统活性则显著增加,表明50 mg/kg是本研究条件下外源S<sup>2-</sup>对水稻生长产生显著毒害影响的临界点;随外源S<sup>2-</sup>浓度的增加土壤微生物量碳、微生物三大基础菌系总量、功能菌系总量和微生物总量都随外源S<sup>2-</sup>处理水平的增大而降低,硫化细菌总量随之增加,土壤S<sup>2-</sup> 浓度40 mg/kg(含本底)为多数土壤微生物活性指标(微生物基础菌系总量、功能菌系总量、微生物总量)EC<sub>50</sub>变化的临界值;体系中土壤微生物活性指标和水稻生长存在显著相关,表明供试土壤S<sup>2-</sup>对水稻生长的影响是S<sup>2-</sup>对土壤-植物-土壤微生物系统同步影响的综合结果。可见,供试土壤S<sup>2-</sup>浓度40 mg/kg为导致土壤-水稻-土壤微生物系统受到显著负效应的临界值。【结论】土壤中S<sup>2-</sup>超过一定浓度将对土壤-水稻-土壤微生物系统产生显著负效应,S<sup>2-</sup>浓度40 mg/kg(含本底)为导致供试土壤-水稻-土壤微生物系统受到显著负效应的临界值,当供试土壤中S<sup>2-</sup>含量超出该浓度时,需采取合理的农艺措施控制其负效应。
XIE X M, LIAO M, ZHANG N, XU P, XU CX, LIU G R . EC50 of soil S 2– inhibiting rice growth and soil microbial activities
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2015,21(5):1286-1293. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0523Magsci [本文引用: 1]
【目的】S<sup>2-</sup>是冷浸田类低产稻田中水稻生长的重要限制因子,探讨S<sup>2-</sup>对土壤-水稻生态系统的生态毒性特征,可为揭示冷浸田土壤S<sup>2-</sup>毒害临界值及其机理研究提供理论依据。【方法】以单季常规晚粳稻秀水134为材料,采用盆栽试验模拟冷浸田土壤S<sup>2-</sup>毒害,设外加S<sup>2-</sup> 0、10、50、100、300、600和1200 mg/kg,在水稻苗期和分蘖期调查水稻生长,叶片叶绿素含量、脯氨酸和抗氧化酶系统活性,土壤微生物活性。【结果】在含一定S<sup>2-</sup>本底(12.08 mg/kg)的正常稻田土壤中,随外源S<sup>2-</sup>的加入量增加,对水稻生长的抑制逐步增强。当外源S<sup>2-</sup>浓度超过50 mg/kg后,水稻的株高、干物质积累量显著降低;水稻叶片生理指标叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、脯氨酸含量、抗氧化酶系统活性则显著增加,表明50 mg/kg是本研究条件下外源S<sup>2-</sup>对水稻生长产生显著毒害影响的临界点;随外源S<sup>2-</sup>浓度的增加土壤微生物量碳、微生物三大基础菌系总量、功能菌系总量和微生物总量都随外源S<sup>2-</sup>处理水平的增大而降低,硫化细菌总量随之增加,土壤S<sup>2-</sup> 浓度40 mg/kg(含本底)为多数土壤微生物活性指标(微生物基础菌系总量、功能菌系总量、微生物总量)EC<sub>50</sub>变化的临界值;体系中土壤微生物活性指标和水稻生长存在显著相关,表明供试土壤S<sup>2-</sup>对水稻生长的影响是S<sup>2-</sup>对土壤-植物-土壤微生物系统同步影响的综合结果。可见,供试土壤S<sup>2-</sup>浓度40 mg/kg为导致土壤-水稻-土壤微生物系统受到显著负效应的临界值。【结论】土壤中S<sup>2-</sup>超过一定浓度将对土壤-水稻-土壤微生物系统产生显著负效应,S<sup>2-</sup>浓度40 mg/kg(含本底)为导致供试土壤-水稻-土壤微生物系统受到显著负效应的临界值,当供试土壤中S<sup>2-</sup>含量超出该浓度时,需采取合理的农艺措施控制其负效应。

董丽欣, 李保国, 齐国辉, 郭素萍, 张雪梅, 于祎飞, 胡志伟 .土壤铜、硫污染对苹果幼树生长发育的影响
水土保持学报, 2011,25(6):198-201.

URL [本文引用: 1]
为确定土壤铜、硫污染对苹果幼树生长发育的影响,以硫铁矿尾矿砂河滩垫地上栽植的苹果幼树为试材,研究土壤中的不同铜硫含量对苹果幼树生长发育的影响。结果表明:土壤中的铜含量≥46.8mg/kg,土壤有效硫含量≥368.7mg/kg时,苹果幼树的生长发育就会受到抑制;土壤中的铜含量≥53.9mg/kg,土壤有效硫含量≥538.0mg/kg时,苹果幼树受毒害甚至死亡。苹果幼树各器官铜含量的分布规律为:根系叶片新梢1年生枝2年生枝主干,硫含量分布规律为:叶片根系新梢1年生枝2年生枝主干。正常树的长、中、短枝数量分别是轻度受害树的2.02,1.37,1.04倍,是重度受害树的3.30,2.22,1.47倍,是受害死亡树的37.60,4.73,2.30倍。生长正常树的花芽数为518个,显著高于轻度受害树的,极显著高于重度受害树的。生长正常树的萌芽率为60.67%,分别是轻度受害树、重度受害树的1.43,2.22倍。
DONG L X, LI B G, QI G H, GUO S P, ZHANG X M, YU W F, HU Z W . Effects of soil copper and sulfur pollution on growth of young apple trees
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation , 2011,25(6):198-201. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]
为确定土壤铜、硫污染对苹果幼树生长发育的影响,以硫铁矿尾矿砂河滩垫地上栽植的苹果幼树为试材,研究土壤中的不同铜硫含量对苹果幼树生长发育的影响。结果表明:土壤中的铜含量≥46.8mg/kg,土壤有效硫含量≥368.7mg/kg时,苹果幼树的生长发育就会受到抑制;土壤中的铜含量≥53.9mg/kg,土壤有效硫含量≥538.0mg/kg时,苹果幼树受毒害甚至死亡。苹果幼树各器官铜含量的分布规律为:根系叶片新梢1年生枝2年生枝主干,硫含量分布规律为:叶片根系新梢1年生枝2年生枝主干。正常树的长、中、短枝数量分别是轻度受害树的2.02,1.37,1.04倍,是重度受害树的3.30,2.22,1.47倍,是受害死亡树的37.60,4.73,2.30倍。生长正常树的花芽数为518个,显著高于轻度受害树的,极显著高于重度受害树的。生长正常树的萌芽率为60.67%,分别是轻度受害树、重度受害树的1.43,2.22倍。

BOGIANI J C, SAMPAIO T F ABREU-JUNIOR C H,ROSOLEM C A,. Boron uptake and translocation in cotton cultivars
Plant and Soil, 2013,375(1/2), 241-253.

DOI:10.1590/S0100-06832012000500014URL [本文引用: 1]
The mobility of boron (B), a commonly deficient micronutrient in cotton, has been shown to be low in the plant phloem. Nevertheless, studies have indicated that cotton cultivars can respond differently to B application. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare B absorption and mobility in cotton cultivars grown in nutrient solution. Treatments consisted of three cotton cultivars (FMT 701, DP 604BG and FMX 993), and five B rates (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 08mol L-1). Plant growth and development were monitored for four weeks from the appearance of the first square. The time of onset and severity of B deficiency symptoms varied among cotton cultivars. Initial B uptake of cv. DP 604BG was lower than of the other cultivars, but a greater amount of available B in the nutrient solution was required to prevent deficiency symptoms in this cultivar. Boron deficiency impairs cotton growth, with no differences among cultivars, regardless of the time of appearance and intensity of B deficiency symptoms.brO boro (B) tem baixa mobilidade no floema das plantas e é reconhecidamente o micronutriente cuja deficiência é mais comum no algodoeiro. Neste trabalho foi estudada a absor0400o e mobilidade do B em cultivares de algod00o. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegeta0400o, e as plantas foram cultivadas em solu0400o nutritiva. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de três cultivares de algod00o (FMT 701, DP 604BG e FMX 993) e cinco doses de B (0,0; 2,5; 5,0; 10,0 e 20,0 08mol L-1). As avalia0401es foram feitas em quatro semanas consecutivas, a partir da primeira semana após emiss00o do primeiro bot00o floral. A época de aparecimento e a intensidade de sintomas de deficiência de boro entre cultivares de algod00o s00o diferentes. A cultivar DP604BG é inicialmente menos exigente em B, porém há necessidade de maior disponibilidade desse micronutriente no meio nutritivo para evitar o aparecimento de deficiência. O crescimento do algodoeiro é prejudicado pela carência de B, independentemente das diferen04as no aparecimento de sintomas, n00o havendo diferen04a entre as cultivares.

冷锁虎, 唐瑶, 李秋兰, 左青松, 杨萍 .油菜的源库关系研究Ⅰ.角果大小对油菜后期源库的调节
中国油料作物学报, 2005,27(3):37-40.

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1007-9084.2005.03.009URL [本文引用: 1]
试验于2001—2002年度在扬州大学实验农场进行。不同油菜品种后期的源库大小测定结果表明:(1)角果皮面积占油菜后期总光合面积的比例随角果的增大而直线增加,茎枝表面积所占的比例则随角果的增大而直线下降,果柄表面积所占的比例变化不大。(2)每角粒数随角果的增大呈先增后减的趋势,而单个籽粒的体积和每角籽粒总体积则随角果增大逐渐增大。(3)单位角果皮面积承担的籽粒数(SNPA)和单位角果皮面积承担的籽粒体积(SVPA)随角果增大而呈指数曲线下降。
LENG S H, TANG Y, LI Q L, ZUO Q S, YANG P . Studies on source and sink of rapeseed.Ⅰ. Regulation of pod size on source and s ink in rapeseed after flowering
Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences , 2005,27(3):37-40. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1007-9084.2005.03.009URL [本文引用: 1]
试验于2001—2002年度在扬州大学实验农场进行。不同油菜品种后期的源库大小测定结果表明:(1)角果皮面积占油菜后期总光合面积的比例随角果的增大而直线增加,茎枝表面积所占的比例则随角果的增大而直线下降,果柄表面积所占的比例变化不大。(2)每角粒数随角果的增大呈先增后减的趋势,而单个籽粒的体积和每角籽粒总体积则随角果增大逐渐增大。(3)单位角果皮面积承担的籽粒数(SNPA)和单位角果皮面积承担的籽粒体积(SVPA)随角果增大而呈指数曲线下降。

SAVI? J, MARJANOVI?-JEROMELA A GLAMO?LIJA D,PRODANOVI? S,. Oilseed rape genotypes response to boron toxicity
Genetika, 2013,45(2):565-574.

DOI:10.2298/GENSR1302565SURL [本文引用: 1]

REID R .Update on boron toxicity and tolerance in plants. Advances in plant and animal boron nutrition. Springer , Dordrecht,
The Netherlands, 2007: 83-90.

[本文引用: 1]

MATOH T, ISHIGAKI K, OHNO K, AZUMA J .Isolation and characterization of a boron-polysaccharide complex from radish roots
Plant and Cell Physiology, 1993,34(4):639-642.

DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a078465 [本文引用: 1]
Abstract A boron-polysaccharide complex was purified from a Driselase digest of cell walls of radish roots. The complex had a molecular weight of 7.5 KDa and contained boron (0.232%, w/w), uronic acid (52.3%, w/w) and neutral sugars (32.4%). 11B-NMR spectroscopic analysis suggested that the boron was present as a tetravalent 1 : 2 borate-diol complex.

刘桂东, 胡萍, 张婧卉, 周高峰, 曾钰, 钟八莲, 姜存仓 .缺硼对脐橙幼苗硼分配及叶片细胞壁组分硼含量的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2018,24(1):179-186.

URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】硼在维持细胞壁正常结构方面具有重要的作用,前期结果证实缺硼严重的脐橙叶片细胞壁结构改变程度也更大,但这种变化与细胞壁组分中硼的含量变化是否有关尚不清楚。本研究通过分析缺硼对脐橙幼苗各部分硼分配及叶片细胞壁组分硼含量的影响,明确缺硼症状表现及细胞壁结构变化程度与细胞壁各组分中硼含量变化之间的关系。【方法】以纽荷尔脐橙幼苗为试材,利用营养液培养方法进行缺硼处理,测定根、砧木茎、接穗茎、上部叶、下部叶、叶片细胞壁以及细胞壁各组分硼含量的变化情况。【结果】缺硼处理9周后上部叶出现叶片卷曲及叶片失绿等症状,而下部叶没有出现任何可见的症状。缺硼处理的脐橙幼苗各部位硼含量和硼吸收量均显著降低,缺硼降低了硼向地上部的相对分配比例且上部叶受到的影响程度更大。在硼正常供应条件下,上部叶和下部叶游离态硼、原生质体硼和细胞壁硼的含量和相对分配比例没有显著差异,说明硼在不同类型脐橙叶片细胞各组分中的分配是相对稳定的。缺硼后水溶性硼(包括游离态硼和原生质体硼)在脐橙上部叶和下部叶中都降到极低的水平,尤其是原生质体硼百分含量下部叶甚至是低于上部叶的。缺硼后细胞壁硼占总硼的比例则由22%左右增加到80%以上。与叶片中硼含量的变化趋势一致,缺硼以后虽然上部叶和下部叶细胞壁硼含量都显著降低,但上部叶降低的程度远大于下部叶。进一步分析细胞壁组分硼含量变化,发现缺硼显著降低了上部叶细胞壁中离子结合态果胶硼含量而对下部叶的无明显影响,其他组分硼含量的变化趋势下部叶和上部叶一致。【结论】原生质体硼含量的高低并不是决定缺硼症状的主要因素,离子结合态果胶与硼的结合能力对缺硼条件下细胞壁的结构及缺硼症状表现起着至关重要的作用。
LIU G D, HU P, ZHANG J H, ZHOU G F, ZENG Y, ZHONG B L, JIANG C C . Effect of boron deficiency on boron distribution in different plant parts and boron concentration in leaf cell wall components in navel orange plants
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers , 2018,24(1):179-186. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】硼在维持细胞壁正常结构方面具有重要的作用,前期结果证实缺硼严重的脐橙叶片细胞壁结构改变程度也更大,但这种变化与细胞壁组分中硼的含量变化是否有关尚不清楚。本研究通过分析缺硼对脐橙幼苗各部分硼分配及叶片细胞壁组分硼含量的影响,明确缺硼症状表现及细胞壁结构变化程度与细胞壁各组分中硼含量变化之间的关系。【方法】以纽荷尔脐橙幼苗为试材,利用营养液培养方法进行缺硼处理,测定根、砧木茎、接穗茎、上部叶、下部叶、叶片细胞壁以及细胞壁各组分硼含量的变化情况。【结果】缺硼处理9周后上部叶出现叶片卷曲及叶片失绿等症状,而下部叶没有出现任何可见的症状。缺硼处理的脐橙幼苗各部位硼含量和硼吸收量均显著降低,缺硼降低了硼向地上部的相对分配比例且上部叶受到的影响程度更大。在硼正常供应条件下,上部叶和下部叶游离态硼、原生质体硼和细胞壁硼的含量和相对分配比例没有显著差异,说明硼在不同类型脐橙叶片细胞各组分中的分配是相对稳定的。缺硼后水溶性硼(包括游离态硼和原生质体硼)在脐橙上部叶和下部叶中都降到极低的水平,尤其是原生质体硼百分含量下部叶甚至是低于上部叶的。缺硼后细胞壁硼占总硼的比例则由22%左右增加到80%以上。与叶片中硼含量的变化趋势一致,缺硼以后虽然上部叶和下部叶细胞壁硼含量都显著降低,但上部叶降低的程度远大于下部叶。进一步分析细胞壁组分硼含量变化,发现缺硼显著降低了上部叶细胞壁中离子结合态果胶硼含量而对下部叶的无明显影响,其他组分硼含量的变化趋势下部叶和上部叶一致。【结论】原生质体硼含量的高低并不是决定缺硼症状的主要因素,离子结合态果胶与硼的结合能力对缺硼条件下细胞壁的结构及缺硼症状表现起着至关重要的作用。

DANNEL F, PFEFFER H R?MHELD V,. Compartmentation of boron in roots and leaves of sunflower as affected by boron supply
Journal of Plant Physiology, 1998,153(5/6):615-622.

DOI:10.1016/S0176-1617(98)80212-5URL [本文引用: 1]
A method for studying the compartmentation of B in different plant organs has been developed. The basic steps of this method are the preparation of cell sap by squeezing the plant material after a freezethaw-cycle and the subsequent preparation of the water insoluble residue (WIR) by washing the remaining residue after homogenization. These two fractions represent B pools of different solubility and physiological behaviour. The WIR B seems to be closely bound to cell wall polymers, whereas the cell sap B mainly represents the soluble B in the symplasm which seems to be directly available for possible physiological functions in the cell. Using the described method, the compartmentation of B in roots and leaves of sunflower plants, cultivated with a B supply of 0.1 to 1600 μmol · L 611 , was studied as well as the B concentrations on the pathway from the nutrient solution to the symplasm of the leaf cells which was characterized by analyzing a sequence of liquid compartments (root cell sap, xylem exudate and leaf cell sap). Although the external supply increased by a factor of 16,000, B concentration in root and leaf cell walls increased only by a factor of 2.8 and 22, respectively. This indicates that the cell wall does not contribute effectively to the detoxification of excess B taken up by the plant by providing additional binding sites in response to B toxicity. B concentrations in root symplasm and xylem exudate suggest that two mechanisms of B uptake are present in sunflower. At low supply there seems to be a concentration mechanism, which is downregulated in activity when supply increases from 0.1 to 10 μmol · L 611 . At a supply above 100 μmol · L 611 passive diffusion of boric acid from the external solution across the plasma membranes into the cells of the root cortex seems to be responsible for B uptake. At the passage of the casparian strip into the stele and/or at xylem loading itself a considerable retention of B was observed.

O’NEILL M A, EBERHARD S, ALBERSHEIM P, DARVILL A G . Requirement of borate cross-linking of cell wall rhamnogalacturonan II for Arabidopsis growth
Science, 2001,294(5543):846-849.

DOI:10.1126/science.1062319URLPMID:11679668 [本文引用: 1]
Turgor-driven plant cell growth depends on wall structure. Two allelic L-fucose-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutants (mur1-1 and 1-2) are dwarfed and their rosette leaves do not grow normally. mur1 leaf cell walls contain normal amounts of the cell wall pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), but only half exists as a borate cross-linked dimer. The altered structure of mur1 RG-II reduces the rate of formation and stability of this cross-link. Exogenous aqueous borate rescues the defect. The reduced cross-linking of RG-II in dwarf mur1 plants indicates that plant growth depends on wall pectic polysaccharide organization.

李金柱, 吴礼树, 杨玉华 .硼在植物细胞壁上营养机理的研究进展
中国油料作物学报, 2004,26(4):96-100.

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1007-9084.2004.04.022URL [本文引用: 1]
论述了硼在植物细胞壁中的结合形态,及其对细胞壁物理结构和功能的影响;探讨了细胞壁中硼、 钙关系,及其与细胞壁信号传导的相互作用.简述了硼与细胞壁中多种蛋白质的密切关系,尤其是酶蛋白和影响细胞壁延展性的蛋白;以及硼在细胞壁的吸附、跨膜 运输与细胞壁和细胞膜的关系.
LI J Z, WU L S, YANG Y H . Advances on the study of B nutritional mechanisms in plant cell wall
Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences , 2004,26(4):96-100. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1007-9084.2004.04.022URL [本文引用: 1]
论述了硼在植物细胞壁中的结合形态,及其对细胞壁物理结构和功能的影响;探讨了细胞壁中硼、 钙关系,及其与细胞壁信号传导的相互作用.简述了硼与细胞壁中多种蛋白质的密切关系,尤其是酶蛋白和影响细胞壁延展性的蛋白;以及硼在细胞壁的吸附、跨膜 运输与细胞壁和细胞膜的关系.
相关话题/土壤 细胞 比例 作物 结构